Ascending aortic dilatation rate after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic stenosis: A multidetector computed tomography follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Current data is lacking about the progression of ascending aortic dilatation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in aortic stenosis (AS) patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). This study aims to assess the ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year) after TAVR in patients with BAV versus TAV using a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) follow-up and to determine the predictors of ascending aortic dilatation rate.METHODS: Severe AS patients undergoing TAVR from March 2013 to March 2018 at our center with MDCT follow-ups were included. BAV and TAV were identified using baseline MDCT. Baseline and follow-up MDCT images were analyzed, and the diameters of ascending aorta were measured. Study end point is ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year). Furthermore, factors predicting ascending aortic dilatation rate were also investigated.RESULTS: Two hundred and eight patients were included, comprised of 86 BAV and 122 TAV patients. Five, 4, 3, 2, and 1-year MDCT follow-ups were achieved in 7, 9, 30, 46, and 116 patients. The ascending aortic diameter was significantly increased after TAVR in both BAV group (43.7±4.4 mm vs. 44.0±4.5 mm; P<0.001) and TAV group (39.1±4.8 mm vs. 39.7±5.1 mm; P<0.001). However, no difference of ascending aortic dilatation rate was found between BAV and TAV groups (0.2±0.8 mm/year vs. 0.3±0.8 mm/year, P=0.592). Multivariate linear regression revealed paravalvular leakage (PVL) grade was independently associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in the whole population and BAV group, but not TAV group. No aortic events occurred during follow-ups.CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic size continues to grow after TAVR in BAV patients, but the dilatation rate is mild and comparable to that of TAV patients. PVL grade is associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in BAV patients post-TAVR.     

超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术

目的 评价超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)的价值.方法 纳入23例接受J-Valve TAVI的主动脉瓣疾病患者,根据主要疾病,将其中20例非重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)合并中度以上主动脉瓣反流(AR)者分为AS组(n=10)及AR组(n=10).术前行经胸超声心动图(TTE),术中全程以经食管超声心...     

Perceval sutureless aortic valve replacement after ascending aortic replacement

In patients with a narrow sinotubular junction, small sinus of Valsalva, or extensibility loss in the aortic root, aortic valve replacement (AVR) with a standard valve is challenging due to limited surgical field. Detailed preoperative measurements of the aortic root render performing AVR using the Perceval valve easy.     

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty as a treatment option in the era of transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Aortic valve stenosis is the commonest encountered valvular pathology and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in cases of severe stenosis. Definitive treatment has traditionally been offered in the form of surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with an acceptable surgical risk and more recently with the less invasive transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in those where surgery is not a viable option. Prior to the introduction of TAVI, inoperable patients were treated medically and where appropriate with balloon aortic valvuloplasty, a procedure which although effective only provided short-term relief and was associated with high complication rates especially during its infancy. Here we discuss whether balloon aortic valvuloplasty continues to have a role in contemporary clinical practice in an era where significant advances have been achieved in the fields of surgical aortic valve replacement, TAVI and postoperative care.     

超声心动图提示植入人工主动脉瓣后临时起搏电极致右心室壁穿孔1例

<正>患者女,79岁,反复胸闷气短5年,加重1月余;5年前始反复出现胸闷气短,劳累后加重,持续数分钟,休息后缓解;高血压病史30余年。经胸超声心动图（transthoracic echocardiography,TTE）：左心房前后径41mm,左心室前后径及右心大小正常,室间隔基底部厚度14mm,左心室射血分数56%;升主动脉近端内径宽43mm,主动脉瓣回声增强、增厚,启闭欠佳;短轴切面显示主动脉欠清;CDFI及脉冲多普勒示主动脉瓣收缩期前向血流速度加快,     

The current status of transcutaneous aortic valve implantation

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a relatively novel procedure first performed in 2002 and has undergone rapid development since then. Its main indication is treatment of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. Initially, the procedure was indicated for very sick patients who were not eligible for surgical aortic valve replacement. However, rapid development of the technology and operator skill required for TAVI allowed widening of the indications for its use. Currently, there is evidence that TAVI could be better than the surgical intervention in a broad population and not only in the most sick. This paper reviews the medical literature regarding TAVI, including the relevant medical equipment, different modes of its deployment, main complications of the procedure, main indications and contraindications, and the outcome of the patients who undergo it.     

Sutureless aortic valves over the last 45 years

Degenerative and calcified aortic stenosis is the most common form of adult valvular heart disease, and surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is currently the method of choice which can be performed at low risk. However, older patients with multiple pre-existing ‘high-risk’ comorbid conditions may benefit from reduced ECC time and thus reduced myocardial ischemia by the use of minimally invasive or interventional aortic valve implantation. Therefore, a sutureless concept of aortic valve implantation came up in the early sixties. However, this innovative concept of sutureless heart valve implantation was abandoned again due to several disadvantages. To date, there is a growing need for fast sutureless implantation of valve prostheses due to an increase in comorbidities. New challenging fields in aortic valve surgery have been recently rediscovered followed by an improvement of the sutureless valve implantation technique. Therefore, we reviewed the current and historical literature describing valve design and materials, as well as clinical data based on valve-related complications or morbidity/mortality.     

Imaging‐based predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

1 Background

Cardiac conduction abnormalities requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation are major complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We aimed to investigate whether the relationship between prosthetic valve size and cardiac‐gated computed tomography (CT)‐based aortic root complex measurements can aid in recognizing patients at risk for PPM implantation post‐TAVR.

2 Methods

We included 83 of 114 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR with the Edwards Sapien valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irving, CA, USA) at our institution. We excluded patients with preexisting PPM, patients who required conversion to an open surgical procedure, and patients without CT data. We assessed the significance of various potential predictors of PPM placement post‐TAVR.

3 Results

Following TAVR, eight patients (9.6%) required PPM. Prosthetic valve to sinus of Valsalva (SOV) index was significantly higher in those patients requiring a PPM post‐TAVR (84.1 ± 9.3 vs 76.8 ± 7.1, P  =  0.009).

4 Conclusions

The prosthetic valve size to diameter of SOV index was identified as a novel predictor of PPM implantation after TAVR.     

超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣置换术前评估与术后随访中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在评估经导管主动脉瓣置换（TAVR）术前与术后心脏结构和功能改变中的应用价值。 方法回顾性选取2014年9月至2019年7月在复旦大学附属中山医院心内科行TAVR的重度主动脉瓣狭窄（SAS）患者47例。所有患者均于术前及术后6个月行经胸超声心动图检查并记录常规超声心动图参数和主动脉瓣相关参数,包括左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、后壁厚度（PWT）、肺动脉收缩压（PASP）、主动脉瓣最大跨瓣压差（AVPGmax）、主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差（AVPGmean）、主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积（AVA）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、主动脉根部内径（AORD）、左心房内径（LAD）,分析TAVR术前与术后的超声心动图参数变化。 结果与术前相比,术后47例患者的LVESD、IVST、PWT、PASP、AVPGmax、AVPGmean均明显减小,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）;AVA和LVEF均明显变大,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。术后合并二尖瓣反流中度及以上或三尖瓣反流中度及以上的患者较术前明显减少（8例vs 3例,7例vs 2例）。 结论TAVR可纠正主动脉瓣狭窄,改善患者心功能。超声心动图相关参数有助于TAVR术后人工瓣膜及患者心脏结构功能的随访评估。     

An unusual complication after aortic valve replacement

Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa, though rare, can occur after aortic valve replacement. We report an asymptomatic patient who developed this unusual complication and describe the use of transesophageal and 3-dimensional echocardiography to help confirm the diagnosis.     

Long-term follow-up of left ventricular pacing via a posterior cardiac vein after mechanical tricuspid valve replacement

Permanent cardiac pacing was recommended in a 66-year-old woman with mechanical prosthetic mitral and tricuspid valves. To avoid a thoracotomy, a conventional endocardial lead was inserted with a steerable stylet (Locator) into the posterior cardiac vein via the right cephalic vein. Four weeks later, lead dislodgement required reoperation. The lead position remained stable up to 29 months.     

经导管主动脉瓣置入术治疗重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的护理

目的探讨经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者的术后护理体会。方法对7例主动脉瓣重度狭窄的患者在经导管主动脉瓣植入术后进行有效、正确的护理。结果 7例患者中,6例预后良好。结论临床中经导管主动脉瓣植入术治疗主动脉瓣重度狭窄患者值得推荐,术后有效、正确的护理是确保手术成功的关键。     

Acute kidney injury after aortic valve replacement: incidence,risk factors and outcomes

The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) following aortic valve replacement (AVR) has very serious clinical implications and has therefore been the focus of several studies. The authors report the results of previous studies evaluating both transcatheter AVR (TAVR) and indirectly surgical AVR (SAVR) through looking at cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cardiac surgeries, and identify the incidence, predictors and outcomes of AKI following AVR. In most studies, AKI was defined using the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage, Valve Academic Research Consortium (modified Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End Stage) or Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (Acute Kidney Injury Network) AKI classification criteria. Twelve studies including more than 90,000 patients undergoing cardiac surgery on CPB were considered as well as 26 studies with more than 6000 patients undergoing TAVR. Depending on the definition used, AKI occurred in 3.4–43% of SAVR cases with up to 2.5% requiring dialysis, and in 3.4–57% of TAVR cases. Factors identified as independent predictors of AKI were: baseline kidney failure, EUROSCORE, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anemia, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, surgical priority, CPB time, reoperation, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, need for re-exploration, contrast agent volume, transapical access, blood transfusion, postoperative thrombocytopenia, postoperative leukocytosis as well as demographic variables such as age and female gender. The 30-day mortality rate for patients with AKI following SAVR ranged from 5.5 to 46% and was 3- to 16-times higher than in those without AKI. Similarly, patients who developed AKI after TAVR had a mortality rate of 7.8–29%, which was two- to eight-times higher than those who did not suffer from AKI. AKI confers up to a fourfold increase in 1-year mortality. Finally, hospital length of stay was significantly increased in patients with AKI in both SAVR and TAVR groups, with increases up to 3- and 2.5–times, respectively.     

基于单中心经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗主动脉瓣狭窄初步临床疗效分析

目的:探讨经导管主动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter aortic valve replacement,TAVR)治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者的安全性和有效性。方法:连续入选本中心前40例行TAVR的主动脉瓣狭窄患者。观察终点指标包括手术成功率、并发症、术后30d随访结果等。结果:患者男性27例,女性13例;年龄67~87岁,平均年龄(78.3±5.0)岁。手术成功率100%;与术前相比,术后患者平均主动脉瓣跨瓣压差明显下降[(10.77±3.90)mmHg vs(61.80±18.62)mmHg,P0.001],平均瓣口面积增加[(1.80±0.24)cm~2 vs(0.65±0.17)cm~2,P0.001],美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级改善(1.80±0.62 vs2.95±0.75,P0.001)。术后1d发生瓣周漏13例(12例轻度、1例中度),急性右冠状动脉堵塞1例,瓣膜脱落及脑梗死1例,顽固性心包积液、心包填塞1例。术后30d死亡1例(2.5%),因心脏传导异常置入永久性心脏起搏器4例(10%)。结论:单中心、前40例TAVR结果显示,TAVR对我国外科手术禁忌或高危的主动脉瓣狭窄患者有较好的安全性及有效性。     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the changing paradigm of aortic stenosis treatment

Aortic stenosis is the most common cause for valvular surgery in the USA. For nearly 50 years, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care for symptomatic patients; unfortunately, a significant number of patients are not referred to surgery owing to advanced comorbidities and age. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an effective therapy for patients at high risk for surgery. Through device innovations and accumulated experience, the safety and efficacy of the procedure has improved since its inception. Transcatheter valve replacement has been found superior to medical therapy in inoperable patients with aortic stenosis, yet many questions remain as to which patients are appropriate for this exciting and novel therapy.