铊对人体的影响（一）

本文从普通人群对铊的接触而产生的急性毒性和长期接触铵发生的慢性中毒、铊的职业性接触以及铊中毒的高危人群诸方面，就铊对人体的影响作了较详细的论述。     

血液灌流治疗急性铊中毒2例血铊尿铊观察

分析2例急性铊中毒患者采用血液灌流(hemoper-fusion,HP)治疗前后血铊和尿铊的变化,并计算下降率。观察治疗前后患者血电解质,肝、肾功能及血常规变化并评价临床症状的改变。HP治疗可显著减低血铊、尿铊水平,血铊的下降率为(40±10)%,尿铊的下降率为(90±5)%,患者分别经5～6次治疗后血铊、尿铊水平基本接近正常,临床症状明显改善。其中1例重症患者血液灌流过程中曾出现一过性的血钙、血钾、血小板减少。血液灌流能有效清除人体内已吸收的铊,临床需密切观察血电解质、肝、肾及血常规的变化,及时给予对症和支持治疗。     

某地区居民生物材料中铊含量分析

对铊污染区内的慢性铊中毒者，非铊中毒者及非污染的正常人进行发铊、尿铊、指甲铊的含量分析，结果为慢性铊中毒者＞污染区非铊中毒者＞晨污染区正常人，且都有显著性差异。发、尿、指甲锭含量，可作为评价铊接触水平的重要参考依据。     

贵州省赫章县45岁以上成人尿铊含量调查

目的针对贵州赫章县多年矿山开采重金属污染地区开展人体铊含量特征调查。方法在开采污染最严重的妈姑镇和未曾有过开采的撒拉溪镇随机选取45岁以上村民作为研究对象,采集村民的尿液进行铊含量检测。结果妈姑镇人群尿铊含量高于撒拉溪镇,女性尿铊含量高于男性,两地区人群尿铊多数在正常人尿铊的生物接触上限值内。结论调查地区村民没有慢性铊接触中毒,妈姑镇45岁以上女性非职业人群尿铊95%上限为8μg/gCr,其余45岁以上非职业人群尿铊95%上限为5μg/gCr。     

铊的生态健康效应及其对人体危害

介绍铊元素的主要理化性质、工业中的应用及铊污染和生态效应,生态效应包括铊的地球化学特性、环境分布状况、生理毒性,同时简单介绍人体内铊的急、慢性中毒的症状、诊断及治疗.     

桂东南某河流铊污染后人群铊暴露状况初步调查

目的了解桂东南某河流铊污染3年后沿岸某村井水、土壤、地产食用农产品以及居民重金属铊含量水平,评估当地居民健康风险。方法于2016年,选择2013年发生铊污染事件的某河流沿岸某村作为污染区,选择该河流污染段上游沿岸的1个自然村作为对照区。采集井水、土壤、地产食用农产品及(18～75)岁常住居民尿液样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定井水、土壤、食物及尿液铊含量水平。结果污染区井水铊含量(M=0.290μg/L)高于对照区(未检出),差异有统计学意义(z=-6.51,P<0.01),污染区井水铊合格率(24.6%)低于对照区(100.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=42.48,P<0.01);污染区土壤铊含量(M=0.755 mg/kg)高于对照区(M=0.595 mg/kg),差异有统计学意义(z=-2.02,P<0.05);污染区食物铊含量(M=1.861μg/kg)高于对照区(M=0.250μg/kg),差异有统计学意义(z=-4.14,P<0.01);污染区人群尿铊含量(G=0.70μg/g肌酐)与对照区(G=0.67μg/g肌酐)相比差异无统计学意义(F=1.18,P>0.05)。结论污染区人群存在一定水平的铊暴露,但人群尿铊水平与对照区人群水平相当。     

严重铊中毒3例的启示

一、铊中毒的可能原因铊（化学名称音ｔａ,化学符号Ｔｌ）是一种具有较高毒性的金属。和其它金属一样铊有较高的熔点,在一般的情况下,不会造成人体中毒。铊常和某些金属共生,当高温熔炼时,铊的蒸气有引起中毒的可能。铊能形成很多化合物如碳酸铊、硫酸铊、硝酸铊、碘...     

铊的卫生学研究进展

铊（Thallium，T1）是由William Crooks于1861年在德国发现并命名的，原子序数及原子量分别为81和204．37。铊是一种高度分散的稀有金属元素，广泛应用于化工、电子、医药、航天、高能物理、光学、超导等行业。铊也是一种生理毒性很强的元素，铊及其化合物均有毒。上世纪六七十年代，我国黔西南地区曾发生过罕见的慢性铊中毒事件，中毒人数达1000人，原联邦德国也曾发生水泥厂附近居民因食用高铊含量的作物引起的较大规模中毒。     

急性铊中毒4例临床分析

结合有关文献,分析4例铊中毒的临床特征、铊定量结果及治疗方法。     

铊中毒的现状与研究进展

铊中毒的现状与研究进展广西壮族自治区职业病防治研究所（南宁市河堤路，５３００２１）刘日兰，黎达平铊（Ｔｈａｌｌｉｕｍ）是一种非人体所必需的微量元素，具有剧烈的神经毒的稀有金属，且有较强的蓄积作用。正常情况下，微量的铊存在于锌、铅、铜等金属矿及煤和原油...     

铊与人体健康

本文简略介绍了铊对人体的影响、铊中毒及其处理方法     

Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust

Summary In order to assess the degree of thallium exposure in a population living around a thallium emitting cement plant in a small city in North-West Germany thallium levels in 24 h urine samples of 1,265 subjects and in hair samples of 1,163 subjects were determined. Urinary thallium levels in two groups of subjects living in an urban and a rural area of West Germany were determined for reference. As compared to these subjects the population living around the cement plant exhibited obvious signs of increased thallium intake. The mean urinary thallium concentration was 2.6 g/1 and ranged up to 76.5 pg/1. In contrast, the mean urinary thallium levels of the two reference groups were 0.2 and 0.4 g/1, respectively. Hair thallium levels of the population living around the cement plant were also markedly increased (mean: 9.5 ng/g). The major route of the population's increased intake of thallium was found to be the consumption of vegetables and fruit grown in private gardens in the vicinity of the cement plant. As was shown by chemical analyses vegetables and fruit grown in these gardens were contaminated by thallium-containing atmospheric dust fall-out caused by emissions of the cement plant. The pulmonary route of uptake as well as other sources did not seem to play a significant role in the population's exposure to thallium. Polyneuritic symptoms, sleep disorders, headache, fatigue and other signs of psychasthenia were found to be the major health effects associated with increased thallium levels in urine and hair. No positive correlation was found between the thallium levels in hair and urine and the prevalence of skin alterations, hair-loss and gastro-intestinal dysfunctions.     

碘化钠（铊）晶体生产劳动卫生学调查

对含铊固体闪烁体生产现场的劳动卫生学调查表明,车间空气中铊浓度在0.01mg/m~3以下,绝大多数接触者的尿铊含量在正常水平,无明显阳性体症,说明在该条件下生产是安全的,0.01mg/m~3可作车间空气中无害水平上限。接触者的尿铊含量与接触空气铊水平呈正相关,尿铊含量可作为生物接触监测指标。     

Investigations of thallium-exposed workers in cement factories

Summary Thallium and its compounds have a high toxic potency. For the production of particularly resistant sorts of cement, additives containing thallium, among other things, are employed. In conformity with our present toxicological knowledge, the determination of the concentration of thallium in the urine must be considered a suitable parameter for the assessment of the presence of thallium in the body. Occupational-medical preventive examinations were carried out in a total of 128 male employees from all areas of production in three cement factories. An exposure of these employees to thallium was objectified by analyses of the roasted pyrites employed and the dust from the electric filter. The study included the questioning of the employees with respect to their previous history of health, and also a physical examination aimed at detecting clinical symptoms of a possible effect of thallium. The analysis of thallium was carried out in samples of spontaneous urine. The analytical method employed was flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (carbon-rod atomizer).In part, the group of persons investigated revealed excretions of thallium slightly or moderately above the normal level (range: < 0.3-6.3 g/g creatinine). As the upper normal limit of thallium excretion, we computed a value of 1.1 g/g creatinine.In no case, however, did the case history data or the findings of the physical examination reveal any indication of the symptoms characteristic of thallium poisoning.     

生活饮用水铊短期超标的风险评估探讨

目的 针对2017年突发饮用水铊污染事件，开展饮用水中铊短期暴露对人群健康的风险评估。方法 结合国家十二五重大专项课题“突发事件供水短期暴露风险与应急管控技术研究”科研成果，采用收集和分析相关数据、确定健康效应分离点、选择不确定系数和推导短期饮水水质安全浓度的健康风险评价模型开展短期暴露健康风险评估。结果 饮用水中铊短期暴露饮水水质安全浓度（SWSC）为0.007mg/L。2017年嘉陵江饮用水铊污染事件中铊最高浓度为0.00059mg/L，虽超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的限值要求，但处于短期暴露饮水水质安全浓度范围内。结论 本次污染事件铊的短期暴露健康风险处于可接受水平。     

孕期铊暴露的不良母婴健康效应

铊是一种剧毒重金属,孕期铊暴露引起的不良母婴健康效应也得到了越来越多的学者关注。本研究从铊暴露的来源及其影响因素、孕期铊暴露与妊娠并发症及新生儿不良出生结局的关联、孕期铊暴露对儿童出生后生长发育的影响以及孕期铊暴露引起不良母婴健康效应的潜在机制等方面,综述了相关研究进展,可为深入研究孕期铊暴露的危害、预防和控制提供新的依据。     

Repeated surveillance of exposure to thallium in a population living in the vincinity of a cement plant emitting dust containing thallium

Summary From 1979 to 1981, several medical surveys were carried out among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant that emitted dust containing thallium until August, 1979. Air, soil, plants, and domestic animals in the area were contaminated by thallium and this led to an increased intake of thallium in the population, mainly due to the consumption of home-grown vegetables and fruit. In order to assess the degree of the individuals' exposure to thallium, thallium levels in 24-h urine samples (TIU) were determined. Three surveys were carried out from September to December, 1979 to assess the degree of thallium exposure of different parts of the general population. Subjects with relatively high exposure, as indicated by the results of the above mentioned population surveys, or those suffering from health disorders that might be related to an increased intake of thallium, were reexamined several times from 1979–1981. Special attention was also given to children attending a kindergarten situated about 0.5 km from the cement plant. As compared to an unexposed reference population (mean TIU: 0.3 g/1), the majority of the population living in the cement plant area had significantly elevated urinary thallium levels (range: < 0.1–76.5 g/1) indicating a substantially increased environmental exposure. A reduction of the intake of thallium was mainly achieved by the fact that the population, as advised by the authorities, largely avoided the consumption of home-grown, potentially contaminated food-stuffs. Reports on the teratogenicity of thallium in certain animal species caused great concern that thallium might have exerted teratogenic effects on the newborn of women exposed to thallium during pregnancy. Therefore, an investigation of children born between January, 1978 and August, 1979 (n = 297) was carried out. Although the number of congenital malformations was greater than expected, we conclude, considering carefully all data available, that there is likely no causal relationship between thallium and the occurrence of congenital malformations in the children investigated.This study was carried out at the request of the Ministerium fur Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dusseldorf, and was supported financially by this Ministry     

急性铊中毒15例临床分析

[目的]分析探讨急性铊中毒的临床症状及体征,为早期诊断治疗提供科学依据.[方法]总结分析我院近7年来收治的15例铊中毒患者的临床表现,实验室检查及诊治经过. [结果]分析研究发现临床表现以胃肠道不适,肌痛和毛发脱落为主,占总病例数的80％;其中束状脱发发生率为100％,出现时间晚于肌痛.实验塞检查尿铊浓度均超标(浓度范围782～10,252μg/L),肌电图均出现双侧腓肠神经振幅下降.86.7％的患者均发生过误诊,仅2例为主动到中毒专科就诊.除1例延误诊治有后遗症外,治愈率为93.3％.6年追踪未发现发育及生育障碍. [结论]对胃肠不适、肌痛后出现毛发脱落的患者给予常规血铊、尿铊的检查,尽早识别铊中毒三联征,加强对非专科医师的培 训是早期正确诊断铊中毒,减少后遗症及降低死亡率的重要途径.     

Assessment of Extractants for the Determination of Thallium in an Accidentally Polluted Soil

Thallium is a rare and easily dispersed element with high toxicity to organisms. Relatively high levels of thallium ( approximately 9.58 mg kg(-1)) had been found in aqua regia soil extract of an accidentally polluted soil from south of Spain. To assess the available and leachable portions of thallium in the polluted soil, single and sequential extraction procedures have been utilized. Further, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies have also been used to find out the mineral phases. The amount of thallium extracted by the extracting agents in comparison to aqua regia, as well as the different phase associations are discussed.     

桂东南某河流铊污染后人群铊暴露状况初步调查

目的 了解桂东南某河流铊污染3年后沿岸某村井水、土壤、地产食用农产品以及居民重金属铊含量水平,评估当地居民健康风险.方法 于2016年,选择2013年发生铊污染事件的某河流沿岸某村作为污染区,选择该河流污染段上游沿岸的1个自然村作为对照区.采集井水、土壤、地产食用农产品及(18-75)岁常住居民尿液样品,采用电感耦合等...