职业多环芳烃暴露人群尿中生物标志物浓度水平

多环芳烃类化学物质因为其被熟知的致癌性而一直备受关注, 近来越来越多的学者意识到单一的接触生物标志物并不能完全代表暴露者体内的暴露水平。本研究就1999年以后15年间报道的职业环境中接触多环芳烃类物质的工人尿中接触生物标志物进行综述, 重点对其浓度水平进行描述, 为职业环境中多环芳烃类化学物质暴露的生物学检测提供理论依据。     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure of workers on a contaminated site: influence of exposure conditions

The aim of the study was to determine the exposure levels of workers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on gasworks sites by the measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Start-shift and end-shift urine samples were taken every day during an entire week (Monday to Friday), once in November and a second time in June. Four groups of workers were selected according to their activity. Increased exposure was only found among volunteers involved in the remediation of a site, 0.16 to 2.31 mumol/mol creatinine in non-smokers. The median of the non-smoker referent group was 0.02 mumol/mol creatinine (95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.04). Smokers had greater exposure levels than non-smokers in every group. Within and between variability was around 200%. Assessment of the exposure of persons on contaminated soil is possible, with the condition that the exposed subjects come in direct contact with the soil.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene: a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in coal liquefaction workers

This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of urinary1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) as a biological marker of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in coal liquefaction workers.This is believed to be the first evaluation of the method incoal liquefaction workers. Ten workers were selected from agroup of 30 workers considered likely to be at risk of contaminationfrom PAHs by virtue of their jobs. Spot urine samples were collectedat the start of a work period and at the end of each work shift,with analysis of 1-OHPyr being undertaken by high-performanceliquid chromatography linked to a fluorescence detector. Exposurewas assessed by the completion of questionnaires. Excretionof 1-OHPyr increased significantly over the working period,and there was a significant increase in 1-OHPyr where start-shiftand end-shift samples were taken over one shift. A significantdecrease in 1-OHPyr was found during breaks away from work.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a comprehensive carcinogenic biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a cross-sectional study of coke oven workers in China

Purpose

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are multiple compounds that include many carcinogens. We conducted a cross-sectional study in steel plant workers in Anshan, China, to identify biomarkers that reflect the carcinogenicity of PAHs.

Methods

Subjects were 57 workers and 20 controls. Level of personal exposure to PAHs was measured using GC–MS. In accordance with the assessment methods defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 15 PAHs were selected for the analysis. For the measurement of urinary metabolites, urine samples were treated with β-glucuronidase and analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector.

Results

The mean range of personal exposure to 15 PAHs (total PAHs) was 178.85, 47.08–1,329.45 (geometric mean, 5th and 95th percentile) μg/m³. Ten known urinary metabolites (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 3-hydroxybenz[a]anthracene, 6-hydroxychrysene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) and four unknown peaks were detected. The highest correlation was between total PAHs and urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene (Spearman r = 0.716, P < 0.01). Among the detected urinary metabolites, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene were found to correlate significantly with the “Σ carcinogenic potency of PAHs” (sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs calculated from the levels of personal PAHs and relative potency factors), and with the greatest correlation found for 1-hydroxypyrene (Spearman r = 0.630, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The analysis of personal exposure to 15 PAHs and 10 urinary metabolites, and calculation of Σ carcinogenic potency, indicated that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene was the most comprehensive carcinogenic biomarker of exposure to PAHs.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in 3-year-old Ukrainian children

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. We measured urinary 1-OHP in 48 children 3 years of age in Mariupol, Ukraine, who lived near a steel mill and coking facility and compared these with 1-OHP concentrations measured in 42 children of the same age living in the capital city of Kiev, Ukraine. Children living in Mariupol had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP and creatinine-adjusted urinary 1-OHP than did children living in Kiev (adjusted: 0.69 vs. 0.34 micromol/mol creatinine, p < 0.001; unadjusted: 0.42 vs. 0.30 ng/mL, p = 0.002). Combined, children in both cities exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in their homes had higher 1-OHP than did children not exposed (0.61 vs. 0.42 micromol/mol creatinine; p = 0.04; p = 0.07 after adjusting for city). In addition, no significant differences were seen with sex of the children. Our sample of children in Mariupol has the highest reported mean urinary 1-OHP concentrations in children studied to date, most likely due to their proximity to a large industrial point source of PAHs.     

尿中1-羟基芘作为焦炉工多环芳烃暴露生物监测指标的研究

目的探讨焦炉工外暴露等级与尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHPy)浓度的关系。方法以某焦化厂120名生产工人和30名非接触者为研究对象,收集班后6h尿,并收集个人信息,用高效液相法测定尿中1-羟基芘。结果尿中1-羟基芘浓度呈炉顶>炉侧>炉底>对照组的趋势。与外暴露呈显著相关性(r=0.653,P<0.01),同样外暴露条件下,吸烟者尿中1-羟基芘显著高于未吸烟者(P<0.05)。结论焦炉工尿中1-羟基芘水平与外暴露等级存在明显的相关性,可反映多环芳烃暴露个体的内剂量水平。     

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a biomarker of exposure to PAHs in air: a pilot study among pregnant women

Recent studies have linked increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and adverse fetal health outcomes. Urinary PAH metabolites are of interest for exposure assessment if they can predict PAHs in air. We investigated exposure to PAHs by collecting air and urine samples among pregnant women pre-selected as living in "high" (downtown and close to steel mills, n=9) and "low" (suburban, n=10) exposure areas. We analyzed first-morning urine voids from all 3 trimesters of pregnancy for urinary PAH metabolites and compared these to personal air PAH/PM(2.5)/NO(2)/NO(X) samples collected in the 3rd trimester. We also evaluated activities and home characteristics, geographic indicators and outdoor central site PM(2.5)/NO(2)/NO(X) (all trimesters). Personal air exposures to the lighter molecular weight (MW) PAHs were linked to indoor sources (candles and incense), whereas the heavier PAHs were related to outdoor sources. Geometric means of all personal air measurements were higher in the "high" exposure group. We suggest that centrally monitored heavier MW PAHs could be used to predict personal exposures for heavier PAHs only. Urine metabolites were only directly correlated with their parent air PAHs for phenanthrene (Pearson's r=0.31-0.45) and fluorene (r=0.37-0.58). Predictive models suggest that specific metabolites (3-hydroyxyfluorene and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene) may be related to their parent air PAH exposures. The metabolite 2-hydroxynaphthalene was linked to smoking and the metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene was linked to dietary exposures. For researchers interested in predicting exposure to airborne lighter MW PAHs using urinary PAH metabolites, we propose that hydroxyfluorene and hydroxyphenanthrene metabolites be considered.     

Relationship between concentration of pyrene and aerosol size distribution in traffic exhausts in Taipei, Taiwan

Variations in pyrene concentrations in motor-vehicle emissions were assessed on the basis of aerodynamic particle size and by the type of vehicle (i.e., car, truck, or bus) that passed through a Taipei, Taiwan, highway toll station. Airborne particles were collected with 8-stage cascade samplers equipped with 34-mm polyvinyl chloride filters and located in the breathing zones of toll-station workers. The authors used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were collected. The absolute concentration of pyrene was highest in the fine-particle emission fraction for trucks, buses, and passenger cars; however, fine particles in truck and bus exhausts contained higher pyrene concentrations than the corresponding size fraction of particles emitted from passenger cars. Truck and bus emissions contained a higher concentration of pyrene than car emissions because trucks and buses produced greater amounts of fine and coarse particles, and their fine particles contained higher concentrations of pyrene.     

Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker for woodsmoke exposure in wildland firefighters

Abstract

Background: Levoglucosan, a sugar anhydride and a combustion breakdown product of cellulose is a dominant organic constituent of particles in woodsmoke. After exposure, levoglucosan is excreted unmetabolized in urine.

Objective: Urinary levoglucosan was assessed as a biomarker of occupational woodsmoke exposure among wildland firefighters.

Methods: Urine samples were collected from wildland firefighters before and after their work-shifts on days when they worked at prescribed burns. A total of 97 pairs of pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected from 19 firefighters over 10 prescribed burn shifts. The urine samples were analyzed to determine whether there was an increase in the concentration of levoglucosan from pre- to post-shift after the firefighters had worked at the prescribed burns.

Results: Overall, there was an increase in both the urinary volume-based and creatinine corrected levoglucosan concentrations from pre- to post-shift (P<0·05). However, the direction of change in the concentrations was not consistent. There were increases in urinary levoglucosan concentration from pre- to post-shift in 63% of the person-day samples, and in only 58% of the person-day samples for the creatinine corrected concentrations.

Conclusion: Although there was an overall increase in urinary concentrations of levoglucosan, results suggest that other sources apart from woodsmoke affected the urinary levels of this biomarker in wildland firefighters. Therefore, urinary levoglucosan may not be effective as a biomarker of woodsmoke exposure in this setting.     

Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to ethylbenzene

This study assessed the relationships between ethylbenzene exposure and levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) among spray painters. Sixty-four male workers employed at a large shipyard were recruited for this investigation. Fifteen spray painters exposed to paint, together with two non-exposed groups, namely 19 sandblasting workers and 30 office staffs were selected as the subjects. Personal exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene in air were collected using diffusive samplers. Urine samples of the spray painters were collected after a month-long holiday leave and during the pre- and post-workshifts. Urine samples of sandblasting workers and office staffs were gathered after their shift. Urinary mandelic acid and methyl hippuric acid were used as biological indices of dose of ethylbenzene and xylene, respectively. Urinary 8-OHdG was used as biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. The post-workshift concentration of urinary 8-OHdG for 10 spray painters (30.3 ± 9.28 μg g(-1) creatinine) significantly exceeded that of holiday leave (7.20 ± 1.08 μg g(-1) creatinine; P = 0.001). The post-workshift concentration of urinary 8-OHdG was higher among 15 spray painters (29.0 ± 6.52 μg g(-1) creatinine) than sandblasting workers (9.14 ± 2.05 μg g(-1) creatinine; P = 0.01) and office staffs (8.35 ± 0.84 μg g(-1) creatinine; P = 0.007). A stepwise regression model revealed an 8.11 μg g(-1) creatinine increase per 1 p.p.m. increase in ethylbenzene [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.13-12.1]. A stepwise regression model revealed an increase of 6.04 μg g(-1) creatinine (95% CI 2.23-9.84) per 1 p.p.m. in ethylbenzene after adjustment of age (95% CI 2.23-9.84). This pilot study suggests that occupational exposure to paint increases oxidative DNA injury. Moreover, urinary 8-OHdG levels displayed greater DNA damage in spray painters compared to other unexposed groups and their holiday leave samples. A significant correlation was found between urinary 8-OHdG and the exposure to ethylbenzene. The ethylbenzene exposure could not explain all urinary 8-OHdG measured. Other components of paint deserve further investigation.     

Occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and risk of lung cancer among Finnish workers

BACKGROUND: Studies on engine exhausts and lung cancer have given inconsistent results. METHODS: Economically active Finns were followed-up for lung cancer during 1971-95 (33,664 cases). Their Census occupations in 1970 were converted to exposures to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts with a job-exposure matrix. The relative risks (RRs) for cumulative exposure (CE) were defined by Poisson regression, adjusted for smoking, asbestos, and quartz dust exposure, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: RR for engine exhausts among men did not increase with increasing CE. In women, RR for gasoline engine exhaust was 1.58 (95% CI 1.10-2.26) in the CE-category of 1-99 mg/m(3)-y and 1.66 (1.11-2.50) among those with > or =100 mg/m(3)-y (lag 20 years). With a lag of 10 years RR for the middle/highest diesel exhaust category in women was 1.42 (0.94-2.13). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to engine exhausts was not consistently associated with lung cancer in this study, possibly due to low exposure levels.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbon black workers

In this study, a total of 30 workers were selected, including eight wet pelletizing workers and 22 packaging workers. For all selected workers, urine samples were collected on the first day pre-shift, first day post-shift and fifth day post-shift, and their urinary 1-hydroxylpyrene levels (1-OHP) were determined (denoted as BM1pre, BM1post and BM5post, respectively). Personal respiratory exposures, including both inhalable particle-bound PAHs (Cinh) and gaseous PAHs (Cgas), together with dermal exposure to particle-bound PAHs (Cskin) were measured. Personal background information, including age, sex and smoking habit, was carefully registered. Pyrene exposure was statistically significantly correlated with exposure to PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the BM1post values could not be explained by workers' exposures. For BM5post in packaging workers, both the regression model (R2 = 0.73) and the regression coefficients for Cgas, Cinh and Cskin were statistically significant (P < 0.05). For pelletizing workers, the R2 value was higher but was not statistically significant because of the smaller number of workers. The resultant regression coefficients for 'sex', 'smoking habit' and 'age' were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05), which could be because these variables made relatively small contributions to BM5post. In conclusion, this study suggests BM5post could be a suitable indicator for PAH exposures of carbon black workers, on the condition that both respiratory (including gaseous PAHs and particle-bound PAHs) and dermal exposures have been assessed.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure among asphalt paving workers

OBJECTIVES: Using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as a measure of total absorbed dose, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the total effect of inhalation and dermal PAH exposures while considering other factors such as age, body mass index and smoking that may also have a significant effect on urinary 1-OHP. METHODS: The study population included two groups of highway construction workers: 20 paving workers and 6 milling workers. During multiple consecutive workshifts, personal air and dermal samples were collected from each worker and analyzed for pyrene. During the same work week, urine samples were collected pre-shift, post-shift and at bedtime each day and analyzed for 1-OHP. Distributed lag models were used to evaluate the independent effect of inhalation and dermal exposures that occurred at each of several preceding exposure periods and were used to identify the relevant period of influence for each pathway. RESULTS: The paving workers had inhalation (mean 0.3 micro g/m(3)) and dermal (5.7 ng/cm(2)) exposures to pyrene that were significantly higher than the milling workers. At pre-shift on Monday morning, following a weekend away from work, the pavers and millers had the same mean baseline urinary 1-OHP level of 0.4 micro g/g creatinine. The mean urinary 1-OHP levels among pavers increased significantly from pre-shift to post-shift during each work day, while the mean urinary 1-OHP levels among millers varied little and remained near the baseline level throughout the study period. Among pavers there was a clear increase in the pre-shift data during the work week, such that the average pre-shift level on day 4 (1.4 micro g/g creatinine) was 3.5 times higher than the average pre-shift results on day 1 (0.4 micro g/g creatinine). The results of the distributed lag model indicated that the impact of dermal exposure was approximately eight times the impact of inhalation exposure. Furthermore, dermal exposure that occurred during the preceding 32 h had a statistically significant effect on urinary 1-OHP, while the effect of inhalation exposure was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found that distributed lag models are a valuable tool for analyzing longitudinal biomarker data and our results indicate that dermal contact is the primary route of exposure to PAHs among asphalt paving workers. An exposure assessment of PAHs that does not consider dermal exposure may considerably underestimate cumulative exposure and control strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure to asphalt-related PAHs should include an effort to reduce dermal exposure.     

Urinary nicotine and its metabolites as a biomarker of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

The validity of urinary nicotine and its metabolites as a biomarker of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been investigated. After exposure to ETS, urine samples were collected from 10 subjects for the analyses of nicotine, cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine. The former two chemicals were detected in the urine of all subjects, and 3'-hydroxycotinine was detected in the urine of 9 subjects out of 10, indicating these three chemicals can be used as a biomarker of ETS exposure. 3'-Hydroxycotinine was not detected in the urine of one subject, suggesting that this subject may be a poor metabolizer of nicotine. In 9 subjects with 3'-hydroxycotinine excreted, the amounts of nicotine and cotinine started to increase after exposure, reached the peak at the end of the second exposure and decreased gradually. 3'-Hydroxycotinine started to be excreted into urine from 3 hours after exposure and kept the same level until 72 hours after exposure. In the urine of 72 hours after exposure, the amount of 3'-hydroxycotinine was the highest among these three chemicals.     

Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to fine particulates

Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a chemically complex mixture of compounds, including metals that are potentially carcinogenic because of their ability to cause oxidative injury. In this study, we investigated the association between exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic mass median diameter 相似文献   

Effects of commuting mode on air pollution exposure and cardiovascular health among young adults in Taipei,Taiwan

The association between traffic-related air pollution and adverse cardiovascular effects has been well documented; however, little is known about whether different commuting modes can modify the effects of air pollution on the cardiovascular system in human subjects in urban areas with heavy traffic. We recruited 120 young, healthy subjects in Taipei, Taiwan. Each participant was classified with different commuting modes according to his/her own commuting style. Three repeated measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) indices {standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (r-MSSD)}, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM_2.5), temperature, humidity and noise level were conducted for each subject during 1-h morning commutes (0900–1000 h) in four different commuting modes, including an electrically powered subway, a gas-powered bus, a gasoline-powered car, and walking. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the association of PM_2.5 with HRV indices. The results showed that decreases in the HRV indices were associated with increased levels of PM_2.5. The personal exposure levels to PM_2.5 were the highest in the walking mode. The effects of PM_2.5 on cardiovascular endpoints were the lowest in the subway mode compared to the effects in the walking mode. The participants in the car and bus modes had reduced effects on their cardiovascular endpoints compared to the participants in the walking mode. We concluded that traffic-related PM_2.5 is associated with autonomic alteration. Commuting modes can modify the effects of PM_2.5 on HRV indices among young, healthy subjects.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle—such as smoking and alcohol consumption—on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs).
METHODS—The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS—A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed 50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism.
CONCLUSIONS—The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals.


Keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene; genetic polymorphism; alcohol drinking     

Self-perception of body weight among high school students in Taipei, Taiwan

Self-perception of body weight and other weight-related factors were assessed among 2665 Taipei, Taiwan high school students. A high percent of the girls (70.7%) and boys (42.2%) reported that they were too fat and these percentages were much higher than those reported by U.S. students in a recent Youth Risk Behavior Survey. In addition, only 13.2% of girls and 22.0% of boys reported being completely satisfied with their weight and the level of dissatisfaction with weight appeared to be greater than among U.S. students. Yet, in comparison to U.S. students, the Taiwanese students were considerably less likely than their U.S. counterparts to engage in weight management practices (e.g., dieting, eating less food, using diet pills). Taiwanese students with a self-perception of being too fat were more likely than those with perceptions of being just right or too thin to engage in weight management practices, to be dissatisfied with their weight, feel that they were unattractive, estimate that their same-sex peers were trying to lose weight, and have a higher body mass index. The findings from this study showed a relationship between self-perception of body size and engaging in weight control behaviors was consistent with other research. It suggested that self-perception of body weight, more so than objective weight status, was predictive of weight loss behavior and also negative psychological outcomes associated with poor body weight image. As a result, self-perception of weight may be an important point of focus for the design and implementation of clinical and public health initiatives targeted at this adolescent population as well as others.     

红细胞中铬含量作为铬盐接触者生物标志物的研究

目的通过对职业接触可溶性铬盐劳动者红细胞中铬浓度的研究,了解红细胞中铬浓度与个体环境可溶性铬盐接触之间的相关性及其在职业人群中分布的特点、影响因素,探讨其作为职业接触可溶性铬盐接触性生物标志物的可行性。方法采用横断面现场研究,对山东省济南市某铬盐生产企业进行了流行病学调查。接触组选择重铬酸钾制造业铬盐作业劳动者114名(男74名、女40名);年龄范围25~52岁,平均年龄(35.83±6.14)岁;工龄1~37年,平均工龄(14.20±6.77)年;接触铬盐年限范围0.5~28年,平均接触铬盐年限(9.80±5.97)年。对照组为无毒物接触史的健康人员30名(男22名,女8名),年龄范围25~47岁,平均年龄(36.13±6.17)岁。接触组与对照组两组人群在年龄、性别和吸烟状况等方面相匹配。通过问卷调查了解研究对象的一般情况、职业接触情况、吸烟饮酒情况、既往疾病史、个人防护情况等。作业环境铬盐浓度的测定:采用双滤膜个体采样器8 h工作日连续采样,滤膜铬盐含量采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定;红细胞中铬浓度测定采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法;血浆还原能力测定采用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法;总维生素C、还原型维生素C含量的测定采用2,4二-硝基苯肼法。用SPSS10.0统计软件进行单因素统计分析和多元回归分析。结果职业接触可溶性铬盐劳动者红细胞中铬浓度为(15.79±31.01)μg/L,高于对照组的(3.21±2.20)μg/L,差异有统计学意义。当空气中个体铬盐暴露浓度小于106.00μg/m3时,职业接触可溶性铬盐劳动者红细胞中铬浓度随个体铬盐接触水平的增加而增加,并呈明显的剂量-反应关系。相关分析结果表明:红细胞中铬浓度与空气中个体铬盐暴露水平之间呈显著的正相关。多元回归证实:在α=0.10水平,血浆中维生素C、血浆六价铬的还原能力可以作为可溶性铬盐接触氧化应激水平的指标,并可影响红细胞内铬的摄取。结论红细胞中铬含量可以作为可溶性铬盐职业接触者的有效接触性生物标志物,尤其适于个体低剂量铬盐接触的评价。     

Urinary lead as a possible surrogate of blood lead among workers occupationally exposed to lead

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether lead (Pb) in urine (Pb-U) can be a valid surrogate of lead in blood (Pb-B), the traditional biomarker of exposure to lead in occupational health. Methods: Blood and spot urine samples were collected from 258 workers of both sexes occupationally exposed to lead. The samples were analyzed for lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and the correlation between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined by linear regression analysis before and after logarithmic conversion. Results: The correlation coefficient (0.824; P < 0.01) was largest when the relationship between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined with 214 cases of one sex (i.e., men) after Pb-U was corrected for a specific gravity (1.016) of urine (Pb-Usg) and both Pb-B and Pb-Usg were converted to logarithms. The geometric means (GMs) of Pb-B and Pb-Usg for the 214 men were 489 μg/l and 81 μg/l, respectively. When Pb-Usg was assumed to be 100 μg/l in this set of correlations, the 95% confidence range of Pb-B for the group mean was narrow, i.e., 543–575 μg/l (with GM of 559 μg/l), whereas that for individual Pb-B values was as wide as 355–881 μg/l. Conclusions: The correlation of Pb-U with Pb-B among workers occupationally exposed to Pb was close enough to suggest that Pb-U may be a good alternative to Pb-B on a group basis, but not close enough to allow Pb-U to predict Pb-B on an individual basis. Received: 6 April 1999 / Accepted: 17 July 1999