不同吻合方式修复双侧指固有神经缺损疗效比较

目的比较不同神经吻合方式修复双侧指固有神经缺损的临床疗效。方法选择70例双侧指固有神经缺损患者按照不同神经吻合方式分成A、B、C 3组:A组24例采用移植神经弓端侧吻合,B组26例采用移植神经弓双端侧吻合,C组20例采用移植神经直接桥接端端吻合。观察3组指关节自主活动度总和(TAM)、感觉恢复情况、两点辨别觉和不良反应发生情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间1~10个月。3组指关节TAM优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组和B组远节指腹感觉明显高于C组(P0.05),A、B两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组和B组两点辨别觉明显低于C组(P0.05),A、B两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组患者伤口均甲级愈合,未出现伤口感染和皮肤软组织坏死。术后72 h出现血管危象A组1例、B组2例、C组1例,均在肌肉注射盐酸哌替啶+静脉滴注肝素钠后缓解。B组2例术后4~6周用力握物时出现麻木和放射性疼痛等,术后6~12周疼痛自行消失。结论移植神经弓端侧吻合能够有效修复双侧指固有神经缺损,促进指腹感觉的恢复,效果优于移植神经直接桥接端端吻合。     

游离足底内侧皮瓣修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经缺损

目的 探讨修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经同时缺损的新方法.方法 2000年4月至2009年8月,应用游离足底内侧皮瓣修复腕掌尺侧皮肤并神经缺损5例.足拇趾胫侧趾底固有神经修复小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例;桡神经浅支修复尺神经及其深浅支缺损2例,修复尺神经浅支、第4指掌侧总神经及小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例;尺神经手背支修复尺神经浅支、第4指掌侧总神经及小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例.足底内侧血管与尺血管吻合.供区取同侧大腿皮片移植修复.结果 术后皮瓣及移植皮片全部成活.5例获得6个月至4年的随访,皮瓣质地好、外观满意,无手内肌萎缩和爪形手畸形,皮瓣和手指感觉恢复达S3～S3+,皮瓣两点辨距觉为7～10 mm.尺神经深浅支缺损病例术后综合评价均为优.结论 游离足底内侧皮瓣是修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经缺损的有效方法.     

去细胞同种异体神经移植修复周围神经缺损临床安全性研究

目的 探讨化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体周围神经缺损的临床安全性.方法 从2002年3月至2011年1月,取成年遗体捐献者的周围神经,使用化学萃取法制备去细胞同种异体神经,将其消毒、储存,并用于临床治疗41例周围神经缺损患者.男性38例,女性3例,年龄10～55岁.受伤至神经修复时间10 h至9个月,平均4.1个月.受损神经包括臂丛神经10例,上臂桡神经3例,前臂尺神经4例,指(趾)神经12例,坐骨神经2例,胫神经3例,腓总神经5例,股神经2例.合并骨折12例,合并软组织损伤或缺损20例.神经桥接长度2～10 cm,平均6.1 cm.术后不使用免疫抑制药物.术后随访9～5l个月,平均20.2个月.通过手术部位物理检查及血生化和免疫检测以评价移植的安全性.结果 术后患者全部得到随访,39例伤口一期愈合,2例发生表浅感染,经换药后延迟愈合.所有患者均未发生免疫排斥反应、过敏性反应、深部感染、肝肾毒副作用等不良反应.术后1、12周血生化检测均正常,特种蛋白、淋巴细胞亚群等免疫检测指标术前、术后差异无统计学意义.结论 临床上采用去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体周围神经缺损是安全的.     

异种化学去细胞神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的功能评价

[目的]评价异种化学去细胞神经移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损后神经功能恢复,从而为临床应用去细胞异种神经移植修复神经缺损提供更为充分的理论依据.[方法]雄性Wistar大鼠15只,致左侧坐骨神经1 cm缺损,以等粗兔化学去细胞神经移植修复.每2周测定坐骨神经指数,移植后4个月动物麻醉后暴露移植段神经,刺激近侧神经干、于同侧胫后肌群记录运动诱发电位,之后取移植段神经切片后行HE组织化学及NF-160免疫组织化学染色. [结果]去细胞异种神经移植物未被宿主排斥,大量神经纤维长入移植物,神经电生理及坐骨神经指数显示宿主坐骨神经功能有部分恢复.[结论]去细胞异种神经移植可以作为修复周围神经缺损的一种有效方法.     

指神经原位移植端侧嵌入缝接法预防和治疗痛性神经瘤

目的 :应用自体指神经原位移植端侧嵌入缝接法预防和治疗痛性神经瘤。方法 :采用自行设计的自体指神经原位移植端侧嵌入缝接法 ,急诊一期修复指神经的连续性预防神经瘤的形成 2 7例 ,二期切除神经瘤后重建指神经的连续性治疗痛性神经瘤 9例。结果 :术后随访 9～ 2 3个月 ,一期均未出现残端痛 ,二期有 8例症状体征完全消失 ,1例自觉疼痛明显减轻。结论 :自体指神经原位移植端侧嵌入缝接法能够预防和治疗痛性神经瘤     

游离足底内侧皮瓣修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经缺损

目的 探讨修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经同时缺损的新方法.方法 2000年4月至2009年8月,应用游离足底内侧皮瓣修复腕掌尺侧皮肤并神经缺损5例.足拇趾胫侧趾底固有神经修复小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例;桡神经浅支修复尺神经及其深浅支缺损2例,修复尺神经浅支、第4指掌侧总神经及小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例;尺神经手背支修复尺神经浅支、第4指掌侧总神经及小指尺掌侧固有神经缺损1例.足底内侧血管与尺血管吻合.供区取同侧大腿皮片移植修复.结果 术后皮瓣及移植皮片全部成活.5例获得6个月至4年的随访,皮瓣质地好、外观满意,无手内肌萎缩和爪形手畸形,皮瓣和手指感觉恢复达S3～S3+,皮瓣两点辨距觉为7～10 mm.尺神经深浅支缺损病例术后综合评价均为优.结论 游离足底内侧皮瓣是修复腕掌尺侧皮肤神经缺损的有效方法.     

带指背静脉、神经的指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤伴指动脉缺损

目的 探讨同指逆行或邻指顺行带静脉、神经的指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复伴有指固有动脉、神经缺损的手指掌侧皮肤缺损的方法及疗效.方法 2011年8月-2013年3月对18例伴有指固有动脉、指固有神经缺损的指掌侧皮肤软组织伴指动脉缺损患者,采用同指逆行或邻指顺行带静脉、神经的指背岛状皮瓣转位桥接修复,皮瓣切取面积为1.2 cm×1.5 cm～2.5 cm×3.5 cm,供区创面植皮.结果 术后18例皮瓣及患指均成活.皮瓣供区创面一期愈合.随访6～12个月,皮瓣质地、外观良好.感觉恢复至S3～S4,两点分辨觉4～8 mm.患指运动功能恢复良好.结论 采用带静脉、神经的指背岛状皮瓣桥接修复伴指固有动脉、指固有神经缺损的指掌侧缺损,操作简单、不牺牲主要血管、桥接可靠.供区损伤小,并可重建远端指及皮瓣感觉,是修复指腹软组织缺损、血运障碍的一种理想方法.     

应用胎儿神经修复周围神经缺损

报告应用经冷藏的胎儿坐骨神经移植修复周围神经缺损,其中胎儿神经修复腓肠神经供区缺损5例,修复手指固有神经缺损2例,计3指4侧,经随访1年,均恢复了较好的感觉功能。介绍了手术方法,讨论了胎儿神经移植的价值等。     

双端侧神经吻合修复双侧指固有神经陈旧性损伤

目的 探讨双端侧神经吻合修复双侧指固有神经陈旧性损伤的疗效.方法 2000年11月至2009年10月收治双侧指固有神经陈旧性损伤患者40例,15例采用神经移植双端侧吻合手术,将损伤的指神经切除,对远、近端尺、桡侧指固有神经分别进行端-端吻合,形成远、近两条神经弓;测量两神经弓间距,取直径相近的前臂外侧皮神经平分为两段,分别于神经弓的尺侧、桡侧开窗式端侧吻合于指神经.13例采用神经移植单个端侧吻合,12例采用神经移植端-端吻合.结果 31例获得随访,随访时间6～8个月.双端侧吻合组12例,指麻木、疼痛完全消失,指腹饱满,弹性好;感觉测定为S(4.21±1.97)级,高于其他两组;两点分辨觉(5.4±0.9)mm,小于其他两组.单个端侧吻合组10例,指麻木减轻,自发性疼痛消失,触痛减轻;感觉测定为S(1.57±0.72)级;两点分辨觉(7.2±1.2)mm.端-端吻合组9例,指麻木、疼痛均减轻;感觉测定为S(3.19±1.04)级;两点分辨觉(7.6±0.8)mm.后两组感觉测定与两点分辨觉的差异有统计学意义.结论 神经移植双端侧吻合既加强了单个端侧吻合的作用,又同时具有端-端吻合的优势.治疗双侧指固有神经长段缺损有效,能够消除患指麻木、疼痛,恢复指腹的灵敏性.     

神经移植合并双端侧神经吻合修复双侧指固有神经陈旧性损伤

目的介绍一种修复双侧指固有神经陈旧性损伤的方法。方法自2000年11月至2009年10月,共收治40例陈旧性双侧指固有神经损伤患者,分为A、B、C三组。A组15例,行双侧神经桥接端侧缝合;B组13例,行单侧神经桥接端侧缝合;C组12例,行神经桥接断端缝合。结果术后随访6～8个月,A组患者伤指麻木、疼痛完全消失,指腹饱满、弹性佳,感觉测定为S4～S4+级,两点分辨觉为5.0～6.0 mm;B组患者伤指感觉恢复不同步,且缝合侧感觉明显,感觉测定为S1～S3级,两点分辨觉为7.0～7.6 mm;C组患者伤指感觉测定为S3～S3+级,指腹为SI级甚至盲区,两点分辨觉为7.5～8.5 mm。结论移植神经、双端侧神经缝合对于二期修复双侧指固有神经损伤是一种可行的方法。     

Sensory recovery following decellularized nerve allograft transplantation for digital nerve repair

Abstract

This study reported preliminary clinical experience of using decelluarised nerve allograft material for repair of digital nerve defect in five hand injury patients. From October 2009 to July 2010, five patients with traumatic nerve defect were treated with nerve repair using AxoGen® nerve allograft (AxoGen Inc, Alachua, FL) in California Hospital Medical Center. All patients were followed at least for 12 months, and sensory recovery and signs of infection or rejection were documented by a hand therapist. Average two-point discrimination was 6 mm, and average Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments test was 4.31. No wound infections or signs of rejections were observed at wound site. All patients reported sensory improvement during the follow-up period after operation. It is believed that decellularised nerve allografts may provide a readily available option for repair of segmental nerve defect.     

Secondary nerve reconstruction using vein conduit grafts for neglected digital nerve injuries

Digital nerve defects can result from neglected nerve injuries. The standard method of reconstruction is nerve grafting, but donor-site morbidity encourages searching for alternative graft materials, including vein conduit grafts. From 1995-2005, three patients with neglected digital nerve injuries received vein conduit grafting for digital nerve reconstruction in our hospital. The interval between the injury and the reconstructive procedure ranged from 17 days to 2 years, and the length of the defects ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 cm. All the vein grafts were harvested from the distal forearm. Patient 1 had a moving and a static two-point discrimination (M2PD and S2PD) of 3 and 4 mm, respectively, at a 12-year follow-up. Patient 2 had an M2PD of 5 mm and S2PD of 6 mm at an 11-year follow-up, and the patient 3 had both an M2PD and S2PD of 4 mm at a near 3-year follow-up. They all achieved useful sensory function (S3 and S3+) by modified Highet and Sander criteria. Although previous studies showed secondary repair using vein grafts yielded worse sensory recovery than that of primary repair, in our cases, secondary digital nerve reconstruction with vein conduit grafts gives excellent results at the long-term sensory evaluation, two of them with more than 10 years' follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this might be the longest follow-up after secondary digital nerve reconstruction using a vein conduit graft. It bears the advantages of readily accessible, no donor-site morbidity, and compatible in size with digital nerves.     

Overcoming peripheral nerve gap defects using an intact nerve bridge in a rabbit model

This study investigated the intact nerve bridge technique for overcoming peripheral nerve gap defects in a rabbit model. To create the intact nerve bridge, a 1-cm segment of the peroneal nerve is resected leaving a gap defect. The proximal and distal peroneal nerve stumps are sutured 1 cm apart, in an end-to-side fashion, to the intact tibial nerve epineurium. Four experimental groups were used (n = 10): primary repair of resected segment; intact nerve bridge; nerve autograft; and gap in situ control. Evaluation after 12 weeks included measurement of isometric muscle contraction force, axonal counting, wet muscle weights, and histologic examination. The results of this study support two main conclusions, in a rabbit model: (a) regenerating axons can use the epineurium of an intact nerve to bridge a gap defect; (b) there is no significant difference in the functional recovery between standard nerve autografts and the intact nerve bridge technique.     

指背岛状皮瓣一期修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损

目的 报告同指指背岛状皮瓣携带指神经背侧支一期修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损的临床效果.方法 对16例18指手指皮肤缺损伴一侧神经断裂缺损应用携带指神经背侧支同指指背岛状皮瓣修复,重建手指感觉.皮肤缺损面积为10mm×7mm～24mm×20mm.神经缺损长度9～22mm.结果 16例18指皮瓣全部存活,随访5～25个月,手指功能及外观恢复满意,伤侧指腹感觉恢复至S3+,两点分辨觉恢复至4～7mm.结论 同指指背岛状皮瓣携带指神经背侧支修复手指皮肤缺损合并神经缺损,能同时完成皮肤覆盖和神经缺损的修复,术后效果满意,是治疗手指皮肤合并神经缺损并重建感觉较为理想的方法.     

Incidence of neurapraxia in digital nerve injuries

Hand surgeons presented with a hand or finger laceration and an abnormal static two-point discrimination (> or =10 mm) must determine which patients require surgical exploration. There appears to be a paucity of data in the literature defining the incidence and nature of neurapraxia in this setting. A study was conducted in a busy urban practice to better understand this problem. To determine the incidence of intact nerves (i.e., neurapraxia) in digital nerve injury patients, the authors reviewed experience with 152 patients who presented with isolated digital nerve injuries over a 33-month period. Preoperative return of sensation and negative exploration cases were combined and referred to as the trauma-induced neurapraxia (TIN) group. There were 18 non-repair cases among the 152 isolated digital nerve injuries, giving a 12 percent incidence of TIN. Sensory recovery among the TIN patients ranged from 12 days to 6 months. In this study, the authors defined a group of patients who did not require surgical repair for isolated digital nerve injury as TIN cases. The TIN group represented 12 percent of the digital nerve trauma patients and required long follow-up for sensory recovery. This information is an important part of patient education and informed consent.     

Effect of oblique nerve grafting on peripheral nerve regeneration in rats

Current methods of peripheral nerve repair are to rejoin cut nerve stumps directly or to bridge large gaps with autologous nerve grafts. In both cases the surface of nerve stump endings is typically cut perpendicularly to the long axis of the nerve. The outcome of such operations, however, is still not satisfactory. In this study, we examine the effect of oblique nerve cutting and grafting on morphological as well as functional features of regeneration. In adult rats, sciatic nerve was cut and rejoined either directly or using an autologous graft, at 90 degrees or 30 degrees angle. Functional regeneration was assessed by walking track analysis during 12-week follow-up. Afterwards muscle weight was measured and histological studies were performed. The latter included nerve fibers and Schwann cells counting, as well as visualization of scar formation and epineural fibrosis. Nerves cut obliquely and rejoined showed better functional recovery than perpendicularly transected. Similar effect was observed after oblique grafting when compared to perpendicular one. Numbers of nerve fibers growing into the distal stump of the nerve as well as the number of Schwann cells were significantly higher in obliquely than in perpendicularly operated nerves. Moreover, growing axons were arranged more regularly following oblique treatment. These data indicate that joining or grafting the nerve stumps at acute angle is a more profitable method of nerve repair than the standard procedure performed at right angle.     

New treatment for peripheral nerve defects: Reconstruction of a 2 cm,monkey median nerve gap by direct lengthening of both nerve stumps

We have developed a new treatment for peripheral nerve defects: nerve‐lengthening method, and confirmed the efficacy and safety of our method using cynomolgus monkeys. A 20‐mm defect in the median nerve of monkey's forearms was repaired through the simultaneous lengthening of both nerve stumps with original nerve‐lengthening device. To evaluate nerve regeneration after neurorrhaphy, electrophysiological, histological, and functional recovery were examined and compared to the standard autografting. Nerve conduction velocity, axon maturation, and the result of functional test were superior in the nerve‐lengthening method than in the autografting. And there were no adverse events associated with our method. We concluded that this method is practical for clinical application. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:153–161, 2012     

A prospective study of early tactile stimulation after digital nerve repair

Forty-nine patients with 65 digital nerve injuries were randomized into two groups after nerve repair. Group 1 received early tactile stimulation and Group 2 was a control group. The patients were assessed prospectively for 6 months for recovery of functional sensibility. Tactile stimulation in Group 1 was provided from 3 weeks after nerve repair with a specially designed rotating tactile stimulator and a pocket tactile stimulator. Constant two-point discrimination, moving two-point discrimination, and cutaneous pressure threshold were measured and sensibility was graded with the Medical Research Council (UK) sensibility grading. At 6 months, 68.8% of patients in Group 1 had a Medical Research Council grading of S3+ or S4 sensibility compared with 36 % in Group 2. With this prospective randomized study, the value of sensory reeducation in improving sensibility after digital nerve injury was confirmed. Starting tactile stimulation from the early postoperative period is recommended; however, use of the rotating tactile stimulator and pocket tactile stimulation need additional study.     

Primary epineural repair of the ulnar nerve in children

Transectional nerve injuries are uncommon in children. We report the outcome of 19 children aged < or = 13 years with acute transectional injuries to the ulnar nerves who were treated by primary epineural repair. There were 13 boys and 6 girls with a mean age at the time of injury of 6.7 years (range, 2-12 years). The site of injury was the palm in 4 children, wrist in 10, forearm in 4, and above the elbow in 1. Associated injuries to other structures occurred in 13 children. The mean recovery (Medical Research Council scale) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle was grade 4.0 (range, grade 3-5) and the mean outcome for the abductor digiti minimi was grade 3.9 (range, grade 2-5). The mean static 2-point discrimination was 6 mm (range, 2-20 mm). The mean follow-up period was 50 months (range, 12-103 months). Although proximal injuries (at or above the elbow) had a poorer outcome, satisfactory function of the intrinsic hand muscles still occurred; this finding contrasts to results reported in adults. Similarly, associated injuries to adjacent structures had no impact on ulnar nerve recovery. Primary epineural repair of the acutely transected ulnar nerve leads to a satisfactory recovery in both motor and sensory function in children younger than 13 years.     

Primary repair of crush nerve injuries by means of biological tubulization with muscle-vein-combined grafts

Despite extensive research and surgical innovation, the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries remains a complex issue, particularly in nonsharp lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome in a group of 16 patients who underwent, in emergency, a primary repair for crush injury of sensory and mixed nerves of the upper limb with biological tubulization, namely, the muscle-vein-combined graft. The segments involved were sensory digital nerves in eight cases and mixed nerves in another eight cases (four median nerves and four ulnar nerves). The length of nerve defect ranged from 0.5 to 4 cm (mean 1.9 cm). Fifteen of 16 patients showed some degree of functional recovery. Six patients showed diminished light touch (3.61), six had protective sensation (4.31), and three showed loss of protective sensation (4.56) using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. All the patients who underwent digital nerve repair had favorable results graded as S4 in one case, S3+ in six cases, and S3 in one case. With respect to mixed nerve repair, we observed two S4, two S3+, two S3, one S2, and one S0 sensory recovery. Less favorable results were observed for motor function with three M4, one M3, two M2, and two M0 recoveries. Altogether, the results of this retrospective study demonstrates that tubulization nerve repair in emergency, in case of short nerve gaps, may restore the continuity of the nerve avoiding secondary nerve grafting. This technique preserves donor nerve and, in case of failure, does not preclude a delayed repair with a nerve graft.