1983-2002年宁武县碘缺乏病防治效果分析

目的分析宁武县1983-2002年食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病(IDD)的效果,掌握IDD流行状况.方法将有关宁武县1983-2002年间IDD防治和碘盐监测资料分类汇总进行分析.结果儿童甲状腺肿大率由1983年16.2%,下降到2002年6.6%;儿童尿碘中位数1983年后均＞100μg/L,而且＜100μg/L的样本比例由1983年的44%下降到2002年的8.3%;居民食用碘盐覆盖率1983年为63.6%,合格碘盐食用率为58.5%,到2002年覆盖率上升为98.3%,合格率也上升为93.2%.非碘盐率也由1983年的36.4%,下降到2002年的1.7%.结论 20多年的食盐加碘防治IDD取得了显著的防治效果.通过食盐加碘,宁武县儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平和居民户碘盐合格率等3项指标达到了国家消除IDD阶段目标的标准指标.     

呼和浩特地区碘缺乏病20年监测结果分析

目的评估20年来本地区碘缺乏病防治效果。方法收集近20年8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘含量、居民户盐碘含量等监测数据整理分析。结果经食盐加碘干预,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率显著下降,近7年已控制在4%以下,尿碘中位数近8年波动在199.4μg/L～305.8μg/L之间,居民户盐含碘量中位数在22.9～42.0mg/kg之间,碘盐覆盖率已连续12年稳定在98%以上,碘盐的合格率连续4年稳定在96%以上。结论本地区加碘食盐供应系统正常,质量稳定,防治效果显著。2000年达到国家消除IDD阶段目标。现各项技术指标达到消除IDD的目标已连续5年。     

现行碘盐浓度与高碘甲状腺肿之间关系的探讨

目的：通过对山西省碘缺乏病6年监测结果的分析以及与山西省高 地区甲状腺肿对比研究,探讨全民食盐加碘后尿碘浓度的变化是否会引起高碘甲状腺肿。方法：运用山西省6年病情监测结果及高碘地区调查资料。结果：（1）碘盐中位数逐年上升并趋于稳定,基本上控制在20－60mg/kg;（2）儿童尿碘中位数逐年上升,并稳定在300－400ug/L左右;（3）儿童甲状腺肿大率逐提年下降,从1995年10．9％下降至2000年的3．7％;（4）高碘地区甲肿率为11．1％,尿碘中位数为1111．2ug/L。结论：现行碘盐浓度以及儿童尿碘中位数在400ug/L左右不会引起高碘危害。     

兰州市碘缺乏病碘盐干预效果评价

目的评价碘盐干预,为进一步加强和完善消除碘缺乏病的长效工作机制提供科学依据。方法采用PPS抽样法,1995～2009年在兰州市8个县区随机抽取8～10岁儿童进行甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、盐碘监测。结果经食盐加碘干预,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率呈下降趋势,近4年达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准;尿碘中位数波动在100～300μg/L,均满足国家学龄儿童碘营养评价标准（尿碘中位数〉100μg/L）,尿碘合格率波动在67.01%～97.22%;碘盐合格率连续7年稳定在90%以上,各年碘盐中位数均达到国家标准（碘盐20～50mg/kg）。结论普及碘盐是改善人群碘营养状况、防治碘缺乏病的有效措施。     

全民食盐加碘10年后山西省高碘地区碘缺乏病病情调查

目的了解全民食盐加碘10年后山西省高碘地区碘缺乏病病情变化。方法在山西省应县高碘地区进行饮水含碘量调查,选出水碘>150μg/L的乡(镇),在这些乡(镇)进行高碘病情调查。儿童甲状腺检查采用触诊法,尿碘测定采用过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法,智力测验采用中国联合型瑞文测验农村版(CRT-C_2),盐碘测定采用直接滴定法。结果共采集水样568份,发现水碘中位数>150μg/L乡(镇)6个。在6个高碘乡(镇),儿童甲状腺肿大率(7.19%)、隶碘中位数(528.3μg/L)均明显高于加碘曲(5.14%、490.0μg/L);儿童智商水平为107.7±13.2;高碘乡(镇)碘盐覆盖率>90.00%。结论食盐加碘10年后,高碘地区儿童尿碘增高、甲状腺肿大率明显上升,建议在高碘地区应尽快停止碘盐供应。     

贵州省未达到消除碘缺乏病目标地区的流行现状调查

目的了解贵州省碘缺乏病(IDD)防治现状。方法按国家IDD监测方案,抽取贵州省5个地区11个县对学校儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘及碘盐等进行横断面调查。结果8～10岁学生平均甲状腺肿大率9.66%,最低2.8%,最高15.78%,年龄组间差异有显著意义,居民户盐碘中位数32mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率99.47%,合格率92.11%,儿童尿碘中位数263.9μg/L,其中<100μg/L占6.1%,<300μg/L占52.5%,≥300μg/L占41.31%。结论贵州省碘盐覆盖率、合格率较往年明显上升,儿童尿碘水平趋于更为合理,但8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率仍处于较高水平。     

山东省碘缺乏地区学龄儿童碘营养状况评估

目的掌握山东省碘缺乏地区儿童碘营养动态状况以评估全民食盐加碘措施效果和消除碘缺乏病进程。方法按照卫生部1995、1997、1999和2002年的监测方案分别进行碘缺乏病相关指标抽样调查。结果4次监测的居民户碘盐覆盖率分别为49.2%、84.0%、87.1%和93.0%,盐碘含量中位数分别为0 mg/kg、23.3 mg/kg、28.6 mg/kg和29.0 mg/kg。儿童尿碘中位数及>100μg/L的比例分别为234.1μg/L和75.8%、453μg/L和96.7%、267.3μg/L和86.5%、200.1μg/L和82.5%。儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊结果分别为26.3%、7.6%、13.2%和5.7%,B超结果后3次分别为7.6%、7.8%和1.6%。新生儿脐带血TSH>5 m IU/L的比例前3次分别为26.3%、27.7%和28.9%。结论山东省碘盐覆盖率逐年提高,儿童尿碘水平在正常范围内,甲状腺肿大率逐年降低。全民食盐加碘措施成效显著,儿童碘营养水平良好,应由碘缺乏病病情监测转变为碘营养监测。     

全民食盐加碘对山东省碘缺乏地区8～10岁儿童碘营养状况的影响分析

目的 了解全民食盐加碘后山东省碘缺乏地区8～10岁儿童碘营养状况,为今后碘缺乏病防治提供科学依据.方法 分别于1995、1997、1999、2002、2005年在山东省碘缺乏地区,按人口比例概率法或单纯随机抽样法对8～10岁儿童进行抽样,采用触诊法和B超法检查儿童甲状腺肿大情况,直接滴定法检测食用盐碘、砷铈氧化还原法检测儿童尿碘.结果 实施全民食盐加碘10年,山东省碘缺乏地区儿童食用盐碘中位数、尿碘基本呈逐年升高趋势,而甲状腺肿大率呈逐年降低趋势,到2005年碘缺乏地区碘盐覆盖率为97.2%,碘盐合格率为97.1%,合格碘盐食用率为94.3%;尿碘中位数为227.7μg/L,≥100μg/L者占89.7%(323/360);甲状腺肿大率(触诊法)由1995年的22.3%(282/1267)降至2005年的4.4%(53/1200).结论 实施全民食盐加碘10年,山东省碘缺乏地区人群碘营养状况得到显著改善,处于适宜碘营养状态.     

全民食盐加碘对甲状腺肿大率影响的动态分析

目的对1995～2002年5次IDD监测结果进行报告,以评价食盐加碘对甲状腺肿大率的影响.方法在全省13个市按PPS法抽取30个学校,每个学校随机抽取8～10岁学生40名共1200名,进行甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、盐碘测定,结果甲肿率由23.5%降至1.6%,尿碘水平由85.0μg/L上升到262.2μg/L,盐碘合格率由48.1%升高至96.1%.结论全民食盐加碘促进了甲状腺肿大率的下降,碘盐浓度的调整使加碘量过高可能带来的负面效应正在被改善.     

天津市食盐加碘后甲状腺肿大率与碘营养状况的调查

目的：调查和研究食盐加碘后天津市居民的甲状腺肿大率和碘营养状况,方法：在6个区共调查居民31530人,7－14岁在校儿童4415人,对调查对象进行甲状腺肿大率,尿碘浓度,食盐碘含量等项目的调查。结果：（1）食盐加碘后天津市居民的平均甲状腺肿大率为5．5％,8－10岁儿童平均甲状腺肿大率为19．7％,甲状腺肿大率较食盐加碘以前有了明显下降,但下降的速度较缓慢,（2）天津市食盐加碘以后各区居民的平均尿碘中位数为287．2ug/L,各区儿童尿碘中位数平均为271．6u/L,证明总体人群碘营养充足,（3）天津市居民总体盐碘含量超过20mg/kg水平,各区居民户盐含碘量有9．9％－41．1％超过60mg/kg,说明碘盐的含碘是偏高是一个新的现象。结论：经过3年左右的食盐加碘防治工作,天津市碘缺乏情况已得到控制。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.