情绪应激对NOD小鼠血糖、胰岛炎及胰岛内细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨情绪应激在NOD鼠1型糖尿病发生中的作用及可能机制.方法采用饮水焦虑冲突应激及限制应激合用,对2月龄NOD小鼠进行急性应激作用,研究应激1d,2d及3d后,小鼠的情绪性、血糖、胰岛炎及胰岛内细胞凋亡水平与对照组之间的差异和时间趋势.结果应激1d后小鼠情绪唤醒和血糖水平即升高,从开始的(2.00±1.41)mmol/L和(3.27±0.70)mmol/L上升至(4.67±1.37)mmol/L和(8.68±4.63)mmol/L,并随着应激时间的延长有逐步下降的趋势.而胰岛炎和胰岛细胞凋亡水平则随着应激时间的延长逐步升高,平均每胰岛的胰岛炎积分从0.16逐渐上升到应激3d后的0.75,平均每胰岛凋亡细胞个数则从对照组的0.82±0.93上升为3.93±1.05(应激1d)、5.72±3.90(应激2d)、5.77±2.75(应激3d).结论 1、2、3d的饮水焦虑冲突应激及限制应激可增加NOD鼠胰岛炎和胰岛细胞凋亡水平,从而可能促进1型糖尿病的发生.     

人GLP-1(7-36)酰胺对非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨人胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)对非肥胖型糖尿病(NOD)小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响。方法 GLP-1治疗组小鼠用微型渗透泵皮下持续泵入人GLP-1,对照组小鼠泵入生理盐水,4周后将其胰腺组织做HE染色、TUNEL/胰岛素双重免疫荧光染色,显微镜下观察小鼠胰岛炎的变化及胰岛β细胞的凋亡情况。结果与对照组相比,GLP-1治疗组小鼠胰岛单核细胞浸润明显减轻,胰岛炎评分明显下降(P<0.001)。在对照组小鼠胰腺组织切片中观察到较多凋亡β细胞,而在GLP-1治疗组却很少见到。GLP-1治疗组小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡率与对照组小鼠相比明显下降(0.07±0.01%vs0.26±0.02%,P<0.001)。结论人GLP-1持续刺激NOD小鼠后,可使1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎减轻并抑制β细胞凋亡。     

霉酚酸酯对非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎和胰岛β细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:探讨霉酚酸酯(mycopbenolate mofetil,MMF)对非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠non-obese diabetic mice,NOD)胰岛炎和胰岛β细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法:8周龄NOD雌性小鼠22只分为两组,每组11只,干预组给予霉酚酸酯30 mg/kg灌胃,对照组给予等量的生理盐水.两组小鼠饲养期间定期监测其血糖水平.30天实验结束时,每组取5只小鼠处死,行HE染色观察胰岛炎程度,TUNEL法检测胰岛β细胞凋亡率.余下小鼠观察到发生精尿病或20周处死.结果:干预前两组小鼠血糖均在正常水平.干预期间和干预期满后,MMF干预组小鼠血糖与生理盐水对照组之间无差异(P>0.05);MMF组胰岛炎严重程度及胰岛β细胞凋亡率较生理盐水对照组明显减轻(P<0.01).结论:MMF可以在早期抑制NOD小鼠的胰岛炎和胰岛β细胞凋亡,从而减轻胰腺损伤.如果在糖尿病发病前给予MMF可能延缓或防止糖尿病的发生.     

完全弗氏佐剂抑制NOD鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡及其机制

目的:探讨完全弗氏佐剂( complete Freund’s adjuvant, CFA)对非肥胖糖尿病( nonobese dia-betic, NOD)鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Fas,FasL和Bcl-x表达的影响。方法:将4周龄NOD雌鼠随机分为CFA组(n=5)和生理盐水( NS)对照组(n=5 ) ,给CFA组鼠后脚板注射50μLCFA,对照者鼠后脚板注射等量NS。监测血糖,若血糖连续2 d≥11.1 mmol /L即诊断为糖尿病。当NOD鼠发生糖尿病或至30周龄时,处死动物,取胰腺组织制成薄切片,HE染色观察胰岛炎,采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸缺口末端标记( TUNEL)及ABC免疫组织化学双标记染色观察并计数凋亡的胰岛β细胞,ABC免疫组织化学法染色观察并记数Fas,FasL和Bcl-x表达阳性细胞。结果:至NOD鼠30周龄时,CFA处理组鼠无1只发生糖尿病,对照组鼠有3只发生糖尿病;CFA处理组的胰岛炎积分低于NS对照组(1.820±0.962 vs. 3.020±1.040,P<0.05 ) ;CFA处理组胰岛β细胞凋亡率、Fas阳性细胞率、FasL阳性细胞率均低于NS对照组[ (10.2±2.8) % vs. (15.9±6.5) %,(54.9±14.5)% vs.(75.7±12.9) %,(20.3±10.4) % vs. (27.9±12.0) %,P<0.05] ,Bcl-x阳性细胞率高于NS对照组[ (74.9±10.7) % vs. (66.0±18.3) %,P<0.05]。结论:CFA能够减轻NOD鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡,其机制与减少促凋亡基因Fas和FasL表达及增加抑制凋亡基因Bcl-x表达有关。     

高糖环境对体外培养胰岛细胞凋亡相关基因的调控

目的:观察高浓度葡萄糖对体外培养大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡相关基因的mRNA水平的调控效应.方法:应用自然沉降法和手挑法分离、纯化大鼠胰岛,分别在葡萄糖浓度为5.6 mmol/L(NG组)和25 mmol/L(HG组)的条件下培养1、3、5 d,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)法检测胰岛细胞凋亡相关基因Caspase-3、Bax mRNA表达.结果:(1)NG组中培养5 d组胰岛细胞Caspase-3 mRNA表达量较培养1 d和3 d组明显增高,但远比HG组低;(2)HG组中培养5 d组胰岛细胞Caspase-3和Bax mRNA水平明显增高,且呈时间-依赖关系.结论:Caspase-3、Bax表达在mRNA水平的上调可能是高糖促使胰岛细胞凋亡的一个重要机制.     

游离脂肪酸对大鼠胰岛分泌功能和胰岛细胞凋亡的影响研究

目的：研究游离脂肪酸对体外培养SD大鼠胰岛功能和胰岛细胞凋亡的影响并探讨可能机制。方法：取健康雄性SD大鼠胰岛原代分离培养,分为6组,培养1d：NC1组（5．6mmol／L葡萄糖）、FFA1组（0．25mmol／L）、FFA2组（0．5mmol／L）;培养3d：NC2组（5．6mmol／L葡萄糖）、FFA3组（0．25mmol／L）、FFA4组（0．5mmol／L）;每组6个样本,每个样本20个胰岛。采用RT—PCR扩增胰岛素、PDX-1、Bax、Caspase-3基因mRNA表达,TUNEL法检测胰岛细胞凋亡率,放射免疫法检测胰岛素水平。结果：①FFA1、FFA2组Insulin、PDX-1基因表达量、胰岛素分泌较NC1组明显下降,FFA1、FFA2组凋亡基因Bax、Caspase-3表达量及胰岛细胞凋亡率较NC1组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②FFA3、FFA4组Insulin、PDX-1基因表达量、胰岛素分泌较NC2组明显下降,FFA3、FFA4组凋亡基因Bax、Caspase-3表达量及胰岛细胞凋亡率较NC2组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：游离脂肪酸抑制体外培养SD大鼠胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌功能,其可能机制是FFA抑制胰岛素基因、PDX-1基因的合成,刺激胰岛细胞凋亡基因Bax、Caspase-3表达,并导致胰岛细胞凋亡,最终导致胰岛细胞分泌功能下降。     

高浓度游离脂肪酸对大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨高浓度游离脂肪酸(FFA)对体外胰岛细胞凋亡的影响及其机制.方法 将分离的SD大鼠胰岛按体外培养的条件分为低糖对照组(5.60 mmol/L)、FFA1组(0.25 mmol/L)、FFA2组(0.50 mmol/L)培养48 h后,用低糖(5.60 mmol/L)孵育1 h,收集孵育液用放射免疫法检测胰岛素分泌水平;应用TUNEL法检测各组培养后细胞凋亡百分率;应用免疫组织化学检测培养后caspase-3的表达.结果 ①经FFA培养后的大鼠胰岛胰岛素分泌量降低:FFA 1组、FFA 2组与对照组比较明显减少(P<0.01),并且随FFA浓度的升高胰岛素分泌量减少更明显(p<0.01).②经高浓度FFA培养后大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡增多,胰岛细胞内caspase-3的表达增 多:FFA 1组、2组与对照组比较均明显增多(P<0.01),FFA 1组与FFA 2组组间比较亦差异有显著性(P<0.01).结论 FFA可以减少大鼠胰岛细胞分泌胰岛素,导致胰岛细胞凋亡增多.     

人谷氨酸脱羧酶65 DNA疫苗预防非肥胖糖尿病小鼠糖尿病的机制探讨

目的　探讨人谷氨酸脱羧酶 6 5 (GAD6 5 )DNA疫苗预防非肥胖糖尿病 (NOD)小鼠糖尿病的作用机制。方法　 (1) 6 2只 4周龄NOD雌鼠分为PBS(2 1只 )、PcDNA(2 0只 )、GAD6 5 (2 1只 ) 3组 ,由胫前肌分别注射PBS、质粒PcDNA3 1、人GAD6 5DNA疫苗 5 0 μg ,1周后重复 1次。观察 30周龄的累积糖尿病发病率。 (2 )各组取 12周龄未发病NOD鼠 (n =10 )胰腺HE染色观察胰岛炎 ;并用末端脱氧核糖核酸缺口标记法 (TUNEL)加SABC法检测胰岛 β细胞凋亡 ;ELISA法测定血清、脾细胞培养上清干扰素γ(IFN γ)和白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 )水平 ;RT PCR半定量检测脾脏IL 4、IFN γ和核因子NF ATc、NF ATpmRNA表达水平。结果　 (1) 30周龄时 ,PBS、PcDNA、GAD6 5组发病率分别为 95 2 %、80 0 %、6 1 9%。GAD6 5组发病率低于PBS组 (P =0 0 0 8)。 (2 ) 12周龄时GAD6 5组胰岛炎积分 (0 99± 0 71)和胰岛 β细胞凋亡率 (0 75 % )均低于PBS组 (2 16± 0 78,P =0 0 0 1;8 97% ,P=0 0 14 )和PcDNA组 (1 72± 0 5 9,P =0 0 2 7;2 6 5 % ,P =0 0 2 3)。GAD6 5组脾脏NF ATc、IL 4mRNA相对吸光度值及血清IL 4水平分别为 1 93± 0 34、0 70± 0 16、36 pg/ml± 8pg/ml,显著高于PBS组 (0 79± 0 15、0 4 9± 0 11、19pg/ml     

α-生育酚对链脲菌素诱导乳鼠胰岛细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨α-生育酚(α-T)对链脲菌素(STZ)所致胰岛细胞凋亡、氧化的影响.方法 用体外单层细胞培养方法培养存活1～3 d Wistar大鼠胰岛细胞,并随机分为4组,即对照组、α-T组、STZ组、不同浓度α-T干预组.分组处理后荧光染色观察细胞形态,检测胰岛细胞凋亡率、胰岛素分泌、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、丙二醛(MDA)及NO2-/NO3-含量变化等.结果 STZ组基础及高糖刺激下胰岛素分泌量明显降低(P<0.05),SOD活性明显减弱(P<0.05);胰岛细胞凋亡率、MDA及NO2-/NO3-水平明显上升(P<0.05),而NOS活性变化不明显;荧光染色见发强荧光的凋亡细胞数明显增多.不同浓度(0.01～0.12 mmol/L)α-T能有效抑制STZ所致胰岛素分泌量的下降,其抑制程度随α-T浓度增大而增强,呈剂量依赖趋势.终浓度为0.08 mmol/L α-T能有效抑制STZ所致胰岛细胞凋亡、SOD活性、MDA及NO2-/NO3-水平的变化(P<0.05),而对NOS活性无明显影响.结论 α-T能够改善STZ诱导的胰岛细胞凋亡,其机制可能与增强胰岛细胞抗氧化能力有关.     

IGF-I对NOD鼠胰岛Fas/FasL表达的影响

目的　观察腹腔注射胰岛素样生长因子 Ⅰ (IGF Ⅰ )对NOD鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病的发生情况以及其对胰岛Fas FasL表达的影响。方法　 2 0只 4周龄NOD雌鼠随机分为 2组 ,每组 10只 ,实验组每周 2次腹腔注射 1mlIGF Ⅰ(40ng ml) ,对照组注射 1ml生理盐水 ,共 8周。实验动物在发生糖尿病 7天后或至 2 0周龄处死 ,观察血清胰岛素及C肽浓度、胰岛HE染色、免疫组织化学染色 检测胰岛Fas FasL的表达。结果　IGF Ⅰ可明显减少NOD鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病的发生 (P <0 .0 1) ;IGF Ⅰ组胰岛Fas的表达少于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;FasL的表达多于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　早期应用IGF Ⅰ腹腔注射可以减少NOD鼠的胰岛炎症和糖尿病发生 ,其机制与Fas FasL介导的胰岛B细胞凋亡有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.