计算机导航在单侧眼眶骨折眶壁重建中的应用评价

目的 评价导航系统在单侧眼眶骨折眶壁重建中的应用效果.方法 在导航指导下完成眶壁重建的15例单侧眼眶骨折患者纳入研究,其中,男性7例,女性8例,平均年龄(34.3±9.5)岁.术前CT扫描、数据导入BrainLab导航系统工作站、以健侧眼眶CT数据的镜像作为参考,完成术前设计.对粉碎性严重眶壁骨折则以镜像数据为基础,制作模板并在模板上完成钛网预成形;如眶壁骨折较局限,则采用羟基磷灰石补片在术中直接完成眶壁缺损修复.在导航系统的指导下分别以钛网(10例)、羟基磷灰石补片(5例)完成眶壁重建.术后再次CT扫描,评价导航系统应用效果4个变量:①整体眶腔容积差;②眶壁疝出组织体积;③眼球内陷程度;④重建误差.由于羟基磷灰石在CT中显像效果差,因此,只测量钛网移植病例的重建误差.结果 所有病例均未出现视神经损伤、感染或植入体排斥等并发症.经测量术前平均眼球内陷(3.5±1.6) mm、整体眼眶容积差(4.5±1.8) ml、疝出组织体积(2.1±0.7)ml;术后以上3项指标分别降低到(1.3 ±0.6) mm、(1.8±0.9) ml和(0.7 ±0.3)ml.统计学测量显示,眶内壁和下壁的重建误差分别为(2.5±0.6) mm和(2.1 ±0.4)mm.结论 单侧眼眶骨折治疗应用导航系统可以得到精确的眶壁重建和满意的治疗效果.     

个性化钛网联合多孔高密度聚乙烯矫正眼眶骨折伴眼球内陷畸形

目的 应用镜像与快速成型技术制作个性化钛网重建眼眶,在钛网上植入多孔高密度聚乙烯（Medpor）矫正眼球内陷,评价其治疗效果。方法 对18例眼眶骨折患者术前行眼眶轴位、冠状位及矢状位CT扫描及三维重建,以CT数据为基础,应用快速成型技术制备实体模型,在其上制作个性化预成形钛网,术中植入钛网行眼眶重建,并在钛网基础上充填Medpor矫正眼球内陷。术后复查眼眶CT,检查钛网植入位置、眼及面部外形和眼功能。结果术后复查CT,18例患者的个性化预成形钛网均能精确地重建骨折的眼眶,眼及面部外形和眼功能显著恢复。术中术后均未发生严重并发症。结论 基于镜像与快速成型技术的个性化预成形钛网技术可以精确地重建骨折及伴有骨缺损的眼眶,在钛网上植入Medpor可有效矫正眼球内陷及眼球下移畸形。     

非单纯性眼眶骨折眶腔容积改变与眼球内陷相关性研究方法初探基于CT图像数据的计算机辅助测量

目的应用计算机辅助三维CT影像分析系统，测量分析非单纯性眼眶骨折术前术后眶腔容积变化，为定量诊断和矫治骨折继发眼球内陷探索可行性研究方法。方法2004年10月～12月北京大学口腔医院颌面创伤中心经治的7例颅颌面创伤合并单侧非单纯性眼眶骨折。投照薄断层（0．625mm）CT，将图像数据以DICOM格式输入图像分析软件，对眼眶及眶内容物进行三维重建。描述眶腔破坏特征。测量眼球突度、原骨折和虚拟恢复眶外缘后的眶腔容积，并做术前术后比较分析。结果应用该系统可形象直观地显示眼眶畸形部位、范围。定量明确眼眶体积扩大量。在该类眼眶骨折中，骨折可波及整个眶壁。与眶缘骨折相比较，眶壁骨折与眼球内陷关系密切。术前术后比较，眼球内陷得到不同程度的改善，健患侧眼眶体积之差进一步缩小。结论基于CT图像数据的计算机图像分析系统可以清晰直观的显示出骨折眶壁畸形，以及健患侧眶腔体积的差异。球前和球后眶腔容积差可以为进一步探求眼眶破坏与眼球内陷的相关关系及量化诊断提供重要参数。     

眶壁颌面部复合性骨折的早期手术治疗

在严重复合性颌面部骨折中，伴眶壁缺损者并不少见。如第一次手术处理不当，骨折片不能精确复位、眶壁缺损未能修复，将会造成眼眶容积增大，眼球内陷、复视、面部畸形等难以矫正的后遗症。笔者通过对伴有眶壁缺损的颌面部复合性骨折行早期手术治疗，用钛板作眶缘及颧骨上颌骨内固定联合钛网及硅胶板做眼眶重建，取得了良好的效果。现将我院2002-2004年收治的16例眶壁颌面部复合性骨折早期手术治疗的病例进行总结。     

计算机辅助导航系统和个体化三维钛网在陈旧性眶颧骨折治疗中的应用

目的:研究计算机辅助导航系统结合个体化三维钛网在复合性眼眶骨折治疗中的应用,并与传统手术方法进行比较,评价其治疗效果。方法:2008年10月-2010年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科和眼科联合治疗的陈旧性单侧眶颧骨折伴眼球内陷畸形病例64例,其中25例采用计算机辅助手术治疗以提高颧骨复位的准确性,术前眼球内陷平均5.71mm;39例采用传统方法治疗,术前眼球内陷平均4.96mm。眶重建中,35例采用钛网,12例采用聚乙烯聚合物(Medpor),5例采用羟基磷灰石板(HA),12例采用钛网+Medpor或HA。手术前后进行眼眶CT扫描、冠状和三维骨重建,术后评价颧骨复位和眼球内陷矫正效果。结果:计算机辅助治疗术后颧骨复位的满意率为92%,眼球突度满意率(≤2mm)为82%,轻度眼球内陷率(≤3mm)为17%。传统手术颧骨复位满意率为74%,眼球突度满意率为74%,轻度眼球内陷率(≤3mm)为19%,中度眼球内陷率(≤4mm)为6%。眼球突度满意率,单纯使用钛网为74%,联合材料为83%,Medpor为67%,HA为20%。结论:计算机辅助手术可提高陈旧性眶颧骨折伴眼球内陷畸形的治疗效果;钛网联合Medpor是治疗严重眼球内陷畸形的良好方法。     

基于眼球三维空间精确定位测量的外伤性眼眶缺损的个体化重建

目的：探讨外伤性眼眶缺损损伤程度的精确评估以及个体化重建方法。方法：对2003年7月—2012年6月间收治的 97例外伤性眼眶缺损患者进行回顾性研究,患者手术前、后均进行螺旋CT扫描,采用眼球空间定位方法测量眼球的三维位置,计算眶容积的变化量,利用计算机辅助技术和快速原型技术制作个体化眶模型,进行模型外科,制订手术方案,并预制植入物和接骨板等。术中回纳疝出的眶内容物,植入预制的钛网、Medpor或其他植入物,精确重建缺损区的眶外形,恢复正常的眶和眶内容物的比例关系。根据术后外形、患者满意度、眼功能检查及CT检查结果评估疗效,分析并发症。结果：除1例患者面部外形欠满意,2例陈旧性患者眼球内陷矫正不佳,术后6个月复视仍无明显改善,2例术后轻度下睑外翻外,其余病例均取得满意疗效。缺损区的眶外形、眶及内容物的比例关系恢复满意,未发生明显并发症。结论：对外伤性眼眶缺损患者进行眼球三维空间位置、眶容积变化等损伤程度的精确数字化评估,通过个体化模型外科制定手术方案,早期手术,减少创伤,在恢复眶容积、维持和纠正眼球位置的同时精确重建眶壁解剖外形,可实现眶缺损个体化的重建,提高眶畸形整复效果。     

计算机三维塑形钛网在眶壁缺损修复中的临床应用

目的：探讨计算机三维塑形钛网在眶壁缺损修复中的临床效果。方法：对10例眶壁骨折缺损的患者术前均行螺旋CT扫描,获取DICOM数据,利用Materialise 3－matic软件进行三维重建,打印出三维头颅模型,设计出与患者眶壁缺损部位完全吻合的塑形钛网。结果：术后所有病例均成功实现了眶壁重建,无严重并发症发生,眼眶容积恢复良好,临床效果好。结论：应用计算机三维塑形钛网修复眶壁骨折及缺损具有吻合精度高,术中无需塑形,缩短了手术时间,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的临床分析

目的探讨面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的诊治方法。方法对136例面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折患者的治疗进行回顾性研究。136例患者均采用切开复位内固定术进行治疗,其中49例行眶底手术治疗,21例有眶底骨缺损的患者采用自体骨、钛网或多孔高分子聚乙烯进行眶底重建。结果136例骨折患者的面部外形和功能显著恢复,术后未发生永久性严重并发症,仅2例出现切口局部感染,1例暂时失明,经及时治疗后痊愈。结论面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的首选诊断方法是CT;治疗原则是恢复眶底的解剖形态和眶腔容积,还纳疝入上颌窦的眶内容物,植入修复材料重建眶底。     

3D打印技术在眶底缺损修复重建中的应用

目的 探讨3D打印技术和镜像求反在口腔颌面部创伤和肿瘤导致的眶底缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 选择眶底缺损患者7例,以DICOM格式文件保存所有患者的上颌骨CT扫描数据,转换为STL格式后,打印疾病模型和镜像模型。钛网和可吸收眶底板依托镜像模型进行精确塑形,手术中将预成型的钛网或可吸收眶底板植入眶底缺损部位,修复缺损。结果 7例患者均按术前设计和钛网预成型,术中实现了眶底缺损的精准修复、重建。术后患者眼球内陷、复视和眼球突出等症状消失,面部对称性恢复良好。结论 3D打印技术可以实现术前设计、手术模拟和植入物精确塑形,有效提高眶底缺损修复重建的精确性和安全性。     

114 例眼眶骨折分析

目的:探讨眼眶骨折的诊断和治疗原则。方法:回顾分析了114例眼眶骨折的患者,分类统计其临床表现和治疗方法。结果:眼球运动障碍、复视和眼球内陷发生率分别为63.2%、62.3%和59.6%;视神经损伤、泪道损伤和眼球破裂的发生率分别为15.8%、15.8%和12.3%。95.6%的患者接受了眶壁整复和人造骨植入术;72.8%的患者进行了骨折复位内固定术;部分患者进行了视神经减压术、眼球修补术和泪道手术。结论:眼球运动障碍、复视和眼球内陷是眼眶骨折的主要临床表现,视神经损伤、眼球破裂和泪道损伤亦不能忽视;眶壁整复和人造骨植入术是眼眶骨折治疗的主要术式,非单纯性眼眶骨折还需行骨折复位内固定术。     

Influence of age on the management of blow-out fractures of the orbital floor

This study concerns 50 patients with blow-out fractures of the orbital floor, including 15 children, and was designed to evaluate the influence of age on clinical presentation and postoperative results. Fourteen of the 15 children were found to have a trap-door fracture. This type of fracture was not found in adults, who usually present with a large "open-door" fracture. In trap-door fractures, orbital tissues are liable to become trapped and even strangulated. It is therefore suggested that young patients with severely restricted eyeball motility, an unequivocal positive forced duction test, and findings indicating blow-out fracture of the orbital floor on CT, should undergo operative treatment as soon as possible after injury. A "wait and see" policy, keeping the patient under observation, seems to be appropriate for blow-out fractures in adults. Surgical treatment is recommended only in those adult patients who demonstrate impairment of vertical eyeball motility within the mainfield of view after the haemorrhage and oedema have resolved and in whom change in motility is no longer seen and Hertel measurements have stabilized.     

眶周骨折伴复视的CT评价

目的 :探讨外伤性眶周骨折伴复视的CT诊断价值。方法 :回顾性对照分析 68例 ( 70只眼 )眶周骨折伴复视病例的CT图象和专科检查、临床资料 ,进行定位诊断和骨折分型。结果 :70只眼中眶底爆裂性骨折 45只眼 (其中 15只眼合并眶内侧壁骨折 ) ,眶底非爆裂性骨折 10只眼 ,鼻眶骨折 5只眼 ,颧骨骨折 5只眼 ,眶上部骨折 5只眼。CT检查诊断眶周骨折的正确率可达 10 0 %。 68例中 64例临床出现垂直复视 ,4例为水平复视。结论 :CT可以正确诊断眶周骨折部位并分型 ,帮助鉴别产生复视的原因 ,为临床提供科学依据     

Status of the internal orbit after reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the status of the internal orbit before and after reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures when treated without internal orbital reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans in 65 patients with unilateral ZMC fractures who were treated by reduction of the ZMC complex without internal orbital reconstruction. The size and location of the internal orbital defects, orbital soft tissue displacement, and orbital volume were assessed in the preoperative and postoperative CT scans. RESULTS: Reduction in the ZMC fractures was considered ideal in 58 of the 65 patients. Only minor malpositions occurred in the remaining 7 patients. The size of the internal orbital defects increased slightly with ZMC reduction but the internal orbital fractures were realigned, and few had increases in orbital volume or soft tissue sagging into the sinuses. Examination of follow-up CT scans in several patients taken weeks to months later showed that the residual defects became smaller and that none of these patients had an increase in orbital volume or soft tissue sagging. CONCLUSION: The preoperative CT scan can be used to assess the amount of internal orbital disruption for purposes of developing a treatment plan in patients with ZMC fractures. When there is minimal or no soft tissue herniation and minimal disruption of the internal orbit, ZMC reduction is adequate treatment.     

The use of maxillary sinus endoscopy in the diagnosis of orbital floor fractures.

PURPOSE: The goal of the current study was to evaluate the ability to diagnose the presence of an inferior orbital wall fracture through the use of a transantral endoscopy technique at bedside. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven trauma patients with initial axial computed tomography (CT) scan findings consistent with an orbital floor fracture were studied. Before endoscopy, the patients underwent a coronal CT scan with 3-mm cuts for later comparison with the endoscopic findings. The surgeon performing the endoscopy procedure was blinded to the results of the coronal CT scan. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and measurement for enophthalmos were performed before endoscopy. The endoscopic procedure was performed at the bedside using local anesthesia. A trocar was used in the canine fossa to gain access to the maxillary sinus. A 30 degrees and then a 70 degrees endoscope were introduced through the trocar to evaluate the integrity of the orbital floor (ie, maxillary sinus roof). The degree of mucosal injury of the orbital floor and the presence of blood or orbital contents in the sinus were recorded. The ophthalmologic examination was repeated after completion of endoscopy. RESULTS: The endoscopic procedure was able to be completed in all patients. There was no change in the ophthalmologic examination in any patient as a result of endoscopy. In six of the seven patients studied, the endoscopic findings correlated with the need for surgical intervention to repair the orbital floor predicted on the basis of coronal CT scan. This was determined by the degree of injury to the orbital floor and the presence of hematoma, exposed bone, or fat. In the remaining case, endoscopy was not diagnostic for the presence of a fracture because only ecchymosis of the orbital floor was noted. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to perform endoscopy under local anesthesia at the bedside is useful in those trauma patients whose concomitant injuries may prohibit other diagnostic modalities.     

Reconstruction of acquired orbital deformity characterized by volume change

Acquired orbital deformity is a common disease in the practice of craniofacial surgery. Defective orbital volume and abnormality of eyeball position are the most important characteristics of pathologic changes. This study includes 87 cases of acquired orbital deformity, which received surgery for volume aberration from 2002 to present. Among them, 73 cases received orbital volume expansion surgery and 14 cases received reduction surgery. Coronal scalp, lower eyelid, or intraoral gingival-buccal incisions were carried out for the approach. In some patients, the original scar around the orbit was chosen for the incision. Operation aims were reduction of orbit and reconstruction of the orbital wall integrity. Operative methods were osteotomy for reduction and implantation of autologous bone or artificial materials. Orbital volume and eyeball position were restored to normal in all patients after the operation, and no serious complications occurred. Treatment of acquired orbital deformity should make restoration of orbital volume as the most important target of therapy. Autologous bone should be the material of first choice, and the selection and amount of implanted material should be decided by the specialty and experience of the physician.     

计算机辅助测量颧眶骨折术前后眼眶容积的临床意义

目的:通过测量颧眶骨折术前术后眼眶容积的变化,得出术后可能仍然出现眼球内陷的术前眼眶容积大小。方法:20例颧眶骨折患者在术前及行坚固内固定术后,分别做多排三维螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描,利用Simplant软件测量眼眶容积进行比较,并做统计学分析。结果:术前20例患者均存在眼眶容积的增大,与健侧眼眶容积相比增大范围为0.07～7.50cm3。术前两侧眼眶容积差值的平均值为(3.06±1.96)cm3,术后差值减少到(0.93±1.00)cm3,术前术后眼眶容积存在显著差异(P<0.01)。10例患者术后仍然存在不同程度的眼球内陷,其术前眼眶容积差值为(4.60±1.27)cm3。结论:眼眶容积测定有助于术者制定手术方案,恢复应有的眼眶容积。     

Ultrasound versus computed tomography in the imaging of orbital floor fractures.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether orbital ultrasonography (US) with a curved-array transducer could be an alternative imaging method to computed tomography (CT) to detect orbital wall fractures and fractures of the infraorbital rim. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with the clinical ophthalmologic or radiologic diagnosis of an orbital trauma were investigated prospectively by US and CT. The reference method was the intraoperative findings. RESULTS: CT evaluation of the infraorbital rim yielded a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 90%, and an accuracy of 94%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the infraorbital rim reached 69% and 83%, respectively. CT evaluation of the orbital floor showed a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 71%, and an accuracy of 96%. PPV and NPV resulted in 71% and 93%, respectively. US investigation of the infraorbital rim yielded a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 97%, whereas PPV and NPV reached 65% and 83%, respectively. US investigation of the orbital floor reached a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 57%, and an accuracy of 96%, whereas PPV and NPV yielded 57% and 91%, respectively. No significant difference was found between US and CT in the investigation of the infraorbital rim (P =.809) and the orbital floor (P =.729). CONCLUSIONS: US with a curved-array transducer appears to be a useful alternative method in the investigation of orbital floor fractures. Further studies have to be conducted to reduce the presence of false-negative results.     

Dynamic three-dimensional finite element analysis of orbital trauma

This study comprises a dynamic finite element (FE) analysis of the mechanisms of orbital trauma, specifically buckling and hydraulic theories. A digital model of the orbital cavity - including the eyeball, fatty tissue, extraocular muscles, and the bone orbit – was created from magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic data from a real patient. An impactor hit the FE model following two scenarios: one was a hydraulic mechanism for direct impact to the eyeball and the other a buckling mechanism for direct impact over the infraorbital rim. The first principal stress was calculated to determine the stress distribution over the orbital walls. The FE model presented more than 900,000 elements and time of simulation was 4.8 milliseconds (ms) and 0.6 ms, for the hydraulic and buckling mechanisms, respectively. The stress distribution in the hydraulic mechanism affected mainly the medial wall with a high stress area of 99.08 mm², while the buckling mechanism showed a high stress area of 378.70 mm² in the orbital floor. The presence of soft tissue absorbed the energy, especially in the hydraulic mechanism. In conclusion, the applied method of segmentation allowed the construction of a complete orbital model. Both mechanisms presented results that were similar to classic experiments. However, the soft tissue in the hydraulic mechanism absorbed the impact, demonstrating its role in orbital pathophysiology.