不同麻醉方法在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的效果

目的观察不同麻醉方式用于颅内动脉瘤（Gugliemi detachable coilembolization，GDC）栓塞术的临床效果。方法颅内动脉瘤病人104例随机分为4组，Ⅰ组（n=26）气管插管、异氟醚维持麻醉，Ⅱ组（n=26）气管插管、丙泊酚恒速泵输注维持麻醉，Ⅲ组（n=26）喉罩通气组、丙泊酚TCI维持麻醉，Ⅳ组（n=26）喉罩通气、地氟烷维持麻醉组。诱导前（T1）、插管后即刻（T2）、插管后5min（T3）、手术进行1h（T4）、拔管即刻（T5）和拔管后3min（T6）观察HR、SBP、DBP、PETCO2，并统计插管或置入喉罩困难例数、术后苏醒时间、术后发生声音嘶哑例数。结果50例明视气管插管顺利，2例插管困难经反复操作后成功插入。32例喉罩盲探置入顺利，20例需喉镜辅助。所有病人通气良好，无漏气或梗阻。术后声音嘶哑：气管插管有2例，置入喉罩组无；HR、SBP、DBP在气管插管组较喉罩置入组波动较大（P〈0．05）；Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组苏醒时间较Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅳ组长（P〈0．05）。结论丙泊酚TCI或地氟烷联合喉罩通气麻醉效果优于丙泊酚恒速泵输注或异氟醚维持麻醉的气管插管组。     

心脏直视术后持续正压通气拔气管插管技术的临床研究

目的 探讨持续正压通气拔气管捕管（简称拔管）技术在心脏直视术后患者拔管时的临床应用效果.方法 以2005至2007年行心脏直视术患者40例为研究对象,随机分为A组（观察组）和B组（对照组）,每组各20例.2组患者拔管前一般情况比较无显著差异,术后达到同样的拔管指征,采用同样的拔管前后干预措施,A组采用持续正压通气法拔管;B组采用传统边吸引边拔管方法拔管.监测患者的心率（HR）、心电图（ECG）、呼吸频率（RR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、经皮动脉血氧饱和度（Sp02）、动脉血气,分别记录2组患者拔管前、拔管即刻、拔管后1,3,5,10min生命体征、动脉血气分析的变化,观察并记录2组患者拔管时不适反应发生的例数,对比分析2种拔管方法对患者拔管时不良反应的影响.结果 与拔管前相比,对照组拔管后MAP、HR、RR、PaCO2均显著增加,且分别持续到拔管后10 min仍高于拔管前基础值水平,而PaO2、SaO2、Pha则明显下降,且分别持续到拔管后10 min仍低于拔管前基础值水平;观察组拔管后Pha、SpO2在各时点与基础值比较无明显变化,但拔管后3min内MAP、HR、RR、PaCO2均有所增加,于3 min后逐渐下降,至5 min时基本恢复到基础值水平;PaO2、SaO2于拔管后3 min内逐渐下降,但不明显.拔管时2组患者不适应发生情况比较差异显著.结论 用传统法拔管可引起心内直视术后患者明显的心血管反应和低氧血症,正压通气法拔管能有效预防心内直视术后拔管的心血管和呼吸系统的不良反应,保持拔管后的氧合状态和减少不适反应的发生,是一种比较安全、可靠、舒适、优于传统法的拔管方法.     

SLIPA喉罩与气管插管在老年患者颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中应用的对比观察

目的对比观察SLIPA喉罩与气管插管对全麻下行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术的老年患者术中血流动力学、全麻苏醒时间及不良反应的影响。方法择期行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术的患者40例,年龄65～80岁。随机均分为气管插管(T)组和SLIPA喉罩(S)组。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管或置入喉罩前(T1)、插管或置入喉罩即刻(T2)、插管或置入喉罩后3min(T3)、拔管或拔出喉罩前(T4)、拔管或拔出喉罩即刻(T5)、拔管或拔出喉罩后3min(T6)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)和气道峰压(Paw);计算全麻药应用量以及苏醒时间和拔管/喉罩时间;观察呛咳、反流误吸、声音嘶哑、咽痛等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者一般情况无统计学差异(P>0.05)。与T0比较,两组T1时点SBP、DBP、HR均明显下降(P<0.05);T组T2与T1比较、T5与T4比较,SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显加快(P<0.05);两组各时点SpO2、PETCO2和Paw无统计学差异。与T组比较,S组丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和罗库溴铵用量明显减少(P<0.05),苏醒时间和拔管/喉罩时间明显缩短(P<0.05),呛咳和术后咽痛发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论老年患者全麻下行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中,应用SLIPA喉罩较气管插管血流动力学平稳,全麻药用量小,苏醒和拔管时间短,并发症少。     

盐酸多沙普仑对右旋美托咪定全麻恢复期催醒效果临床观察

[目的]观察盐酸多沙普仑用于右旋美托咪定全麻患者围麻醉期的催醒效果及不良反应.[方法]择期成人骨科全麻手术40例,随机分为两组,每组20例.A组：右旋美托咪定（DEX）＋盐酸多沙普仑（DOX） B组：DEX＋生理盐水.麻醉诱导插管后5 min开始,两组均给予DEX负荷量1 μg/kg,既以 0.6～0.8 μg/（kg·min）泵注维持,术毕前10 min停药.A组术毕拔管后即刻给予DOX 1 mg/kg,B组给予等体积生理盐水.观察两组患者诱导前5 min（T0）、插管后 5 min（T1）、停止所有麻醉药时（T2）、拔管时（T3）、拔管后5 min（T4）时的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR） 患者术前（T＇0）、拔管时（T＇1）及拔管后 10 min（T＇2）Riker镇静、躁动评分（SAS） 及术后不良反应情况.[结果]两组患者一般资料具有可比性（P〉0.05） 各时点SBP、DBP、HR组间比较无差异（P〉0.05） SAS评分在T＇2时A组高于B组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）, 两组患者拔管反应评分及恶心呕吐、寒颤、术中知晓等发生率比较无差异（P〉0.05）.[结论]右旋美托咪定用于麻醉维持可提供良好的血流动力学稳定性和镇静作用,全麻恢复期更平稳 多沙普仑对右旋美托咪定麻醉术后的催醒效果确切,血流动力学波动幅度小,不良反应发生率低.     

盐酸右美托咪定在胸腔镜手术患者中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定对胸腔镜手术患者血流动力学的影响。方法择期行胸腔镜下肺叶切除手术患者40例。随机分成生理盐水组（C组）和右美托咪定组（D组）,每组20例。麻醉诱导开始时两组患者分别静脉泵注生理盐水或右美托咪定。观察两组入室时（T1）、插管时（T2）、吸痰时（T3）、拔管时（T4）、拔管后5min（T5）的SBP、DBP、HR的变化及拔管期间患者呛咳和躁动的情况。结果两组患者T2的SBP、HR无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但均明显高于T1（P〈0.05）。C组T3、T4、T5的SBP、HR明显高于D组（P〈0.05）;D组的拔管时间比C组延长（P〈0.05）,D组呛咳、躁动评分明显低于C组（P〈0.01）。结论右美托咪定用于胸腔镜手术,能稳定术中及苏醒期的血流动力学,并减少拔管期的应激反应与呛咳和躁动。     

超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞复合喉罩全麻在股骨干骨折手术患者中的应用

目的：探讨超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞复合喉罩全麻在股骨干骨折手术患者中的应用效果。方法：选取2020年4月-2021年4月于本院行手术治疗的92例股骨干骨折患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,各46例。对照组施以气管插管全身麻醉,观察组则应用超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞复合喉罩全麻。对比两组血流动力学、应激反应指标、术后恢复情况、不良反应。结果：麻醉前（T0）,两组心率（HR）、舒张压（DBP）、收缩压（SBP）、皮质醇（Cor）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）水平相比,无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;麻醉10min后（T1）、麻醉30min后（T2）、术毕时（T3）,观察组HR、DBP、SBP、Cor、NE、E水平均低于对照组,有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;观察组苏醒、拔管时间均短于对照组,术后2h视觉模拟疼痛量表（VAS）评分低于对照组,有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。结论：超声引导下髂筋膜阻滞复合喉罩全麻在股骨干骨折手术患者中效果确切,可有效稳定患者术中的血流动力学,减轻机体应激反应及术后疼痛,促进术后苏醒,且不会增加不良反应。     

盐酸羟考酮注射液对腹腔镜下胃癌根治术老年患者全麻苏醒的影响

【目的】观察盐酸羟考酮注射液对老年患者全麻苏醒的影响。【方法】在全麻气管插管下行腹腔镜下胃癌根治术的患者60例,年龄65～75岁,ASA分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,患者随机分为三组：羟考酮注射液组（A组）、芬太尼（B组）和对照组（C组）,每组20例。于手术结束前30 min ,A、B、C三组分别静注羟考酮0．1 mg／kg、芬太尼1μg／kg、生理盐水5 mL。观察比较三组患者拔管时间,定向力恢复时间,镇静评分,不良反应发生情况,拔管时收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）,拔管后20 min、1 h、2 h的VAS评分。【结果】与A组和C组比较,B组拔管时间延长（ P ＜0．05）;与C组比较,A组和B组镇静评分和定向力恢复时间要优于C组（ P ＜0．05）;与A组比较,B组、C组拔管时SBP、DBP、HR明显增高,且C组高于B组（ P ＜0．05）,与A组比较,B组和C组患者在拔管后20 min、1 h、2 h ,VAS评分明显升高,且C组明显高于B组（ P ＜0．05）,A组不良反应发生率明显低于B组和C组（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】盐酸羟考酮注射液用于老年腹部肿瘤切除术患者全麻苏醒迅速,血流动力学稳定,镇静满意,镇痛效果好,不良反应少,提高了患者苏醒质量。     

喉罩与气管插管通气在小儿腹腔镜手术麻醉中对血流动力学的影响比较

目的观察全身麻醉诱导后管入喉罩通气与气管插管通气在小儿腹腔镜手术麻醉中对血流动力学的影响。方法选择择期行腹腔镜手术的小儿40例,年龄3～10岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,阑尾切除手术17例,斜疝修补术12例,精索静脉曲张血管结扎术5例,胆囊切除2例,Meckel憩室切除4例;根据建立通气方式不同将患儿随机分为两组：E组（气管插管）20例和L组（喉罩,LMA）20例。用PHILIPS多功能监护仪连续监测收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、心电图（ECG）和脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）。记录诱导前安静状态（T0）、麻醉诱导后（T1）、喉罩置入或插管即刻（T2）、拔管前（T3）及拔管后（T4）5个时点SBP、DBP及HR值。结果E组气管插管后各时间点SBP、DBP、HR均显著增高（P〈0．01）;L组喉罩置入后各时间点SBP、DBP、HR虽有所增高,但与基础值比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论小儿腹腔镜手术麻醉中,应用喉罩安全方便,较直接喉镜下气管插管对心血管的不良刺激小,值得推广。     

不同浓度七氟醚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

[目的]探讨不同浓度七氟醚对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者血流动力学、麻醉苏醒时间及苏醒期间不良反应的影响.[方法]选取本院行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的80例患者,随机分为A、B两组,每组40例,分别给予七氟醚浓度1.0 MAC、1.5 MAC.监测两组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管后1 min(T1)、气腹即刻(T2)、气腹后15 min(T3)、解除气腹后5 min(T4)和拔管后l min(T5)时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及心率(HR),并记录两组患者的麻醉苏醒时间及患者麻醉苏醒期间发生恶心、呕吐、躁动等不良反应.[结果]两组患者T0时DBP、SBP、HR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);T1~2时,A组患者T1~2时DBP、SBP、HR均显著增高,明显高于T0水平(P<0.05),而B组患者T1~2时则均略有升高,其变化幅度与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组患者T3时的DBP、SBP、HR均显著降低,B组下降幅度明显较A组显著(P<0.05).在T4、T5时,两组患者的DBP、SBP、HR逐渐升高,A组患者DBP、SBP、HR恢复T0时水平,而B组患者DBP、SBP、HR升高幅度不大,明显低于T0水平(P<0.05).A组的自关闭七氟醚挥发罐至自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间和拔管时间均明显短于B组,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).A组患者麻醉苏醒期间不良反应发生率为17.5%(7/40),与B组20%(8/40)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]1.0 MAC 及 1.5 MAC 的七氟醚均能满足腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉维持的需要,不良事件发生率低,但 1.0 MAC 七氟醚能比 1.5 MAC 七氟醚提供更好的麻醉质量,且能缩短患者的麻醉苏醒时间,减少麻醉管理时间.     

不同剂量布托啡诺与丙泊酚配伍在无痛肠镜检查中的应用

[目的]比较观察不同剂量布托啡诺配伍丙泊酚应用于无痛肠镜麻醉的效果.[方法]171例择期行肠镜检查患者,随机分为三组.A组给予5 μg/kg,B组予10 μg/kg,C组予20 μg/kg的布托啡诺,三组均配伍丙泊酚1.8~2.5 mg/kg.观察并记录用药前（T0）、用药后2 min（T1）及术毕（T2）患者的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）及脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）及相关项目,行术后VAS评分,观察不良反应发生情况.[结果]三组T1时点SBP、DBP、HR、RR及SpO2均较T0时点降低（P〈0.05）,C组的SBP、HR、RR及SpO2较A组、B组下降更为明显（P〈0.05）,术毕即T2时点A组和B组SBP、DBP、HR、RR及SpO2均恢复到T0水平（P〉0.05）,C组SBP、DBP及HR仍较术前低（P〈0.05）.A组入镜时间、手术操作时间较B组及C组长（P〈0.05）,丙泊酚的总用量亦较B组及C组多（P〈0.05）,但术后清醒时间较C组短（P〈0.05）,与B组无统计学差异（P〉0.05）.A组术后VAS评分高于B组及C组（P〈0.05）.A组术中体动多于其余两组（P〈0.05）.A组和B组恶心呕吐、眩晕及嗜睡的发生率均较C组低（P〈0.05）.[结论]布托啡诺配伍丙泊酚用于无痛肠镜麻醉安全有效,10 μg/kg的布托啡诺剂量较为合适,对循环、呼吸影响小,可降低手术难度,不影响术后清醒,减轻术后疼痛,不明显增加不良反应发生率.     

Airway Sonography in Live Models and Cadavers

Sonography using cadavers is beneficial in teaching and learning sonoanatomy, which is particularly important because imaging of the airway can be challenging due to the cartilaginous landmarks and air artifacts. In this exploratory study, we have attempted to compare the airway sonoanatomy of cadavers and live models. Our observations support the use of cadavers as teaching tools for learning airway sonoanatomy and practicing procedures involving airway structures, such as superior laryngeal nerve blocks, transtracheal injections, and needle cricothyroidotomy, before performance on patients in clinical situations. We believe this process will improve patient safety and enhance the competency of trainees and practitioners in rare procedures such as needle cricothyroidotomy.     

An Unusual Cause of Intubating Laryngeal Mask Obstruction Preventing Successful Intubation in the Emergency Department

BackgroundThe intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) allows providers to blindly intubate through the device. We report a case of foreign material obstructing passage of an endotracheal tube (ET) through an ILMA.Case ReportA 45-year-old man with unknown past medical history was found obtunded with an apparent intentional drug and alcohol overdose, and required tracheal intubation. We opted to use an ILMA to optimize preoxygenation prior to intubation. His upper dentures were removed and an ILMA was inserted without complication; ventilation was easily performed. Blind tracheal intubation was attempted; the ET was inserted through the ILMA and was unable to be advanced past 15 cm despite multiple attempts, including repositioning the ILMA and rotating the ET. The ILMA was removed to prepare for video laryngoscopy. He was subsequently successfully intubated using a standard geometry video laryngoscope, which showed no anatomical abnormalities. After the case, the ILMA was inspected and the bowl of the ILMA was found to be occluded with denture adhesive.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?This case report demonstrates that it is possible that foreign material within the ILMA can make successful intubation impossible, despite successful placement and ventilation through the device. Maneuvers may be performed to attempt successful ET intubation, but when unsuccessful, removal of the ILMA and alternate airway management must be performed.     

Use of Sonography for Airway Assessment

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of sonography in identifying the anatomic structures of the upper airway and to describe their appearance on sonography. Methods. We enrolled 24 healthy volunteers, placed them supine with their head extended and neck flexed (the “sniffing” position), and performed a systematic sonographic examination of their upper airway from the floor of the mouth to the suprasternal notch. Results. We were able to visualize all relevant anatomic structures in all of the participants using either a linear or curved transducer oriented in 1 of 3 planes: sagittal, parasagittal, and transverse. Bony structures (eg, the mandible and hyoid) were brightly hyperechoic with an underlying hypoechoic acoustic shadow. Cartilaginous structures (eg, the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and tracheal rings) were hypoechoic, and their intraluminal surface was outlined by a bright air‐mucosa interface. The vocal cords were readily visualized through the thyroid cartilage. However, the posterior pharynx, posterior commissure, and posterior wall of the trachea could not be visualized because of artifacts created by an intraluminal air column. Conclusions. Sonography of the upper airway is capable of providing detailed anatomic information and has numerous potential clinical applications.     

Acute upper airway obstruction from acquired angioedema

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency is an unusual cause of acute upper airway angioedema. This case of angioedema is secondary to acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency associated with neoplastic disease and triggered by the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. It was sufficiently severe to require emergency airway management. A guide to the evaluation and management of angioedema is presented.     

Potential cervical spine injury and difficult airway management for emergency intubation of trauma adults in the emergency department--a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Emergency airway management for trauma adults is practised by physicians from a range of training backgrounds and with differing levels of experience. The indications for intubation and technique employed are factors that vary within EDs and between hospitals. OBJECTIVES: To provide practical evidence based guidance for airway management in trauma resuscitation: first for the trauma adult with potential cervical spine injury and second the management when a difficult airway is encountered at intubation. SEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY: Full literature search for relevant articles in Medline (1966-2003), EMBASE (1980-2003), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Relevant articles relating to adults and written in English language were appraised. English language abstracts of foreign articles were included. Studies were critically appraised on a standardised data collection sheet to assess validity and quality of evidence. The level of evidence was allocated using the methods of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.     

纤支镜引导插管在急诊困难气管插管中的应用

目的：评价纤支镜引导插管在急诊困难气管插管中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析困难气管插管患者经纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管26例的临床资料。结果：所有喉镜明视下经口插管失败的患者改用纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管均获成功。结论：纤支镜引导插管对急诊困难气管插管有一定的临床应用价值。