ICU护士中心静脉导管相关血流感染集束干预策略认知行为状况的调查

目的了解重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)护士中心静脉导管相关血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection,CRBSI)集束干预策略认知行为状况,并提出相应的对策。方法采用自行设计的ICU护士CRBSI集束干预策略认知行为问卷,对本地区4家医院202名ICU护士进行调查。结果 ICU护士CRBSI集束干预策略知识得分为(31.9±2.8)分;行为得分为(26.9±2.6)分。结论 ICU护士CRBSI集束干预策略知识处于一般了解状态;行为处于很少和有时状态。完善操作流程,加强知识教育对提高ICU护士CRBSI集束干预策略认知行为具有积极的作用。     

集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的循证实践

目的 探讨集束化护理在预防中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的应用并评价其效果。方法 纳入重症医学科在岗护士76名。选取2019年3-6月入住重症医学科留置中心静脉导管(central venous catfeter,CVC)的87例患者为对照组,2019年11月-2020年2月入住重症医学科留置CVC的83例患者为观察组,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用基于循证实践的集束化护理,比较证据应用前后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的认知水平及2组中心静脉置管患者CRBSI的发生率。结果 最佳证据应用后,ICU护士对CRBSI预防及管理的相关知识得分高于应用前(t=16.367,P＜0.001),观察组导管相关性血流感染的发生率为明显低于对照组(χ²=4.088,P=0.043)。 结论 基于最佳证据的集束化护理措施的应用,可提升护理人员对证据相关知识的掌握程度,提高规范执行率,降低中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率,提高护理质量。     

持续质量改进在ICU血管导管护理管理中的效果观察

目的 探讨持续质量改进在ICU血管导管护理管理中的效果.方法 选择人住ICU并行中心静脉置管的患者.将2008年1～12月为持续质量改进之前,做为对照组;将2009年1～12月为持续质量改进之后,做为观察组.同时并对36名医护人员在持续质量改进前后对CRBSI相关知识和中心静脉导管集束干预策略持续地执行依从性进行调查分析.结果 医护人员在持续质量改进前后对CRBSI相关知识和中心静脉导管集束干预策略持续地执行依从性、中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率均有显著性差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论 在ICU血管导管护理管理中应用持续质量改进管理方法,可提高医护人员对CRBSI的认知程度和防护意识及执行的依从性,降低CRBSI的发生率.     

三级医院 ICU 中心静脉导管相关血流感染预防与控制现状调查及防控策略

目的：了解某市三级医院ICU中心静脉导管（CVC）相关性血流感染（CRBSI）预防与控制质量安全管理现状,探讨其对策。方法用自行设计的问卷,调查某市8家三级医院ICU CRBSI防控现状,分析252名ICU护士CRBSI预防和控制相关知识认知、赞同度及行为情况。结果8家医院中6家医院具有预防CRBSI标准操作规程,2家医院有CVC导管维护专用记录单。基于美国CDC《指南》推荐的循证支持的CRBSI特殊预防措施,各家医院执行不佳。252名ICU护士对导管感染相关知识、组合干预与维护措施赞同度、导管相关感染预防和控制行为得分分别为（55．88±7．46）,（20．21±1．48）,（72.59±6．83）分。结论某市三级医院ICU缺乏统一的CRBSI预防与控制标准操作规程及CVC置管核查表和维护核查表,应加强医护人员CRBSI防控知识的培训,提升行为依从性,降低CRBSI的发生率,提高危重患者的救治成功率。     

集束化护理对预防中心静脉导管相关血流感染的影响

目的探讨集束化护理策略对预防ICU中心静脉导管相关血流感染（CRBSI）的影响。方法将实施中心静脉置管的重症患者78例随机分成对照组和观察组各39例。对照组进行常规中心静脉置管护理,观察组给予集束化护理,并对2组CRBSI发生率、平均住院日及中心静脉导管带管天数进行比较。结果实施集束化护理后,观察组CRBSI发生率为5．1％,低于对照组的20．5％;观察组ICU平均住院日及中心静脉导管置管天数低于对照组。结论集束化护理可降低CRBSI发生率,并间接缩短患者ICU平均住院日及中心静脉导管带管天数,对预防ICU中心静脉导管相关血流感染有着重要的临床意义。     

集束化护理在预防急诊科中心静脉导管感染中的应用

目的研究分析集束化护理在预防急诊科中心静脉导管感染中的应用及对降低导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)发生率的影响。方法选取本院接受PICC诊治的140例急诊科患者作为研究对象,根据随机数表法分为对照组、研究组,各70例。对照组采用常规护理干预,研究组患者采用集束化护理干预。观察并对比2组患者护理前后消极情绪、CRBSI感染率及感染时间情况。结果 2组患者护理实施前的消极情绪指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05);护理后2组患者SAS、SDS评分均低于护理前,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05);对照组患者CRBSI感染8例(11.4%);而研究组患者CRBSI感染1例(1.4%)。研究组CRBSI感染率低于对照组(P0.05);研究组导管留置及ICU住院时间较常规组缩短,发生CRBSI时间延长(P0.05)。结论集束化护理干预措施可有效降低患者焦虑、抑郁等消极情绪,预防中心静脉导管感染,降低CRBSI发生率,值得积极应用推广。     

集束化护理在血液净化中心静脉导管置管预防感染的作用观察

目的探讨在血液净化中心静脉导管(CVC)置管护理中应用集束化护理对预防导管感染的作用。方法选取行血液净化CVC置管患者102例,按随机数字表法分为常规组和试验组各51例。常规组开展常规置管护理,试验组采取集束化护理干预,比较两组舒适度、依从性、自我护理能力、导管不良事件及导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)发生情况、置管情况和护理满意度。结果试验组干预后舒适度、依从性及自我护理能力量表(ESCA)评分均高于常规组,导管不良事件及CRBSI发生率均低于常规组,穿刺成功、导管留置、住院时长及护理满意度评分均优于常规组(P<0.05)。结论CVC置管护理中应用集束化护理,可有效预防CRBSI的发生,血液净化患者舒适度、依从性、自我护理能力及满意度均得到显著提高。     

血液透析256例中心静脉导管相关性血流感染预防及护理

目的:探讨减少血液透析患者发生中心静脉导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)的预防与护理措施。方法:选取行血液透析治疗的256例留置中心静脉导管(CVC)的患者作为研究对象,通过制定标准化中心静脉导管上下机操作流程,并对护士进行严格、规范的操作培训,注重无菌观念及加强健康宣教等方法,减少导管相关血流感染的发生。开始监测时中心静脉导管均无细菌定植,计算2013年CRBSI发生率。结果:1~6月监测100例有3例患者存在导管相关血流感染,总导管使用天数6 721 d,导管相关血流感染发病率为0.446‰;7~12月监测156例总导管使用天数7 334 d,导管相关血流感染发病率为0.0%;全年导管相关血流感染发病率为0.213‰,明显低于全国平均水平(2.5‰~5.5‰)。结论:通过严格的无菌操作,规范导管护理操作流程,加强健康宣教,可明显降低导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)发病率。     

综合医院护士导管相关性血流感染认知调查和相关因素分析

目的：调查综合医院各科护士对导管相关性血流感染(catheter-related bloodstream infections, CRBSI)的认知现状及相关因素的分析,以期为后续优化培训方案提供理论依据。方法：采用自行设计的预防CRBSI的认知问卷,对526名护士进行调查。结果：护士预防CRBSI知识得分（9.33±2.64）分,行为得分（72.30±6.43）分,不同科室、年龄、工作年限、职称和是否接受过知识教育对护士知识和行为得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同学历的护士知识得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接受过教育的455人中,科室是否有教育后的跟进措施以及培训结束后科室是否有考核的护士CRBSI知识行为得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示：科室和学历是影响护士知识掌握情况的主要因素,工作年限是影响护士行为的主要因素,科室是否有培训后跟进措施以及是否有培训后考核是影响护士知识和行为的主要因素。结论：护士CRBSI认知处于中低等水平,CRBSI行为处于较好水平,建议根据影响因素制定完善的培训方案,包括分层考核、学习最新指南和实施奖励等,提高护士对预防CRBSI的认知水平。     

集束干预策略在预防ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染中的应用

[目的]观察采用集束干预策略预防重症监护病房（ICU）中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的临床效果.[方法]选取2012年实施集束干预策略后ICU 行中心静脉导管留置病人197例为观察组,选取2011年同期实施常规护理的ICU 行中心静脉导管留置病人178例为对照组,观察两组病人导管相关性血流感染发生率、发生时间、不同部位置管率、病人住院时间及院内花费情况.[结果]观察组股静脉置管率低于对照组,锁骨下静脉置管率高于对照组,中心静脉导管相关性血流感染率低于对照组,感染发生时间迟于对照组,住院时间及院内花费低于对照组.[结论]采用集束干预策略可有效降低ICU 中心静脉导管相关性血流感染率,延迟感染的发生,缩短病人住院时间,降低住院费用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.