高原地区过期妊娠对母婴的影响

目的：探讨高原地区过期妊娠对母婴的影响.方法：对142例高原地区过期妊娠产妇（观察组）与同期分娩的足月妊娠产妇174例（对照组）进行分析,比较两组产妇分娩方式、母婴结局情况.结果：观察组的剖宫产率、产时损伤、产后出血、产褥病率均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组新生儿窒息率、羊水Ⅲ度粪染发生率、国产儿死亡率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论：在高原地区,过期妊娠可影响妊娠结局,需密切监护孕产妇的变化,必要时及时终止妊娠.     

妊娠晚期羊水过少发病危险因素及妊娠结局分析

目的探讨妊娠晚期羊水过少的发病危险因素及妊娠结局。方法选取自2016年4月至2017年3月行产前检查的妊娠晚期羊水过少孕妇74例为羊水过少组,选取同期行产前检查的妊娠晚期羊水量正常孕妇74例为正常组。观察比较两组年龄、文化程度、经产情况、孕周、胎次、胎数、妊娠并发症发生情况,采用Logistic回归分析对妊娠晚期羊水过少的危险因素进行分析,并比较两组妊娠结局。结果两组文化程度、经产情况、胎次、胎数及胎儿畸形率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0. 05);年龄≥35岁、孕周> 41周、妊高症、过期妊娠、羊水污染、胎儿宫内生长受限、胎膜早破发生率为妊娠晚期羊水过少的影响因素(P <0. 05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄妊娠、妊高症、过期妊娠、羊水污染、胎儿宫内生长受限、胎膜早破是妊娠晚期羊水过少的独立危险因素(P <0. 05)。羊水过少组孕妇催产素引产率、剖宫产率、总产程及产后出血量均明显高于正常组,阴道顺产率则明显低于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。羊水过少组新生儿窒息、足月低体质量儿、胎儿宫内窘迫、吸入性肺炎等围生期并发症发生率均明显高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论妊娠晚期羊水过少的发生同孕妇年龄及多项妊娠期疾病关系密切,可对母婴结局造成不良影响,需引起重视。     

延期妊娠与过期妊娠的临床分析

目的探讨延期妊娠和过期妊娠对胎儿的危害。方法回顾性分析我院71例延期妊娠和82例过期妊娠的临床资料。结果延期妊娠与过期妊娠胎盘功能逐渐降低,胎儿宫内窘迫、羊水过少、羊粪污染、脐带缠绕、手术产等发生率高,过期妊娠发生死胎、死产率高。如果延期妊娠进行积极干预,处理得当,可降低围产儿的死亡率。结论延期妊娠和过期妊娠与难产互为因果关系,对过期妊娠患者应及早采取不同治疗方案,以尽可能减少母婴并发症。     

足月胎膜早破残余羊水量对妊娠结局的影响

 目的 了解足月胎膜早破后残余羊水量对妊娠结局的影响。方法 收集143例足月胎膜早破孕产妇临床资料,根据产前B超检测的残余羊水指数(AFI)分为3组:A组(8 cm≤AFI＜25 cm)75例,B组(5 cm≤AFI＜8 cm)38例,C组(AFI＜5 cm)30例,比较3组孕妇在分娩方式、宫内感染率、胎儿窘迫率、新生儿发病率和羊水粪染率等方面的差异。结果 C组剖宫产率高于A组(70.00% vs 37.30%,P<0.05);A组自然分娩率高于B组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。C组宫内感染发生率、新生儿疾病发生率、羊水粪染率、胎儿窘迫发生率均高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他组间比较均无统计学差异。Logistic回归分析表明,残余羊水量(OR=2.912)、破膜至分娩时间(OR=2.356)与羊水粪染(OR=1.833)是产妇宫内感染、新生儿疾病发病的影响因素。结论 足月胎膜早破后残余羊水量的多少与妊娠结局密切相关,羊水残余量越少对母婴的威胁越大。     

延期妊娠伴脐带绕颈208例

凡平时月经周期规律,孕周≥41周、＜42周之间的妊娠称延期妊娠,此期是正常足月妊娠向过期妊娠发展的过渡时期.脐带绕颈是指B超检查发现脐带缠绕于胎儿颈部.本研究对我院2000年1月～2005年1月收治的脐带绕颈伴延期妊娠208例的原因进行分析,现报道如下.     

过期妊娠相关因素和分娩结局分析

目的探讨过期妊娠相关因素和分娩结局。方法选择我院住院待产过期妊娠孕妇94例（过期妊娠组）,调查其家族史等相关因素,观察分娩特征和结局,等量选取同期住院孕40～40^＋6周自动发动分娩孕妇（正常组）进行对照。结果（1）单因素分析显示：两组初产年龄、过期妊娠家族史、月经稀发、孕期保健、孕前药物避孕、骨盆狭窄、生活负性事件方面存在显著差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;（2）多因素Logistic回归分析显示：过期妊娠家族史,孕前药物避孕,生活负性事件是过期妊娠高危因素,孕期规范保健为保护因素;（3）过期妊娠剖宫产、巨大儿、胎儿宫内窘迫、羊水过少、羊水粪染发生率高于正常组,新生儿Apgar评分和胎盘重量低于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论过期妊娠有遗传倾向,孕前药物避孕,生活负性事件等是其高危因素;过期妊娠分娩结局不良,应加强孕期保健和产时监护,针对高危因素进行适当干预,适时终止妊娠。     

胎膜早破危险因素及其对妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨胎膜早破(premature rupture of membrane,PROM)危险因素、早产胎膜早破独立危险因素,以及对分娩方式、妊娠结局的影响.方法 回顾性分析2013-01至2016-03在陆军总医院住院分娩的1105例胎膜早破孕妇的相关临床资料.结果 (1)陆军总医院胎膜早破发生率16.3％,其中早产胎膜早破发生率为2.8％,足月胎膜早破发生率为13.5％.(2)导致胎膜早破的危险因素主要为:流产及引产史、生殖道感染、妊娠糖尿病、妊娠合并贫血、妊娠高血压、宫腔内压力增加(胎位异常、多胎妊娠、巨大儿、羊水过多)、子宫畸形等.(3) PPROM组生殖道感染、多胎妊娠、胎位异常(头盆不称/臀位/横位)、流产及引产史、妊娠高血压、妊娠糖尿病、前置胎盘、妊娠合并贫血所占比例明显高于足月胎膜早破组,且差异有统计学意义.(4)生殖道感染、多胎妊娠、胎位异常、流产及引产史、前置胎盘以及妊娠合并贫血均是影响PPROM发生的独立危险因素(OR=3.387,95％ CI1.468～13.337;OR=3.533,95％ CI1.892～13.993;OR=1.680,95％CI1.005～2.807;OR=1.635,95％ CI1.127 ～2.372:OR =3.020,95％ CI1.841～15.977;OR =3.177,95％ CI1.294 ～7.798,P＜0.05).(5)PPROM组剖宫产率及产褥感染、新生儿肺炎、新生儿窒息的发生率显著高于TPROM组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 胎膜早破病因复杂,了解其危险因素对积极防治该疾病有重要意义,尤其是早产胎膜早破的防治,可有效预防母婴不良妊娠结局的发生.     

延期妊娠140例临床处理及分析

孕周满41周至不满42周之间的妊娠即延期妊娠，此期是由正常足月妊娠向过期妊娠发展的过渡时期。我院2004年1月至2007年12月3年间收治延期妊娠140例，占分娩总数的6．68％．现总结分析如下。     

足月妊娠合并羊水过少的围生结局探讨

目的探讨足月妊娠合并羊水过少对围生结局的影响。方法随机选择2010年6月—2011年12月期间来我院就诊的妊娠合并羊水过少孕妇200例(羊水过少组)作为研究对象;按照1:2比例另选择妊娠并羊水正常的孕妇400例(羊水正常组)作为对照组,比较两组间羊水相关因素、围产儿结局和分娩情况的差异。结果羊水过少组妊娠高血压疾病、胎盘功能退化、脐带异常、胎儿生长受限(FGR)、胎儿畸形、过期妊娠、产后出血等发生率高,产程长,剖宫产比率高(P<0.05);羊水污染、宫内窘迫、窒息和肺炎发生率高(P<0.05)。结论应高度重视妊娠合并羊水过少对围生儿的危害,及时诊断并正确处理,以改善围生儿结局。     

动脉栓塞治疗产后及异常妊娠子宫出血的临床应用效果

目的 探究动脉栓塞治疗产后及异常妊娠子宫出血的临床应用效果.方法 入选产后及异常妊娠子宫出血的患者94例,按照随机的分配原则分成对照组与观察组,各47例.对照组采用子宫切除术治疗,观察组应用动脉栓塞治疗.两组患者在治疗后对临床疗效,手术时间,术后流血量和住院时间进行比较与分析.结果观察组治疗总的有效率为68.1％,明显高于对照组治疗总的有效率95.7％,差异有统计学的意义(P＜0.05).观察组的手术时间和住院时间均较对照组短,观察组的术后流血量少于对照组,差异有统计学的意义(P＜0.05).结论 动脉栓塞治疗产后及异常妊娠子宫出血的临床应用效果较好,可减少患者的术后流血量.     

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: A case report and a brief literature review

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is rare in monochorionic twin pregnancies. TRAP sequence is distinct from other multifetal pregnancies in that one of the twins has normal anatomy while the other twin has a varied amount of characteristic abnormal features. In the literature, mortality is reported 100% in the abnormal twin. We report 1 case of TRAP sequence at our institution in which the diagnosis of TRAP sequence was missed in the first trimester at another hospital. The patient, a 33-year-old G1P0A0, did not have any follow-up after her first scan until the routine second-trimester ultrasound at our institution. Both the radiologist and the sonographer did not appreciate the differential diagnosis of TRAP sequence in their clinical decision-making. The TRAP diagnosis was established after the ultrasound performed at the fetal assessment unit in our hospital. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedure was performed to give the normal twin a chance to survive, but unfortunately, the prognosis was poor in this case. We conclude that diagnosing a TRAP sequence is very important early in the pregnancy for a positive outcome in the normal twin. A robust collaboration among radiologists and obstetricians is vital for the best outcome of the normal twin.     

Menses recovery and fertility after artery embolization for PPH: a single-center retrospective observational study

To evaluate long-term effects of arterial embolization (AE) for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) on menses recovery and subsequent pregnancies. One hundred thirteen consecutive patients, recruited from 1999 to 2006, who had undergone AE for severe PPH were evaluated in a retrospective monocentric study. As embolization agents, pledgets of absorbable gelatine sponge (Curaspon) were used in 106 cases, Curaspon powder in 3 cases, and inert microparticles in 4 cases. In 111/113 cases (98.1%), AE was successful in controlling PPH. In two cases (1.7%), the AE was unsuccessful and required a total abdominal postembolization hysterectomy. Concerning fertility, 6 patients were lost to follow-up and 107 were available. The average time to follow-up was 46.4+/-21.8 months. Of the 107 patients, 99 had recovery of menses (92.5%). Of the 107 (61%) patients, 66 reported regular menstruation with normal delay after the delivery. Thirty-three patients (31%) reported subjective changes in the frequency and amount of menses. Six patients (5.6%) had documented amenorrhea after AE and developed diffuse uterine synechiae at the hysteroscopic investigation. Out of 29 patients who desired and attempted conception, 18 patients (62%) reported a total of 19 pregnancies at the end of the follow-up. One miscarriage at 12 weeks of gestation was reported. The 18 pregnancies at term were uneventful until delivery, but 3 cases of further PPH (15%) occurred due to abnormal placentation requiring a further AE. All full-term newborns were healthy. AE is a feasible, safe, and reproducible technique to control PPH, allowing a very high resumption of menses and subsequent pregnancies; in these cases, considering the elevated incidence of further PPH due to abnormal placentation, an accurate ultrasonographic monitoring during pregnancy seems appropriate.     

Sonography during early pregnancy: dependence of threshold and discriminatory values on transvaginal transducer frequency

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine if normal and abnormal pregnancies could be distinguished at smaller sac sizes with a higher frequency transvaginal transducer than with a 5-MHz transducer. SUBJECTS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-nine patients with potentially abnormal pregnancies identified with a 5-MHz transvaginal transducer were immediately reimaged with a 9-5-MHz transducer. We compared our ability to visualize the yolk sac, embryo, and cardiac activity relative to mean sac diameter on imaging at both frequencies in women with normal and abnormal pregnancies. RESULTS: Of the 39 pregnancies, 22 (56%) were normal or probably normal. Using the 5-MHz transducer, a yolk sac was first seen in a 6.4-mm gestational sac but was not definitively seen in 12 gestational sacs measuring 5-13 mm. Using the 9-5-MHz transducer, yolk sacs were identified in all gestational sacs measuring 4.6-13 mm, and live embryos were seen in five of eight sacs measuring 8.1-13 mm. The largest normal gestational sac without a live embryo measured 11 mm. When we compared these pregnancies with 17 (44%) abnormal pregnancies, we found that all pregnancies that had no yolk sac by the time the gestational sac measured 5.0 mm or no live embryo by 13 mm had abnormal findings on higher frequency imaging. CONCLUSION: The ability to visualize the yolk sac and embryo in early pregnancy is critically dependent on transvaginal transducer frequency. Threshold values and discriminatory sizes used to distinguish normal and abnormal pregnancies are smaller on higher frequency than on lower frequency imaging and, therefore, should be redetermined for specific transducer frequencies.     

Serial quantitative diffusion tensor MRI of the premature brain: development in newborns with and without injury

PURPOSE: To determine the change over time of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative anisotropy of cerebral water in a cohort of premature newborns serially studied near birth and again near term. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newborns were classified as normal (N = 11), minimal white matter injury (N = 7), or moderate white matter injury (N = 5). RESULTS: ADC decreased significantly with age in all brain regions in newborns classified as normal and those with minimal white matter injury. ADC increased with age or failed to decline in widespread areas of white matter in newborns with moderate white matter injury. Anisotropy increased with age in all white matter regions in newborns classified as normal. Anisotropy did not increase in frontal white matter in those with minimal white matter injury, and in widespread white matter areas in those with moderate white matter injury. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that serial diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging scans of premature newborns can detect differences in white matter maturation in infants with and without white matter injury.     

Distribution of placental grade in high-risk gravidas

One hundred twenty-eight high-risk gravidas and 62 normal gravidas who had undergone placental sonography were compared retrospectively according to placental grade, risk category, and stage of pregnancy at the time of the examination. Pregnancies ranged from 28 weeks of gestation to term. For analysis, the group of high-risk patients was subdivided into four categories representing specific disease states: chronic hypertension and/or preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal diabetes, and Rh sensitization. To eliminate gestational age bias, both the normal group and the high-risk subgroups were further subdivided into preterm and term pregnancies. Placental grade distribution was similar between the high-risk group overall and the normal group, but specific disease entities were associated with widely varying distributions of placental grade. In particular, hypertension and intrauterine growth retardation showed a strong correlation with accelerated placental maturation, whereas diabetes and Rh sensitization were associated with delayed maturation of the placenta. These differences were more pronounced in the preterm population.     

窒息新生儿出生体重与血清同型半胱氨酸关系

目的探讨窒息新生儿出生体重对其血清中高同型半胱氨酸血症及低叶酸水平的关系。方法同期出生的新生儿分为正常组和窒息组,并分别分为正常体重及低体重组。应用酶联免疫吸附实验方法检测血清中Hcy水平。应用放射免疫法测定血中叶酸浓度。结果窒息组正常体重儿血清同型半胱氨酸为(10.50±2.19)μmol/L,低体重儿为(15.82±2.51)μmol/L,对照组正常体重儿血清同型半胱氨酸为(7.73±0.61)μmol/L,低体重儿为(7.45±0.43)μmol/L。在窒息组内低体重儿血清同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于正常体重儿(P<0.001),且窒息低体重组儿血清同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于正常对照组儿,不论其出生体重如何(P<0.001)。血清叶酸水平检测结果显示窒息组正常体重儿血清叶酸水平为(2.74±0.16)μg/L,低体重儿为(2.29±0.25)μg/L,对照组正常体重儿血清叶酸为(3.33±0.23)μg/L,低体重儿为(3.02±0.29)μg/L。窒息组患儿无论正常体重儿还是低体重儿其血清叶酸水平变化均不显著(P>0.05)。结论缺氧窒息合并低出生体重者血清同型半胱氨酸水平显著升高。     

BDNF基因多态性与剖宫产产妇产后抑郁的相关性分析

目的 研究脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因多态性与剖宫产产妇产后抑郁(PPD)的相关性.方法 选择2014年2月-2015年2月在中南大学湘雅三医院和湖南省妇幼保健医院进行椎管内麻醉下剖宫产手术的产妇360例,记录患者的一般资料.应用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)分别对产妇产前1d、产后第42天的精神状态进行评估,以EPDS评分12分(总分13分)作为产后抑郁的评定界值.采用Sequenom?Mass Array SNP对BDNF基因G712A、rs56164415、rs11030100、rs11030101、rs6265位点的基因型进行测定,分析产妇一般资料、不同基因型与产后抑郁的相关性.结果 本组360例产妇产后抑郁的发生率为7.2%.Logistic回归分析显示,孕期压力大、孕期心情差、围产期单核细胞数值升高、产前抑郁情绪是剖宫产后抑郁的危险因素,而BDNF基因rs6265位点突变是剖宫产产后抑郁的保护因素(P<0.05).BDNF基因G712A、rs11030101、rs11030100、rs56164415位点突变与产后抑郁的发生无关(P>0.05),且其单倍体型与产后抑郁也无关.结论 携带BDNF rs6265CC基因型、孕期压力大、孕期心情差、围产期单核细胞数值升高以及产前抑郁情绪是产后抑郁的危险因素.     

Comparison of transvaginal and transabdominal sonography in the detection of early pregnancy and its complications

Ninety women with a positive pregnancy test and signs and symptoms of threatened abortion or ectopic pregnancy had endovaginal and abdominal sonography in order to compare the value of the two techniques for the detection of gestational abnormalities. Either a normal delivery occurred or surgical and/or pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis was available in all cases. Fifty-five women had normal intrauterine pregnancies, 22 had ectopic pregnancies, seven had blighted ova, and six had missed abortions. All 55 normal intrauterine pregnancies were detected by endovaginal sonography, while only 11 (20%) were diagnosed by transabdominal sonography. The yolk sac, fetal pole, and fetal heart motion were seen as early as 34 days from the last menstrual period with endovaginal sonography, compared with 42 days with transabdominal sonography. Fetal heart motion was detected with endovaginal sonography in fetal poles with a crown-rump length of 3 mm or greater, whereas the fetal pole had to be at least 6 mm before fetal heart motion could be detected with the transabdominal technique. In the 22 ectopic pregnancies, a specific diagnosis of an extrauterine sac containing a fetal pole with heart motion or yolk sac was possible in three cases with the endovaginal technique, but it was not possible in any case with transabdominal sonography. Both techniques showed that each of the seven patients with final diagnosis of blighted ova had a gestational sac that was 1.7 cm or larger without visualization of the fetal pole or yolk sac. All six missed abortions were detected by endovaginal sonography, but only three were diagnosed on transabdominal sonograms. Our findings show that endovaginal sonography is more sensitive than transabdominal sonography in the detection of early pregnancy and its complications.     

Pregnancy Rate and Outcomes following Uterine Artery Embolization for Uterine Arteriovenous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PurposeTo systematically review published studies on the pregnancy rate and outcomes after uterine artery embolization (UAE) for uterine arteriovenous malformations (UAVMs).Materials and MethodsInternational medical databases were searched for all English-language studies published between 2000 and 2022 on patients with UAVMs who had undergone embolization and had a subsequent pregnancy. Data on the pregnancy rate, pregnancy complications, and physiologic status of newborns were extracted from the articles. Ten case series were included in the meta-analysis, and 18 case reports on pregnancy following UAE were reviewed.ResultsIn the case series, 44 pregnancies were reported in 189 patients. The pooled estimate of pregnancy rate was 23.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.3%–29.3%). The pregnancy rate was higher in studies of women with a mean age of ≤30 years (50.6% vs 22.2%; P < .05). The pooled estimate of live birth rate was 88.6% (95% CI, 78.6%–98.7%).ConclusionsAll published series report preservation of fertility and successful pregnancies after embolization of UAVMs. The live birth rate in these series does not differ substantially from that of the general population.     

Sonographic measurements of the liver,spleen and kidney dimensions in the healthy term and preterm newborns

This study was conducted in order to assess normal liver, spleen and kidney dimensions in premature and term newborns and determine the acceptable range. A total of 253 (99 preterm and 154 term) healthy newborns were evaluated within the first week of life by sonography. Gestational age ranged from 24 to 41 weeks, weight ranged from 638 to 4800 g. Measurements were compared with gestational age, weight and height of the infants. Normal ranges for kidney, liver and spleen measurements according to gestational age and weight were obtained. We found that weight showed the best correlation with any one of the mentioned organ dimensions.