分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌颗粒的含量

目的　采用分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌颗粒中葡萄糖酸锌的含量。方法　在碱性条件下葡萄糖酸锌与锌试液生成蓝色化合物 ,利用可见分光光度法测定其含量 ,检测波长为 6 2 0 nm。结果　葡萄糖酸锌在 4 .0 7～12 .2 2 mg· L-1范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 .9996 ) ,平均回收率为 99.2 %(RSD =0 .4 5 %)。结论　本法简便、准确。     

甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液中甲硝唑含量与5-HMF限量的测定

目的:探索无干扰测定甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液中甲硝唑含量与5-羟甲基糖醛(5-HMF)限量.方法:采用解线性方程组分光光度法.结果:本法不经分离就能消除干扰,直接测定甲硝唑与5-HMF含量.结论:该法简便快速,准确,回收率高,对5-HMF的检测有实际意义.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌口服液的含量

目的建立原子吸收分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌口服液含量方法。方法用AAS,采用标准曲线法。结果在10～50μg.mL-1的范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为Y=0.0017X-0.0046,r=0.9994,回收率为98.64%,RSD为1.08%（n=9）。结论本法简便、快捷、准确性高,能很好的测定出葡萄糖酸锌口服液的含量。     

补锌、钙口服液中乳酸钙和葡萄糖酸锌含量的同时测定

目的 :研究补锌、钙口服液中葡萄糖酸锌和乳酸钙含量的测定。方法 :以EDTA掩蔽Zn2 + ,间接高锰酸钾法测定钙的含量 ;在聚山梨酯 80存在下 ,以抗坏血酸为辅助配位体 ,于pH 4 .4醋酸 醋酸钠缓冲溶液中 ,Zn2 + 与Meso 四 (4 甲基 ,3 磺基苯基 )卟啉进行显色反应 ,应用分光光度法测定Zn2 + 。结果 :高锰酸钾滴定法测定Ca2 + 得到精确结果 ,其S =0 .0 3 ,RSD % =0 .4 ;四元络合体系在 pH4 .2～ 5 .5范围内对测锌具有较高灵敏度 ,最大吸收波长 430nm处的表观摩尔吸光系数为 5 .5× 1 0 5L·mol- 1 ·cm- 1 。Zn(Ⅱ )浓度在 0～ 0 .1 8μg·ml- 1 范围内遵守比耳定律。结论 :应用本法直接测定口服液中葡萄糖酸锌含量 ,不经分离 ,结果满意     

分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌片中葡萄糖酸锌的含量

探讨测定葡萄糖酸锌片中葡萄糖酸锌含量的方法.方法根据葡萄糖酸锌在碱性条件下与锌试液生成蓝色化合物,在620 nm处有吸收峰的特点,用可见分光光度法测定其含量.结果葡萄糖酸锌在4.23～12.7 mg·L-1范围内,吸收度与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5).平均回收率99.5%,RSD为0.4%.结论可见分光光度法简单、准确,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定海福胶囊吡啶酸铬含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定海福胶囊中吡啶酸铬的含量。方法 :以甲醇 - 0 0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(15∶85 )为流动相 ,于 2 6 5nm波长处以外标法测定。结果 :线性范围 1～ 10 μg·mL-1。在此范围内 ,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好 (r=0 9995 )。吡啶酸铬的平均回收率为 99 1% ,RSD为 0 2 2 % (n =5 )。结论 :本法灵敏、准确、快速、简便     

HPLC-ELSD法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中葡萄糖酸锌和对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的建立一种快速,准确的HPLC-ELSD法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中葡萄糖酸锌和对乙酰氨基酚含量的方法。方法HPLC-ELSD法,色谱柱:Kromasil C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相∶乙腈-水(20∶80);检测温度:41℃;流速:1.0mL.min-1;进样量为20μL;雾化气体N2流速2.5L.min-1。结果葡萄糖酸锌和对乙酰氨基酚分别在0.09976~0.1796mg.mL-1、0.1385~0.2493mg.mL-1范围内浓度与峰面积具有良好的线形关系(r分别为0.9985,0.9992);葡萄糖酸锌和对乙酰氨基酚的平均回收率分别为98.78%和98.70%,RSD分别为0.62%和0.36%(n=9)。结论本法快速,简便,灵敏度高,重现性好。     

meso-4(4-甲基,3-磺基苯基)卟啉分光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌含量

本文研究了在碱性介质中,利用锌(Ⅱ)与-meso-4(4-甲基,3-磺基苯基)卟啉(TTPS4)的显色反应,采用分光光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌的含量.结果表明:在pH为9.80的NH3～NH4Cl缓冲液中,利用Hg(Ⅱ)作催化剂、CTMAB为辅助配位剂,在室温5 min内,TTPS4与Zn(Ⅱ)形成很稳定的Zn-TTPS4-CTMAB三元配合物,ε432＝2.0×105.Zn(Ⅱ)浓度在0～0.18 μg·ml-1范围内遵守比耳定律.应用本法直接测定补锌口服液葡萄酸锌含量,结果满意.     

O/W微乳液介质中视宝口服液微量锌的分光光度分析

以十二烷基硫酸钠-正丁醇-正庚烷-水组成的负离子型O/W微乳液为介质,以1-(2-吡啶偶氮)2-萘酚为显色剂,用分光光度法直接测定视宝口服液中微量锌含量,方法准确、灵敏、简便。     

高效液相色谱法检查葡萄糖酸依诺沙星中有关物质

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定葡萄糖酸依诺沙星中有关物质量。方法以Shim-pack,VP-ODS为分析柱(150L×4.6mmI.d),流动相为甲醇-2.1%枸橼酸溶液-乙腈(5:20:1),柱温为30℃,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为270nm。结果葡萄糖酸依诺沙星浓度在20～80μg/ml的浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9996;最低检测限为0.024ng。结论本法简便,灵敏,快速,准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.