可乐定对吗啡硬膜外病人自控镇痛效果的影响

目的观察可乐定对硬膜外吗啡病人自控镇痛临床效果的影响。方法54例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级硬膜外麻醉下全宫切除术病人,随机分为三组,镇痛液分别为:C0组(n=18):吗啡0.1mg/ml,C1组(n=18):吗啡0.1mg/ml+可乐定1μg/ml,C2组(n=18):吗啡0.1mg/ml+可乐定2μg/ml。PCA泵设置均相同。术后疼痛视觉模拟评分3分时启动PCA,监测镇痛的第4、8、16、24小时视觉模拟评分、警觉/镇静评分、血压、心率、总用药量等资料。结果所有病人麻醉效果满意,组间布比卡因用量、术后平均动脉压和心率变化均无统计学差异。三组病人24小时吗啡/可乐定的用量为C0组(3.3±0.6)mg/0μg、C1组(3.3±0.6)mg/(33.4±8.5)μg和C2组(3.3±0.6)mg/(65.5±11.6)μg,吗啡剂量组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。疼痛视觉模拟评分≤3比例C0组(86.7%)显著性低于C1组(95.0%)和C2组(98.7%),警觉/镇静评分≤4级比例N0组最低,C2组最高,镇痛期间呕吐的发生率分别为C0组16.7%、C1组22.2%和C2组16.7%,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论硬膜外腔1～2μg/ml可乐定可改善吗啡术后镇痛效果,并具有与其剂量有关的镇静和降低呕吐发生率的作用。     

不同镇痛方式在开胸术后的镇痛效果及对肺功能影响

目的观察不同镇痛方式在开胸手术后的镇痛效果及其对肺功能的影响。方法39例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,在硬膜外复合全身麻醉下行侧开胸手术的病人,术后随机接受罗哌卡因(罗哌组,n=10)、甲磺酸罗哌卡因(甲罗组,n=10)和布比卡因(布比组,n=10)硬膜外镇痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)及吗啡(吗啡组,n=9)静脉镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)。结果术后1、2、5d静息时的疼痛评分罗哌组和甲罗组均明显低于布比组,但与吗啡组相比无明显差异;术后1d静息时疼痛评分吗啡组也明显低于布比组,但术后2、5d两组间无明显差异。术后1、2、5d咳嗽时疼痛评分罗哌组均明显低于布比组和吗啡组;各时间咳嗽时疼痛评分布比组和吗啡组之间无明显差异。术后1、2dPaCO2罗哌组均明显低于布比组,术后1dPaCO2罗哌组也明显低于布比组;术后1、2dPaCO2罗哌组均明显高于吗啡组,但与布比组之间无明显差异。术后1、2、5d用力肺活量和呼吸峰流速四组间无明显差异。结论罗哌卡因和甲磺酸罗哌卡因加舒芬太尼可安全用于开胸手术后硬膜外镇痛,其镇痛效果优于布比卡因加芬太尼硬膜外镇痛和吗啡静脉镇痛,并使术后病人维持更好的呼吸功能,且不增加副作用的发生率。     

高频超声引导下硬膜外分娩镇痛的研究

目的评估高频超声引导下硬膜外穿刺分娩镇痛的可行性。方法选择80例拟行硬膜外穿刺的患者,为分娩的初产妇,妊娠足月,年龄20~35岁。随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各40例。对照组采用常规方法进行定位穿刺,观察组采用超声引导穿刺硬膜外麻醉。穿刺成功后,观察两组穿刺麻醉后镇痛效果、麻醉药物使用量等指标,并进行比较。结果 80例硬膜外穿刺患者均穿刺成功。观察组较对照组减少麻醉药用量;观察组麻醉有效率为97.5%,对照组为92.5%;观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经高频超声引导下硬膜外麻醉穿刺成功率高,减少麻醉药用量,安全性好,是有一定的临床应用价值的方法。     

高乌甲素复合布比卡因用于老年食管癌术后自控镇痛

目的探讨高乌甲素复合布比卡因用于老年食管癌术后硬膜外自控镇痛临床效果及不良反应。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，择期行食管癌根治术后病人50例，随机分为两组，高乌甲素复合布比卡因组、芬太尼复合布比卡因组，每组25例，术毕高乌甲素复合布比卡因组以0．02％高乌甲素复合0．125％布比卡因，芬太尼复合布比卡因组以0．0004％芬太尼复合0．125％布比卡因行硬膜外自控镇痛。测定麻醉前5min（T0）、术后4h（T1）、8h（T2）、24h（T3）和48h（T4）血浆肾上腺素及去甲肾上腺素浓度。结果两组镇痛效果优良，VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；血浆肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素浓度，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高乌甲素复合布比卡因硬膜外自控镇痛，用于老年食管癌术后镇痛效果确切，安全有效。     

蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合阻滞分娩镇痛(CSEA)对产程及新生儿影响的研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔———硬膜外联合阻滞分娩镇痛(CSEA)对产程及新生儿出生并发症的影响。方法对55例初产妇实施蛛网膜下腔———硬膜外联合阻滞分娩镇痛(CSEA),选择同时期分娩的55例初产妇及其新生儿作为对照组。对两组的产程、剖宫产率以及新生儿窒息、吸入性肺炎、颅内出血等出生并发症的发生率进行对照。结果产程时间镇痛组较对照组短,有显著性差异(P<0.05);剖宫产率镇痛组较对照组低,有显著性差异(P<0.05);新生儿出生并发症发生率两组相同,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论蛛网膜下腔———硬膜外联合阻滞分娩镇痛(CSEA)效果显著、安全可靠,可缩短产程,降低因社会因素导致的剖宫产率,对新生儿出生并发症发生率无明显影响。     

A single dose of celecoxib 200 mg improves postoperative analgesia provided via patient-controlled epidural technique after caesarean section

Introduction

Celecoxib in a dose of 200 mg is safe for the breast feeding mother, as its milk levels are extremely low. We investigated the efficacy of celecoxib in improving postoperative pain management in parturients under patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA).

Material and methods

We studied 64 healthy parturients undergoing elective caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Postoperative analgesia was performed via PCEA with ropivacaine 0.15% and fentanyl 2 µg/ml (4 ml bolus administration, lock-out 15 min). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either only PCEA (n = 32) or PCEA plus celecoxib 200 mg orally (n = 32). Paracetamol 500 mg was given orally as rescue analgesia. We recorded visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain at rest and movement, attempted and given PCEA doses, Bromage scores, level of sensory blockade, rescue doses of paracetamol, maternal side effects during the first 24 h after the PCEA instrumentation, and the overall patient satisfaction.

Results

Fifty-six patients completed the entire protocol. Patient demographics, duration of surgery, side effects, attempted and given PCEA doses, and motor and sensory blockade did not differ between the groups. Significantly lower VAS scores at rest and movement, fewer paracetamol doses (p = 0.039) and increased patient satisfaction (p = 0.001) were found in the celecoxib group compared to controls.

Conclusions

A single dose of 200 mg of celecoxib effectively improved pain management in parturients with PCEA, limited the need for supplemental analgesics and improved efficacy of analgesia, increasing patient satisfaction.     

Effect of combined single-injection femoral nerve block and patient-controlled epidural analgesia in patients undergoing total knee replacement

Purpose

Total knee replacement is one of the most painful orthopedic procedures, and effective pain relief is essential for early mobility and discharge from hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether addition of single-injection femoral nerve block to epidural analgesia would provide better postoperative pain control, compared to epidural analgesia alone, after total knee replacement.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-eight patients received a single-injection femoral nerve block with 0.25% levobupivacaine (30 mL) combined with epidural analgesia (femoral nerve block group) and 40 patients received epidural analgesia alone (control group). Pain intensity and volume of patient-controlled epidural analgesia medication and rescue analgesic requirements were measured in the first 48 hours after surgery at three time periods; 0-6 hours, 6-24 hours, and 24-48 hours. Also, side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and pruritus were evaluated.

Results

Median visual analog scale at rest and movement was significantly lower until 48 hours in the femoral nerve block group. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia volume was significantly lower throughout the study period, however, rescue analgesia requirements were significantly lower only up to 6 hours in the femoral nerve block group. The incidences of nausea and vomiting and rescue antiemetic requirement were significantly lower in the femoral nerve block group up to 6 hours.

Conclusion

The combination of femoral nerve block with epidural analgesia is an effective pain management regimen in patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement.     

罗哌卡因用于低位硬膜外病人术后镇痛的临床观察

目的比较不同浓度罗哌卡因的术后镇痛效果、运动阻滞及不良反应。方法选择42例择期妇科手术病人,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,比较术后0.15%罗哌卡因 5μg/ml芬太尼和0.2%罗哌卡因 5μg/ml芬太尼,以SPCA持续硬膜外镇痛的镇痛效果、运动阻滞情况及并发症发生率。结果两组病人均无明显运动阻滞;镇痛效果除术后6小时0.2%组明显好于0.15%组(P<0.05)外,镇静及并发症的发生率差异无显著性意义。结论两组均适合妇科手术的术后镇痛,但罗哌卡因比0.15%罗哌卡因术后镇痛效果好,病人更加舒适。     

Reduced nocturnal morphine analgesia in mice following a geomagnetic disturbance

Latency to respond to an aversive thermal stimulus and the degree of analgesia induced by morphine were examined in mice injected with either isotonic saline or morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) during midscotophase of a 12:12 h LD cycle. When mean response latencies were compared to the degree of geomagnetic disturbance (Ap index) present on test days, it was found that during the geomagnetic storm on December 17th, 1982, a significant reduction (P<0.01) in response latency was evident in both saline- and morphine-treated mice. The reduction in response latencies was greater, and lasted longer in the morphine-treated animals. It is suggested that the pineal gland may mediate this biomagnetic effect.     

Management of chronic pain of cervical disc herniation and radiculitis with fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections

Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial.Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids in the management of chronic neck pain and upper extremity pain in patients with disc herniation and radiculitis.Summary of Background Data: Epidural injections in managing chronic neck and upper extremity pain are commonly employed interventions. However, their long-term effectiveness, indications, and medical necessity, of their use and their role in various pathologies responsible for persistent neck and upper extremity pain continue to be debated, even though, neck and upper extremity pain secondary to disc herniation and radiculitis, is described as the common indication. There is also paucity of high quality literature.Methods: One-hundred twenty patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: Group I patients received cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%, 5 mL); Group II patients received 0.5% lidocaine, 4 mL, mixed with 1 mL of nonparticulate betamethasone.Primary outcome measure was ≥ 50 improvement in pain and function. Outcome assessments included Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), opioid intake, employment, and changes in weight.Results: Significant pain relief and functional status improvement (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 72% of patients who received local anesthetic only and 68% who received local anesthetic and steroids. In the successful group of participants, significant improvement was illustrated in 77% in local anesthetic group and 82% in local anesthetic with steroid group.Conclusions: Cervical interlaminar epidural injections with or without steroids may provide significant improvement in pain and function for patients with cervical disc herniation and radiculitis.     

超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞联合丙泊酚全麻对肺癌手术及术后急慢性疼痛的临床观察

目的:观察超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞联合丙泊酚全麻对肺癌手术及术后急慢性疼痛发生的临床观察。方法:选取102例肺癌患者为受试对象,随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,各51例。观察组实施胸椎旁神经阻滞联合丙泊酚静脉全麻,对照组给予七氟醚吸入复合静脉药物全麻。比较两组围手术期不同时间点的血流动力学指标如收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）,观察术中两组患者阿片药物使用量,观察两组术后安静、主动咳嗽状态下不同时间点的疼痛程度视觉模拟（VAS）评分和48 h内PCA泵总用量及按压次数,随访患者出院后慢性疼痛发生状况。结果:两组患者T0时SBP、DBP、HR比较均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而T1、T2时,两组患者SBP、DBP均较T0时显著下降（P<0.05）,且对照组显著高于观察组（P<0.05）,T1时两组患者HR较T0时无明显变化（P>0.05）,T2时两组HR均较T0时显著下降（P<0.05）,且对照组显著高于观察组（P<0.05）,而对照组T2时HR较T1时显著降低（P<0.05）;术中对照组阿片药物使用量高于观察组（P<0.05）;术后48 h内,观察组镇痛泵按压次数显著少于对照组（P<0.05）;术毕拔管时,术后2 h、24 h,观察组患者安静、主动咳嗽状态下VAS评分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,术后24 h,观察组安静、主动咳嗽状态下VAS评分均较术后2 h显著升高（P<0.05）,而对照组安静状态下VAS评分较术后2 h显著升高（P<0.05）,主动咳嗽状态下较术后2 h无统计学意义（P>0.05）。出院后随访期间,观察组慢性疼痛发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞联合丙泊酚全麻可有效降低肺癌手术患者术后疼痛程度,不仅有利于手术过程中血流动力学指标,减少术中麻醉药物用量和降低术后疼痛发生率,更有利于肺癌患者的术后康复。     

硬膜外两间隙麻醉对阑尾炎手术脐部牵涉痛的影响

目的观察硬膜外两间隙麻醉对阑尾炎手术脐部牵涉痛的抑制效果。方法60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级硬膜外麻醉下阑尾炎手术病人随机分为两间隙麻醉(A组)和一间隙麻醉(B组)两组,每组30例。A组与T12～L1和T9～T10分别给予1.8%的利多卡因18ml和1%的利多卡因8ml。B组与T12～L1给予1.8%的利多卡因20ml,麻药中加入1:20万的肾上腺素。术中吸氧,监测MAP、HR、RR、SpO2;观察脐部牵涉痛(VAS)程度,麻醉范围(T～L)以及辅助镇痛药等情况。结果两组MAP、HR、RR、SPO2无显著变化;A组脐部牵涉痛(VAS)评分(2.8±0.8)与B组(6.6±1.6)比较,P<0.05。麻醉范围A组(T5～L2)与B组(T8～L2)比较,P<0.05。辅用镇痛药A组4例(13.3%)与B组14例(46.6%)比较,P<0.05。结论硬膜外两间隙麻醉使麻醉阻滞范围扩大,从而有效减轻了阑尾炎手术时脐部牵涉痛的程度,且无明显不良反应发生。     

双氯芬酸钠利多卡因与芬太尼对鼻内镜手术后疼痛患者镇痛的效果观察

目的：探讨鼻内镜手术后患者采用双氯芬酸钠利多卡因镇痛的效果及安全性。方法我院眼耳鼻喉科2012年8月至2014年6月100例实施鼻内镜治疗的患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组患者使用双氯芬酸钠利多卡因术后镇痛,对照组采用芬太尼进行术后镇痛,比较2组患者的镇痛效果及安全性。结果术后即刻、24 h、48 h的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP指标在2组组内和组间比较差异均不显著(P>0.05)。术后即刻过程中和对照组的VAS评分比较差异不显著(P>0.05);2组患者术后1 h、4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h、48 h VAS评分较术后即刻均显著降低,观察组VAS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组在镇痛过程中出现不良反应6例(12%),显著低于对照组16例(32%)(P<0.05)。结论对鼻内镜手术后患者采用双氯芬酸钠利多卡因镇痛效果好,不良反应发生率较低。     

Pharmacogenetics of pain and analgesia

Pain severity ratings and the analgesic dosing requirements of patients with apparently similar pain conditions may differ considerably between individuals. Contributing factors include those of genetic and environmental origin with epigenetic mechanisms that enable dynamic gene-environment interaction, more recently implicated in pain modulation. Insight into genetic factors underpinning inter-patient variability in pain sensitivity has come from rodent heritability studies as well as familial aggregation and twin studies in humans. Indeed, more than 350 candidate pain genes have been identified as potentially contributing to heritable differences in pain sensitivity. A large number of genetic association studies conducted in patients with a variety of clinical pain types or in humans exposed to experimentally induced pain stimuli in the laboratory setting, have examined the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in various target genes on pain sensitivity and/or analgesic dosing requirements. However, the findings of such studies have generally failed to replicate or have been only partially replicated by independent investigators. Deficiencies in study conduct including use of small sample size, inappropriate statistical methods and inadequate attention to the possibility that between-study differences in environmental factors may alter pain phenotypes through epigenetic mechanisms, have been identified as being significant.     

Down-regulation of mu opioid receptor expression within distinct subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a murine model of bone cancer pain

Although micro opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are used for treatment of most types of pain, a recent study has suggested that the sensitivity of bone cancer pain to systemic morphine was lower than that of inflammatory pain. However, the reasons for this have remained unclear. In this study, MOR expression and the analgesic effects of morphine in a bone cancer model were compared with those in an inflammatory pain model. A bone cancer pain model and an inflammatory pain model were made by implantation of sarcoma cells into the intramedullary space of the femur and hind-paw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), respectively. In a behavioral study, sarcoma-implanted mice showed flinching behavior of magnitude comparable to that induced by CFA injection. The flinching behavior of sarcoma-implanted mice was less sensitive to intrathecal morphine than that of CFA-injected mice. Western blot analysis showed that MOR expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) ipsilateral to sarcoma implantation was significantly reduced, while that in the DRG ipsilateral to CFA injection was increased. In sarcoma-implanted mice, the percentage of MOR-positive DRG neuronal profiles was lower than that in control mice (30.3% vs. 45.2%). In particular, MOR expression was reduced among calcitonin gene-related peptide- and transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1-positive DRG neuronal profiles, which are considered to be involved in the generation of bone cancer pain (from 61.5% to 41.5% and from 72.1% to 48.4%, respectively). These results suggest that down-regulation of MOR in the distinct populations of DRG neurons contributes to the fact that higher doses of morphine are needed to produce analgesia in bone cancer as compared with those used in non-malignant inflammatory situations.     

全自动气囊仿生助产联合硬膜外自控镇痛对自然分娩产妇产后盆底功能的影响

目的：观察全自动气囊仿生助产联合硬膜外自控镇痛在自然分娩产妇中的应用效果,及对产妇盆底功能的影响。方法：前瞻性选取200例接受自然分娩的产妇为研究对象,并随机分为对照组和观察组,各100例。两组患者均给予硬膜外自控镇痛,观察组在此基础上给予全自动气囊仿生助产。比较两组产妇自然分娩率、妊娠结局和新生儿结局的差异。结果：观察组产妇顺产率为98.00%,对照组顺产率为93.00%,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(校正χ²=1.862,P=0.172);两组新生儿出生后1 min和5 min的Apgar评分无差别(P>0.05);观察组产妇产后出血量为(143.09±7.52)mL,低于对照组的(187.52±10.34)mL,且尿潴留和尿失禁发生率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者满意率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：全自动气囊仿生助产联合硬膜外自控镇痛在自然分娩产妇中的应用较好,可降低产后尿失禁等并发症的发生率,改善产妇的盆底功能,具有应用价值。     

连续髂筋膜阻滞和硬膜外阻滞下行全髋置换后镇痛的比较

背景：硬膜外持续镇痛曾被认为是下肢术后镇痛的金标准,其效果确切,全身不良反应较少,临床上普遍采用。但此法有低血压及尿潴留等不良反应,且患者在术后常规需应用低分子肝素抗凝,有增加硬膜外血肿的可能性,限制了硬膜外镇痛的临床使用。目前超声引导下连续髂筋膜腔隙阻滞技术的相关研究报道甚少。 目的：评价连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞和连续硬膜外阻滞两种不同镇痛方法对全髋关节置换后镇痛效果和关节功能恢复的影响。 方法：将60例择期行全髋关节置换患者分为2组：连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞组和连续硬膜外镇痛组(n=30)。两组患者在全身麻醉诱导前均接受预注量,连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞组经髂筋膜间隙注入0.25%罗哌卡因30 mL,连续硬膜外阻滞组经硬膜外导管注入0.20%罗哌卡因10 mL,均留置导管。待镇痛效果明确后,全麻插管。术毕两组分别经髂筋膜间隙、硬膜外连接镇痛泵持续给药,未使用术后自控镇痛单次给药。若疼痛难以忍受时,视其疼痛程度,予补救镇痛(帕瑞昔布20-40 mg/次)。记录目测类比评分、帕瑞昔布补救剂量、麻醉并发症、髋关节Harris评分、下床时间和住院时间。 结果与结论：目测类比评分、额外追加的镇痛药量、Harris评分、住院日两组无明显差别。但是下床时间连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞组早于连续硬膜外阻滞组,而且连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞组并发症明显低于连续硬膜外阻滞组。提示全髋关节置换后,两种镇痛方式均可提供满意的术后镇痛效果,髋关节功能可得到良好的恢复;但连续髂筋膜间隙阻滞并发症少且有利于患者早期下床活动,对于髋关节置换后镇痛是更好的选择。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

Effect of morphine and naloxone on acupuncture analgesia in unrestrained rats

Experiments on unrestrained rats showed that electroacupuncture of an acupuncture point distinctly reduces the nociceptive response to electrical stimulation of the base of the tail. Morphine, in a subanalgesic dose (5 mg/kg), potentiated the analgesic effect of acupuncture. Naloxone, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, completely abolished acupuncture analgesia. The possible mechanisms of analgesia production by electroacupuncture are discussed.Department of Pharmacology, I. P. Pavlov First Leningrad Medical Institute. Course of Reflex Therapy, S. M. Kirov Leningrad Postgraduate Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 88, No. 11, pp. 566–569, November, 1979.