氧气湿化液污染引起肺部感染菌群调查

[目的]探讨创伤救治中心重症监护病房（ICU）氧气湿化液细菌污染与病人肺部感染的关系，为防治提供防范措施。[方法]取ICU病房氧气湿化瓶37个，对正在使用中的氧气湿化液进行细菌培养，同时对37例ICU病人下呼吸道痰液行细菌培养，对其细菌进行分离、鉴定。[结果]37瓶湿化液细菌培养29瓶阳性，共检出15种69株细菌，主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主（57．97％），22例痰培养有致病菌生长，其细菌分布以革兰阴性杆菌为主，12例痰培养与湿化液所分离的细菌一致。[结论]氧气湿化液细菌污染是造成院内肺部威染的重要病源之一,对湿化液的定期曼换和彻底消喜是预防医院威染的重要措施。     

氧气湿化液污染引起肺部感染菌群调查

[目的]探讨创伤救治中心重症监护病房(ICU)氧气湿化液细菌污染与病人肺部感染的关系,为防治提供防范措施。[方法]取ICU病房氧气湿化瓶37个,对正在使用中的氧气湿化液进行细菌培养,同时对37例ICU病人下呼吸道痰液行细菌培养,对其细菌进行分离、鉴定。[结果]37瓶湿化液细菌培养29瓶阳性,共检出15种69株细菌,主要以革兰阴性杆菌为主(57.97%),22例痰培养有致病菌生长,其细菌分布以革兰阴性杆菌为主,12例痰培养与湿化液所分离的细菌一致。[结论]氧气湿化液细菌污染是造成院内肺部感染的重要病源之一,对湿化液的定期更换和彻底消毒是预防医院感染的重要措施。     

蒸馏水和扶舒清氧气湿化液细菌污染检测及引起下呼吸道感染研究

[目的]比较一定时间内蒸馏水和扶舒清氧气湿化液的带菌率和下呼吸道感染的发生率,规范临床氧气湿化液的使用,预防和控制医院感染.[方法]将符合标准的147例吸氧病人随机分成对照组和试验组,对照组以蒸馏水作为吸氧湿化液,湿化液和湿化瓶24 h更换1次,每次更换时采集湿化液标本做细菌培养;试验组以含ε-聚赖氨酸的扶舒清作为吸氧湿化液,6d更换1次,每隔24 h采集样本.6d以后采集痰液作细菌培养,比较两种湿化液的带菌情况和发生下呼吸道感染情况.[结果]两组湿化液带菌率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,试验组无一例发生下呼吸道感染,对照组发生下呼吸道感染8例.[结论]采用扶舒清作为氧气湿化液较蒸馏水有更好的抑菌效果,可以降低下呼吸道感染,减少频繁更换湿化液的工作量.     

氧气湿化瓶的消毒方法及效果观察

目的 探讨氧气湿化瓶的持续使用时间和消毒方法的临床效果.方法 将3个消毒监测阶段分为3个组.第1组为48份消毒后未使用的湿化瓶进行监测;第2组经改进消毒方法后的55份湿化瓶进行监测;第3组经改进吸氧装置各环节消毒措施后,对58份持续吸氧的湿化液每天做细菌监测.并对改进消毒前后的湿化瓶、湿化液及持续使用湿化液每天监测的结果进行对比分析和统计学处理.结果 消毒后未使用的湿化瓶和持续使用后第1天的湿化液的细菌监测合格率,改进消毒方法前后经统计学处理,有显著性差异(P＜0.05);第3组持续吸氧后湿化液第6天与第1天的细菌数经比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),湿化瓶、湿化液改进消毒方法后细菌监测合格率明显高于改进前.结论 氧气湿化瓶持续使用的第6天必须更换消毒,改进吸氧装置的消毒方法,定时更换消毒湿化瓶,既能减少吸氧患者感染的机会,有效控制院内交叉感染的发生率,减轻病人痛苦和经济负担,又能合理利用护理人力资源,达到提高医疗护理质量的目的.     

氧气湿化瓶的消毒方法及效果观察

目的 探讨氧气湿化瓶的持续使用时间和消毒方法的临床效果.方法 将3个消毒监测阶段分为3个组.第1组为48份消毒后未使用的湿化瓶进行监测;第2组经改进消毒方法后的55份湿化瓶进行监测;第3组经改进吸氧装置各环节消毒措施后,对58份持续吸氧的湿化液每天做细菌监测.并对改进消毒前后的湿化瓶、湿化液及持续使用湿化液每天监测的结果进行对比分析和统计学处理.结果 消毒后未使用的湿化瓶和持续使用后第1天的湿化液的细菌监测合格率,改进消毒方法前后经统计学处理,有显著性差异(P＜0.05);第3组持续吸氧后湿化液第6天与第1天的细菌数经比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),湿化瓶、湿化液改进消毒方法后细菌监测合格率明显高于改进前.结论 氧气湿化瓶持续使用的第6天必须更换消毒,改进吸氧装置的消毒方法,定时更换消毒湿化瓶,既能减少吸氧患者感染的机会,有效控制院内交叉感染的发生率,减轻病人痛苦和经济负担,又能合理利用护理人力资源,达到提高医疗护理质量的目的.     

介绍一种新型氧气湿化通路装置

氧气吸入是临床上常用的治疗方法之一，输氧湿化液的污染与医源性院内下呼吸道感染密切相关。传统的氧气湿化装置加大了院内感染的发生，汪涛等一。。对使用中和使用后的氧气湿化瓶进行细菌学检测发现，40％的氧气湿化瓶均不同程度被污染。研究表明：在传统的氧气湿化装置非一次性使用前提下，以蒸馏水或生理盐水为湿化液，湿化液应最长不超过8h更换1次．氧气经通气管产生水泡发出响声大，常影响病人睡眠，而且氧流量越大，响声越明显。现将北京东方潮汐科技发展有限公司发明的一种新型氧气湿化通路装置介绍给护理人员，它能很好地克服传统氧气湿化装置所带来的弊端。     

氧气湿化瓶及内芯的细菌培养调查与管理对策

氧气湿化瓶是吸氧过程中湿化氧气必不可少的装置，在临床上广泛使用，许多病人需要频繁或长时间使用氧气湿化瓶吸氧，潮湿的氧气湿化瓶为细菌的生长繁殖提供了有利条件，一旦氧气湿化液被污染，氧气湿化液中生长的细菌可以在氧气湿化过程中，形成微小的颗粒状气溶胶随氧气喷出而吸入下呼吸道，导致呼吸道感染，由此引起的院内感染也越来越多，有关氧气湿化瓶引起的医院感染也多有报道，但是，氧气湿化瓶其内芯污染所造成的医院感染报道很少，因此，了解氧气湿化瓶及内芯的医院感染情况与探讨其管理对策势在必行。     

改进氧气湿化瓶消毒方法的临床效果观察

目的观察改进的氧气湿化瓶消毒方法的临床效果和持续使用时间。方法分两阶段进行消毒监测。第一阶段分2组,观察组使用无菌蒸馏水为湿化液,并使用改进的消毒措施;对照组使用冷开水为湿化液,并采用传统消毒方法;对两组第3天的监测结果进行对比分析和统计学处理。第二阶段对50份持续吸氧的湿化液每天做细菌监测,对1～7d的结果进行对比分析。结果第一阶段观察组湿化瓶持续使用3d后的湿化液细菌监测合格率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;第二阶段持续吸氧后湿化液第7天与第1天的细菌数比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论改进吸氧装置的消毒方法,定时更换消毒湿化瓶,能有效减少吸氧患者感染的机会。氧气湿化瓶持续使用的第7天必须更换消毒以有效控制细菌生长,控制院内感染发生。     

供应室集中清洗消毒氧气湿化瓶的效果探讨

目的 探讨氧气湿化瓶清洗方法改进的效果和保存期限,为医院制定有效的氧气湿化瓶消毒保存措施提供依据.方法 实验组湿化瓶用除锈剂浸泡后消毒,对照组用传统方法即清水清洗后消毒,分别于消毒后第1、3、5、7天4个时间段进行肉眼观察和细菌学检测.结果 两组湿化瓶4个时间段的肉眼观察结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),两组湿化瓶在消毒后第1天细菌学检测均无细菌生长,实验组在消毒后3、5、7d细菌总数均＜10 cfu/件,且未检出致病菌,显著优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 湿化瓶经除锈剂液清洗消毒后确保了消毒效果和保存期限,有利于控制医院感染的发生.     

输氧湿化瓶微生物污染及污染途径调查

目的调查输氧湿化瓶的污染途径,了解其微生物污染情况及所检出致病菌的抗生素敏感度。方法对正在使用的输氧设施345套次的不同部位及痰和病房空气等处分别取样做细菌培养;针对致病菌铜绿假单胞菌进行药敏试验。结果湿化液严重污染占37.1%;湿化瓶和湿化液连续使用时间越长细菌检出率越高,且严重污染者亦随之升高,使用时间〉3d与〈1d对比差异显著（P〈0.05）;湿化瓶盖、鼻导管、咽拭子、痰及病房空气培养检出的细菌种类与湿化液检出的细菌种类相似。结论湿化液的常见污染菌多为条件致病菌。本研究提示湿化液的污染途径为经鼻导管的逆行污染。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.