解酒饮对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨解酒饮对小鼠急性四氯化碳（CCl₄）肝损伤的保护作用。方法 将60只小鼠分为正常组、联苯双酯组、模型组（0.3% CCl₄腹腔注射）和解酒饮组（按剂量分为25,12.5,6.25 g·kg^-1组,灌胃25 ml·kg^-1,连续灌胃8 d）,每组各10只。造模12 h后,用全自动生化仪测定血清丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLB）、总蛋白（TP）的活性。肝组织匀浆测定丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）活性。并对肝组织进行组织形态学检查。免疫组化方法检测肝脏MnSOD、bcl-2、caspase-3的表达情况。结果 解酒饮能降低CCl₄诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠升高的血清ALT、AST水平。解酒饮25 g·kg^-1降低肝匀浆升高的MDA水平,同时升高肝匀浆中的SOD和GSH酶活性,改善肝组织的病理形态。免疫组化结果显示,解酒饮25 g·kg^-1可以上调MnSOD、bcl-2表达水平,下调caspase-3表达水平。结论 解酒饮可能通过提高肝脏抗氧化能力,抑制肝细胞凋亡,对小鼠急性CCl₄肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

化合物ALI-57对小鼠急性药物性肝损伤活性的初步评价

目的 初步评价化合物ALI-57对对乙酰氨基酚诱导的急性药物性肝损伤活性。方法 48只C57/BL6小鼠随机分为6组，即正常组、模型组、阳性对照组(乙酰半胱氨酸300 mg·kg^–1)和化合物ALI-57低、中、高剂量组(75，150，300 mg·kg^–1)，每组8只。连续灌胃给药3 d，末次给药1 h后，除正常组外其余各组小鼠按350 mg·kg^–1的剂量腹腔注射对乙酰氨基酚进行造模，禁食不禁水，8 h后腹腔静脉取血，进行血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)，肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的检测；提取肝组织用于病理HE染色检查。结果 与正常组比较，模型组血清中ALT、AST水平显著升高，肝组织中MDA和GDH含量升高，而SOD和GSH活性水平下降，组织HE病理染色结果显示肝组织损伤明显增加。与模型组比较，化合物ALI-57中、高剂量组血清中ALT、AST水平显著降低(P<0.05)，肝组织中MDA和GDH含量明显下降(P<0.05)，而肝组织中SOD和GSH活性水平显著升高(P<0.05)，低剂量组与模型组比较无显著性差异。结论 化合物ALI-57能够通过降低氧化应激和提高抗氧化能力对对乙酰氨基酚诱导的急性药物性肝损伤发挥明显的保护作用。     

舒肝安乐宁浸膏对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究舒肝安乐宁浸膏对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 采用CCl4制备小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性,肝组织中谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）水平及谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH-Px）活性,分析舒肝安乐宁浸膏对上述指标的影响.结果 舒肝安乐宁浸膏各剂量组均能升高急性化学性肝损伤小鼠肝组织GSH、GSH-Px含量（P＜0.01）,降低血清ALT、AST活性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）与肝组织MDA含量（P＜0.05）.结论 舒肝安乐宁浸膏对CCl4所致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,这可能与增强谷胱甘肽系统抗氧化能力有关.     

五味子与黄芪多糖协同保护对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠急性肝损伤

目的：研究五味子提取物和黄芪多糖配伍后对对乙酰氨基酚引起小鼠急性肝损伤的协同保护作用及其机制。方法：以对乙酰氨基酚500mg／kg腹腔注射给药造成小鼠急性肝损伤模型,通过测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）的活性、肝组织还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）和丙二醛（MDA）含量及观察肝组织病理学改变,以评价五味子提取物、黄芪多糖及其组合物对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。结果：五味子提取物（270mg／kg）和黄芪多糖（900mg／kg）单独给药对对乙酰氨基酚肝损伤小鼠的血清ALT、AST和肝组织GSH和MDA没有显著性影响。30、90和270mg／kg五味子提取物分别与100、300和900mg／kg黄芪多糖配伍,可使对乙酰氨基酚肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性及肝组织MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,肝组织GSH含量显著提高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,肝组织细胞的病变程度得到明显改善。在高剂量配伍下,各指标的五味子提取物和黄芪多糖间相互作用指数CDI均小于0．7。结论：五味子提取物和黄芪多糖通过协同提高对乙酰氨基酚致肝损伤小鼠肝脏的还原性谷胱甘肽和抗氧化水平,降低血清ALT和AST水平,减轻肝组织细胞的损伤。     

绞股蓝多糖对小鼠四氯化碳肝损伤的保护作用

目的从绞股蓝中分离纯化绞股蓝多糖,并研究绞股蓝多糖对小鼠CCl4肝损伤的保护作用。方法经去蛋白、除果胶、脱色、超滤之后得绞股蓝多糖,以绞股蓝多糖对小鼠连续灌胃7 d之后,腹腔注射0.5%的CCl4花生油溶液,建立肝损伤模型,继续给药2次,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性;测定肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性;采用光学显微镜观察肝组织病理组织学变化。结果绞股蓝多糖各剂量组能明显抑制肝损伤小鼠ALT、AST活性的升高;抑制肝组织中MDA含量的升高,提高肝组织中GSH活性;减轻CCl4对肝脏细胞的病理损伤。结论绞股蓝多糖对CCl4造成的小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显保护作用。     

蓬子菜总黄酮对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 探讨蓬子菜总黄酮（total flavonoids extracts of Galium verum L.,TFG）对CCl₄致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响及其机制。方法 60只昆明小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、阳性对照组、TFG组。各治疗组予以相应的药物灌胃6 d后,除正常组外其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取样,肝组织HE染色,检测血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）以及肝肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,分析血清中TNF-α和IL-6水平。昆明小鼠50只,随机分成正常组、模型组、TFG组（200 mg·kg^-1）、抗IL-6单抗（40 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组、抗TNF-α单抗（5 mg·kg^-1）+TFG（200 mg·kg^-1）组,各治疗组予以相应的药物处理6 d后,除正常组外,其余各组腹腔注射6% CCl₄造模,24 h后取血清分析AST、ALT水平。结果 与模型组比较,蓬子菜总黄酮能改善肝损伤,降低血清中AST、ALT活性以及肝肾中MDA含量,提高肝肾SOD活性、GSH含量,降低血清中TNF-α和IL-6表达（P<0.05或P<0.01）。抗IL-6、TNF-α单抗能明显降低血清中AST、ALT活性（P<0.05）。结论 蓬子菜总黄酮能通过清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化,保护细胞膜和线粒体膜的完整性。同时减少IL-6、TNF-α的释放,改善急性肝损伤。     

人参皂苷对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的 研究人参皂苷提取物(GE)对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用与作用机制.方法 将ICR雄性小鼠分为正常对照组、阳性对照组(联苯双酯)、模型组及人参皂苷提取物高、中、低剂量组,建立慢性酒精性肝损伤模型,用人参皂苷提取物进行干预,ig给药30 d后,称取肝质量,计算肝脏系数,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力、三酰甘油(TG)、肝脏内丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理变化,综合评价人参皂苷提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用.结果 人参皂苷提取物各剂量组能明显降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏系数(P <0.05)、血清TG的含量(P <0.01),可降低其血清中ALT、AST活力(P <0.05或P <0.01),但与正常组ALT、AST活力仍有差异(P <0.05);可在一定程度上降低肝组织中MDA含量(P <0.01),增高肝组织中GSH含量(P <0.01),减少肝组织病理损伤.结论 人参皂苷提取物对酒精性肝损伤有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制肝内脂肪堆积,抗氧化作用有关.     

樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制研究

目的 研究樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制。方法 通过D-氨基半乳糖构建急性肝损伤小鼠,C57BL/6小鼠分为对照组、模型组、樟芝多糖高剂量组、樟芝多糖低剂量组,樟芝多糖高、低剂量组每日分别给予50,25 mg·kg^-1的樟芝多糖2次,对照组和模型组给予等体积的生理盐水。给药7 d后紫外比色法测试盒检测大鼠肝组织中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平;TBA法试剂盒检测肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）的水平;ELISA试剂盒检测肝组织中白介素-6（IL-6）的表达;Western-Blot检测肝脏组织中NLRP-3、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达;HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理;RT-qPCR检测肝脏组织中Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达。结果 与模型组相比,樟芝多糖可以明显改善急性肝损小鼠的肝脏病理,降低ALT、AST的表达以及MDA和IL-6的表达（P<0.01）,肝脏组织中NLRP-3、IL-1β以及pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.05）,Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.01）,Bcl-2显著升高（P<0.01）。结论 樟芝多糖对于小鼠急性肝损伤有着很好的保护作用,其作用机制与炎性小体NLRP-3及其相关炎症因子的抑制有关。     

枸杞多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 研究枸杞多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用及机制。方法 将小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和枸杞多糖低、中、高剂量（75、150、300 mg/kg）组,第1~9天于每日13：00时分别ig给药,模型组和对照组给予等量双蒸水。第10~16天给药4 h后,枸杞多糖和模型组小鼠均ig 50%酒精20 mL/kg进行造模,对照组小鼠给予等量双蒸水。观察小鼠一般状态,末次ig酒精16 h后处死小鼠,检测肝脏指数;全自动生化分析仪检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）水平;试剂盒法测定肝组织丙二醛（MDA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）的含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各剂量组小鼠醒酒时间短,毛色有所改善,较活跃;各剂量组肝脏指数呈下降趋势,但不具有统计学意义;各剂量组血清ALT、AST、TC、TG均呈下降趋势,其中高、中剂量组ALT显著降低（P<0.05）,3个剂量组TG浓度均差异显著（P<0.01）;各剂量组小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）,GSH、SOD水平显著升高（P<0.05、0.01）,GSH-Px水平升高但未表现出显著性差异;高、中剂量组小鼠肝脏TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著降低（P<0.05、0.01）。HE染色显示,与模型组比较,枸杞多糖各组肝组织破坏程度较轻。结论 枸杞多糖对于乙醇诱导的酒精性肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,作用机制可能与通过清除体内多余自由基、增强体内抗氧化能力以及减轻炎症反应相关。     

葛根素固体脂质纳米粒抗肝损伤作用研究

目的 制备葛根素固体脂质纳米粒(puerarin solid lipid nanoparticles,Pue-SLN),对Pue-SLN进行体外释药考察,并探讨Pue-SLN对CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤大鼠的治疗作用。方法 采用乳化-超声分散法制备Pue-SLN。大鼠腹腔注射CCl4造成急性肝损伤模型。48只大鼠随机分成6组：正常组、模型组、甘草酸二胺阳性对照组(13.5 mg·kg^-1)、Pue-SLN高浓度组(27 mg·kg^-1)、中浓度组(13.5 mg·kg^-1)、低浓度组(6.75 mg·kg^-1)。分别测定大鼠血清中丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、天门冬氨酸转移酶(AST)的活力,肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)含量,计算肝脏指数,并对肝组织进行组织形态学检查。结果 Pue-SLN各剂量组均能抑制肝损伤大鼠血清中ALT、AST、ALP活性,降低肝匀浆中MDA含量,增强SOD、GSH-PX活性,改善肝组织的病理形态。结论 Pue-SLN对CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤具有治疗作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.