中药提取物甘舒胶囊对小鼠急性酒精中毒的作用及其机制

目的探讨中药提取物甘舒胶囊的解酒功能及有关机制。方法应用二锅头白酒(56°),在雄性昆明种小鼠建立急性酒精中毒动物模型,分别观察甘舒胶囊对小鼠的醉酒时间、醒酒时间。肝组织中的丙二醛(MDA)及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响。结果甘舒胶囊可显著地延长小鼠的醉酒时间,缩短醒酒时间,并能明显抑制乙醇引起的小鼠肝组织中的MDA含量的增多及对抗乙醇对GSH的抑制作用。结论甘舒胶囊具有显著的解酒作用,此作用可能与其抑制肝组织中的MDA含量及提高GSH水平等的抗氧化作用有关。     

葛花醇提取液对酒精中毒小鼠模型作用的研究

目的探讨葛花醇提取液对酒精中毒小鼠模型的作用机理和疗效。方法选用清洁级昆明小鼠80只,随机分为4组,分别为空白对照组、模型对照组、醇提液治疗组和阳性药对照组。空白组按10ml／kgbw生理盐水灌胃,模型组按10ml／kgbw白酒灌胃,醇提组按10ml／kgbw白酒＋10ml／kgbw醇提取液灌胃,阳性药组按10ml／kgbw白酒＋10ml／kgbw快速解酒液灌胃。连续45d,每天2次。利用半自动生化仪测AST、ALT指标,制作肝组织切片观察其形态学变化。结果葛花醇提取液治疗组小鼠与模型组小鼠相比各种中毒症状均有所缓解且存活率提高;ALT、AST指标较模型组有明显降低并接近空白对照组,趋近于正常值;肝组织形态学有明显改善,疗效好于阳性药对照组。结论葛花醇提取液可以明显减轻酒精对小鼠所造成肝损伤的程度,起到解酒保肝作用,对于因酒精中毒而引发的肝细胞受损,肝纤维化,脂肪肝等酒精性肝病具有较好的治疗效果。     

葛根解酒胶囊对小鼠急性酒精中毒的预防及治疗作用

目的:探讨葛根解酒胶囊对急性酒精中毒小鼠的预防及治疗作用。方法:"跳楼试验":选昆明小鼠30只,随机分为三组,每组10只,对照组:给予50%酒精0.2 ml·10g-1灌胃;药物治疗组:给予浓度为12 mg·ml-1的葛根解酒胶囊溶液0.2ml·10g-1灌胃,1h后各只给予50%酒精0.2ml·10g-1灌胃;非药物治疗组:给予生理盐水0.2ml·10g-1灌胃,1h后各只给予50%酒精0.2ml·10g-1灌胃;10min后将小鼠放到单杆上,观察并记录小鼠在单杆上停留的时间。水迷宫试验:经过水迷宫训练的昆明小鼠30只,随机分为3组,对照组:50%的酒精0.2ml·10g-1灌胃,20 min之后投入水迷宫;药物治疗组:50%的酒精0.2ml·10g-1灌胃,10min后浓度为12mg·ml-1葛根解酒胶囊溶液0.2ml·10g-1腹腔注射,再过10min后把小鼠投入水迷宫;非药物治疗组:50%的酒精0.2ml·10g-1灌胃,10min后生理盐水0.2ml·10g-1,腹腔注射,再过10min后把小鼠投入水迷宫,记录小鼠投入水迷宫后能否找到并爬上平台的只数,并记录其平均游泳速度。结果:药物治疗组维持平衡时间(266.9±52.4s)明显长于非药物治疗组(173.5±74.1s)和对照(155.8±54.8s)(P0.01);葛根解酒胶囊能够促进小鼠找到平台(P0.05),药物治疗组小鼠的游泳速度(17.2±9.4cm·s-1)比非药物治疗组(8.02±4.8cm·s-1)及对照组(7.01±4.1cm·s-1)快(P0.05)。结论:葛根解酒胶囊对急性酒精中毒有一定预防及治疗作用。     

葛根提取物对颈神经根性痛大鼠体感诱发电位的影响

目的探讨以葛根素为主要有效成分的葛根提取物对颈神经根性痛大鼠体感诱发电位的影响。方法首先对葛根中葛根素的提取方法进行优化,确定最佳提取工艺。然后通过椎管插线法建立神经根型颈椎病根性疼痛模型。将符合人组条件的大鼠随机分成5组：颈复康组,葛根提取物高、中、低剂量组,生理盐水组,每组8只。治疗前和治疗10d后,分别对大鼠进行疼痛行为及步态评分、正中神经体感诱发电位测量。结果葛根提取物各剂量组及颈复康组均能显著改善模型大鼠根性疼痛的相关行为,且能显著改善体感诱发电位潜伏期、波幅和传导速度,与生理盐水组相比差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。其中葛根提取物高剂量组（葛根素含量266．1mg·kg^-1·d^-1）疗效最佳,中剂量组（葛根素含量133．0mg·kg^-1·d^-1）与高剂量组之间差异无统计学意义。结论以葛根素为主要有效成分的葛根提取物能明显减轻颈神经根根性疼痛,并提示存在量效关系。     

新疆西伯利亚接骨木树皮提取物促进骨折愈合

文题释义：新疆西伯利亚接骨木：为忍冬科，接骨木属植物，其根皮，茎叶，花朵均可用药。在民间习用其树皮和嫩枝(夏季采嫩枝，秋季采树皮，切成小段，晒干)入药。性味辛、温、入骨和关节，具有接骨续筋、活血止痛、祛风活络之功效。主要含有三萜苷元类化合物、甾醇类化合物、酚酸类化合物、芹菜素、芦丁、花青素等多种黄酮类成分及环烯醚萜和木脂素类等。 醇提法：是以乙醇提取最常用。乙醇的溶解性能比较好，对中草药细胞的穿透能力较强，难溶于水的亲脂性成分在乙醇中的溶解度也较大、提取时间也短。 水提法：水是一种强的极性溶剂，中药中亲水性的成分，能被水溶出。但亲脂性强的成分不易被水溶出，而且提取物易霉坏变质。 背景：研究发现接骨木根皮能通过促进成骨细胞的分裂增殖、分泌碱性磷酸酶加快骨基质钙化，促使新骨形成的同时也具有促进坏死骨的吸收作用。 目的：观察新疆西伯利亚接骨木树皮2种提取物促进大鼠骨折愈合的影响。 方法：将108只3月龄雄性 SD 大鼠随机分为假手术组，模型组，中华跌打丸组(剂量为0.54 g/kg，阳性对照)，醇提物高、中、低剂量组(剂量分别为0.314，0.157，0.078 g/kg)，水提物高、中、低剂量组(剂量分别为0.340，0.170，0.085 g/kg)。除假手术组外其他各组大鼠截断股骨干中段，制作股骨开放性骨折模型，假手术组仅暴露股骨干，不做截骨。造模后第1天开始灌胃不同药物到6周(1次/d)。第2，4，6周后观察西伯利亚接骨木2种提取物对血清相关生化指标、X射线片、生物力学及苏木精-伊红染色的影响。实验方案经新疆医科大学动物实验伦理委员会批准。 结果与结论：①血清生化指标：各期醇提物高剂量组血钙低于假手术组、模型组，表明醇提物高剂量组成骨速度快，其次为醇提物中、低剂量组、水提物高剂量组；醇提物高剂量血磷高于假手术组、模型组、中华跌打丸组；各期醇提物高剂量组血碱性磷酸酶显著升高于其他组，表明醇提物高剂量组成骨细胞活动旺盛，其次为水提物高剂量组；②X射线片：大鼠骨折区的愈合醇提物高剂量组显著，中华跌打丸组、水提物高、中剂量组，醇提物中剂量组良好，醇提物低剂量组、水提物低剂量组欠佳；③三点弯曲力学试验：2种提取物各组6周大鼠股骨最大载荷、最大挠度值均高于模型组，醇提物高剂量组明显升高，其次为水提物高、中剂量组，醇提物中剂量组；④苏木精-伊红染色：随时间的延长骨折区逐渐形成纤维性骨痂，骨髓腔沟通，醇提物高剂量组、水提物高剂量组骨性愈合好于其他组；⑤结果表明，2种提取物具有很好的促进骨折愈合的作用，不同的提取方法和给药剂量所产生的疗效有所不同。醇提物组促进骨折愈合的作用优于水提物组，2种提取物高剂量组优于中、低剂量组。 ORCID: 0000-0002-2348-2140(吾兰·赛塔合买提) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

竹节参醇提物免疫佐剂作用的实验研究

目的采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)筛选竹节参醇提物中最佳免疫佐剂活性部位,进而探讨此有效部位作为HBs Ag佐剂的作用及可能机制。方法通过HPLC初步分离和分析竹节参醇提物,MTT法检测不同浓度乙醇洗脱的竹节参皂苷中最佳佐剂活性部位,将此部位与HBs Ag共同注入到雌性Balb/c小鼠体内进行免疫,小鼠随机分为正常对照组,HBs Ag模型组和(HBs Ag+竹节参醇提物)低(300μg)、高剂量(600μg)组,末次免疫7 d后收集小鼠淋巴细胞并采集血清,CCK-8检测脾淋巴细胞增殖情况;间接ELISA法检测小鼠血清中抗体滴度;RT-PCR法检测脾淋巴细胞中相关细胞因子的表达;流式细胞仪检测细胞表面蛋白的表达。结果竹节参醇提物显著促进淋巴细胞的增殖,60%浓度的醇过大孔树脂所得竹节参皂苷对淋巴细胞的增殖最显著(P0.01);显著增强小鼠血清中抗HBs Ag的Ig G、Ig G1和Ig G2b亚型抗体滴度;上调细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10的表达;增强TLR4受体的表达。结论竹节参醇提物中60%乙醇提取物具有较强的免疫佐剂作用,作为HBs Ag抗原佐剂是通过活化TLR4受体来发挥作用的。     

藏药兔耳草醇提物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为研究藏药兔耳草醇提物对小鼠免疫功能的影响,随机将小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、兔耳草醇提物组,模型组用醋酸泼尼松,均连续灌胃给药15d,检测胸腺脾脏指数、血清溶血素抗体生成、迟发型超敏反应和脾脏T细胞亚群变化。后进行小鼠廓清指数的测定及IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ的检测。与模型组相比,兔耳草醇提物组中剂量组(4.0g/kg)和高剂量组(8.0g/kg)可显著提高小鼠胸腺脾脏指数(P0.01),同时增强血清溶血素含量(P0.01)和DNFB所致迟发型超敏反应。此外,通过流式细胞仪对各组小鼠脾脏中CD3~+T、CD4~+T、CD8~+T的检测发现,各剂量兔耳草醇提物组可增加小鼠脾脏T细胞的活化与数量。在廓清实验中,各剂量组均可提升小鼠的廓清指数,但只有高剂量组有差异性(P0.05)。此外,兔耳草醇提物各剂量组可提升小鼠的IL-2水平,且有一定的剂量关系;高、中剂量组能够增加IL-4的含量,高、低剂量组能够提升IFN-γ的水平(P0.05,P0.01);中剂量组能够增加IL-6的含量(P0.05)。由此提示藏药兔耳草醇提物可以从多方面调节小鼠的免疫功能。     

北豆根提取物对小鼠和人淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞作用的体外实验研究

目的：探讨中药北豆根提取物的免疫学调节作用及其作用机制；比较北豆根水提物、醇提物和多糖成分的生物学活性。方法：采用水提取、醇提取及水回流等方法对北豆根进行成分分离。采用MTT法、中性红法检测了北豆根提取物对淋巴细胞增殖的作用以及对小鼠巨噬细胞代谢和吞噬功能的影响。结果：北豆根多糖成分(RMP)具有丝裂原样作用，可刺激小鼠脾细胞及人淋巴细胞增殖，对小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能有一定的促进作用。而北豆根水提物(RMW)和醇提物(RME)对小鼠脾细胞、人淋巴细胞的增殖具有抑制作用，对小鼠巨噬细胞的代谢及吞噬功能也有抑制作用。结论：不同的北豆根成分对免疫细胞有不同的作用，水提物和醇提物对免疫细胞的增殖、代谢和功能具有一定的抑制作用；北豆根多糖成分对淋巴细胞具有丝裂原样作用，能增强小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能，该活性可用于临床辅助治疗肿瘤。     

肉桂提取物对实验性前列腺增生的研究

目的：研究肉桂提取物对实验性小鼠前列腺增生的作用。方法：实验采用注射丙酸睾丸酮诱导的小鼠前列腺增生的模型，每日一次灌胃给予不同剂量的肉桂提取物，以保列治（BLT）作为阳性药组，分别观察小鼠前列腺腺体的湿重和前列腺指数。结果：与模型组相比，肉桂提取物大、中、小剂量组和保列治组对小鼠前列腺湿重及前列腺指数均有明显降低。结论：肉桂提取物具有明显抑制前列腺增生的作用。     

藏药短管兔耳草醇提物对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究藏药短管兔耳草醇提物对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。随机将小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、兔耳草醇提物组(2.0、4.0、8.0g/kg),均连续灌胃给药15d,模型组为环磷酰胺制备免疫抑制模型,检测胸腺脾脏指数、血清溶血素抗体生成、碳粒廓清指数、迟发型超敏反应,流式检测脾脏T细胞亚群的变化及IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α、IFN-γ的水平。与模型组相比,兔耳草醇提物各剂量组均可提高小鼠胸腺指数(P0.05),高、中剂量组可提高小鼠胸腺脾脏指数(P0.05,P0.01),同时各剂量组可增加血清溶血素含量(P0.05)、提升小鼠的廓清指数(P0.05)和DNCB所致迟发型超敏反应(P0.01)。此外,通过流式细胞仪对各组小鼠脾脏中CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞的检测发现,兔耳草醇提物组可增加小鼠脾脏T细胞的活化与数量,且CD4+/CD8+T细胞比值有差异(P0.01);另外,兔耳草各剂量组可提升小鼠的IL-4、IFN-γ的水平(P0.05),但会抑制IL-2、TNF-α的分泌(P0.05)。以上结果提示藏药短管兔耳草醇提物可从多方面缓解免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.