茶碱对低钾诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用

目的　研究茶碱对复极化浓度钾离子 (5mmol·L-1KCl,又称低钾 )诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡是否具有保护作用。方法　体外培养大鼠小脑颗粒神经元 ,定性定量检测细胞凋亡 :①用FDA (fluoresceindiacetate)染色检测细胞存活率 ,用Hoechst 332 5 8染色 ,分析细胞核的形态变化 ;②琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA断裂 ;③免疫荧光法检测细胞内cAMP水平。结果　茶碱使低钾培养的小脑颗粒神经元的存活率增加 ,使低钾引起的细胞核固缩、凝聚和断裂现象消失 ;低钾使神经元的DNA电泳图谱出现明显的“梯子状” ,而茶碱使此现象消失 ;敏感性内钙释放阻断剂、L 型钙通道阻断剂及NMDA受体阻断剂均不能抑制茶碱对神经元的保护作用 ;茶碱对细胞内cAMP水平没有明显的影响。结论　茶碱对复极化浓度钾离子诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡具保护作用 ,此作用不依赖胞内钙离子浓度 ,也不通过升高胞内cAMP水平来实现     

Procaspase-activating compound 1 induces a caspase-3-dependent cell death in cerebellar granule neurons

Procaspase-activating compound 1, PAC-1, has been introduced as a direct activator of procaspase-3 and has been suggested as a therapeutic agent against cancer. Its activation of procaspase-3 is dependent on the chelation of zinc. We have tested PAC-1 and an analogue of PAC-1 as zinc chelators in vitro as well as their ability to activate caspase-3 and induce cell death in chicken cerebellar granule neuron cultures. These neurons are non-dividing, primary cells with normal caspase-3. The results reported herein show that PAC-1 chelates zinc, activates procaspase-3, and leads to caspase-3-dependent cell death in neurons, as the specific caspase-3-inhibitor Ac-DEVD-cmk inhibited both the caspase-3 activity and cell death. Thus, chicken cerebellar granule neurons is a suitable model to study mechanisms of interference with apoptosis of PAC-1 and similar compounds. Furthermore, the present study also raises concern about potential neurotoxicity of PAC-1 if used in cancer therapy.     

Synergistic effects of caspase inhibitors and MK-801 in brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice

1. Excitotoxic and apoptotic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischaemia. Both MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or peptide inhibitors of the caspase family (z-VAD.FMK and z-DEVD.FMK), protect mouse brain from ischaemic cell damage. In this study, we examined whether these drugs which act via distinct mechanisms, afford even greater neuroprotection when given in combination following 2 h MCA occlusion (filament model) and 18 h reperfusion.
2. Given alone as pretreatment, MK-801 (1, 3 and 5 mg kg⁻¹, but not 0.3 mg kg⁻¹, i.p.) decreased infarct size by 34–75%. When injected 1 h after occlusion and before reperfusion, 3 mg kg⁻¹ reduced injury but not when administered 1 h after reperfusion.
3. Pretreatment with a subthreshold dose of MK-801 (0.3 mg kg⁻¹) plus a subthreshold dose of z-VAD.FMK (27 ng) or z-DEVD (80 ng) significantly decreased infarct size by 29 and 30%, respectively, and enhanced neurological function.
4. Administering a subthreshold dose of z-VAD.FMK (27 ng) or z-DEVD.FMK (80 ng) as pretreatment extended the time window for MK-801 (3 mg kg⁻¹) by 2 h from 1 h before reperfusion to at least 1 h after reperfusion.
5. Pretreating with a subthreshold dose of MK-801 (0.3 mg kg⁻¹) extended the time window for z-DEVD.FMK (480 ng) from 1 h after reperfusion to at least 3 h after reperfusion.
6. We conclude that caspase inhibitors which putatively block apoptotic cell death and inhibit cytokine production and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 act synergistically and prolong their respective therapeutic windows in cerebral ischaemia.

     

知母皂苷元对高糖引起的体外培养大鼠海马神经元损伤的保护作用

目的探讨知母皂苷元(sarsasapogenin,Sar)对高糖引起的海马神经元损伤是否有保护作用。方法选用出生0～24 h Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠乳鼠,取海马,进行海马神经元体外培养,培养7 d用于实验。实验分为正常对照组、高糖组、高糖+Sar(10、30、100μmol.L-1)组;对照组:加入等量含0.1%DMSO培养基;高糖处理组:分别加入葡萄糖(30、50、100 mmol.L-1)作用48 h;高糖+Sar(10、30、100μmol.L-1)组:先加入不同浓度Sar(10、30、100μmol.L-1)作用1 h,然后加入葡萄糖(50 mmol.L-1)作用48 h;应用MTT方法观察细胞活力,免疫荧光和Western免疫印迹方法观察神经元突触素表达的改变。应用Hoechst 33258核染色检测神经元凋亡。应用Western免疫印迹方法观察caspase-3和多聚ADP核糖聚合酶(PARP)蛋白表达改变。结果加入葡萄糖(30、50、100 mmol.L-1)作用48 h可使培养神经元细胞活力明显降低,神经元突触素蛋白表达明显降低。另外高糖也可引起神经元凋亡细胞百分比和活性caspase-3、PARP蛋白表达水平也较对照组明显提高。在加入高糖前加入不同浓度Sar(10、30、100μmol.L-1)可明显对抗高糖引起的这些变化。培养海马神经元突触素蛋白表达较高糖组(50 mmol.L-1)明显增加,神经元凋亡细胞百分比和活性caspase-3、PARP蛋白表达水平也较高糖组明显降低。结论 Sar对高糖引起的海马神经元损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

Neonatal toluene exposure alters agonist and antagonist sensitivity and NR2B subunit expression of NMDA receptors in cultured cerebellar granule neurons.

Toluene has been reported to antagonize the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In this study, the effects of neonatal toluene exposure on NMDA receptors in primarily cultured cerebellar granule neurons were examined. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with toluene (0, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) from postnatal day (PN) 4 to PN 7. Under toluene-free conditions, Ca2+ signals of cultured neurons in response to glutamate and NMDA were measured for up to 14 days. The expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) at 5-14 days in vitro (DIV) were also determined. Neonatal toluene exposure dose-dependently reduced intracellular Ca2+ signals in response to glutamate/glycine and NMDA/glycine in cultured cerebellar granule neurons, and these effects were gradually decreased with time. Such toluene exposure did not influence the inhibition of Mg2+ or MK801 on NMDA-evoked responses, but it decreased the potency of ifenprodil (an NR2B preferring antagonist). The protein levels of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B were consistently reduced by toluene exposure at 5 DIV, but not at 14 DIV. These results demonstrate that neonatal toluene exposure induces long-term but reversible changes in the function and composition of NMDA receptors. Such changes during developmental stages may contribute to the cerebellar dysfunction observed in fetal solvent syndrome.     

Immediate and long-lasting effects of MK-801 on motor activity,spatial navigation in a swimming pool and EEG in the rat

In a series of experiments, rats received the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801 and measures were made of motor behavior, spatial navigation in a swimming pool, and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. High doses (0.25–10 mg/kg IV) produced somnolence and akinesia, impaired food consumption, locomotion and swimming, and also impaired navigation to a hidden platform but complete recovery on all measures was obtained between 3 and 5 days postinjection. Lower doses (0.05–0.10 mg/kg, IV) impaired acquisition of a new place response in a swimming pool and produced hyperactivity but did not impair performance on a new cue response or on a well-learned place response. Two forms of hippocampal EEG activity, atropine-sensitive and atropine-resistant EEG were present with the low doses. The results demonstrate that a single dose of MK-801 causes changes in motor behavior and learning lasting a few days, but complete recovery occurs within 5 days of administration of even very high doses of MK-801. They further demonstrate that low doses of the drug selectively impair acquisition of new place responses. Although the general changes in behavior produced by MK-801 suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in many aspects of the control of behavior, the results additionally suggest that NMDA receptors are improtant for place learning.     

胞内钙离子浓度与咖啡因保护小脑颗粒神经元作用的关系

用凝胶电泳和fura-2荧光技术测定［Ca²⁺］_i方法研究咖啡因对低钾诱导的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用与［Ca²⁺］_i升高之间的关系. 将体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从高钾（25 mmol·L^-1 KCl）培养基中转移到低钾（5 mmol·L^-1 KCl）培养基中,神经元发生凋亡. 但低钾引起的神经元死亡可被咖啡因（5-20 mmol·L^-1）浓度依赖性地保护,且咖啡因的这种作用不受蓝尼定(ryanodine) 敏感钙释放阻断剂蓝尼定和丹曲林(dantrolene)的影响;也不被Ｌ-型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平, 尼莫地平, 维拉帕米和NMDA受体阻断剂地佐环平抑制. 结果说明［Ca²⁺］_i的升高并不是咖啡因对小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用所必需的.     

胞内钙离子浓度与咖啡因保护小脑颗粒神经元作用的关系(英文)

用凝胶电泳和 fura- 2荧光技术测定 [Ca2 + ]i方法研究咖啡因对低钾诱导的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的保护作用与 [Ca2 + ]i 升高之间的关系 .将体外培养的小脑颗粒神经元从高钾 ( 2 5mmol· L-1KCl)培养基中转移到低钾 ( 5mmol· L-1KCl)培养基中 ,神经元发生凋亡 .但低钾引起的神经元死亡可被咖啡因 ( 5- 2 0 mmol· L-1)浓度依赖性地保护 ,且咖啡因的这种作用不受蓝尼定 ( ryanodine) -敏感钙释放阻断剂蓝尼定和丹曲林 ( dantrolene)的影响 ;也不被 L-型钙通道阻断剂硝苯地平 ,尼莫地平 ,维拉帕米和 NMDA受体阻断剂地佐环平抑制 .结果说明 [Ca2 + ]i 的升高并不是咖啡因对小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用所必需的 .     

Relationship between development of cross-sensitization to MK-801 and delayed increases in glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens induced by a high dose of methamphetamine

Rationale The present study hypothesized that delayed increases in extracellular glutamate (Glu) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), induced by a high dose of methamphetamine (METH), can result in some functional changes of excitatory amino acid receptors, developing behavioral cross-sensitization to a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801.Objectives The present study aims to examine whether two different doses of METH (2.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) induce different effects on the development of cross-sensitization to MK-801. To clarify the mechanisms for development and expression of cross-sensitization to MK-801, we measured extracellular Glu and dopamine (DA) levels in the NAC at METH injections in a treatment period and at MK-801 injection after a 12-day withdrawal period.Materials and methods METH- or MK-801-induced changes in Glu and DA levels and in locomotion were measured using in vivo microdialysis and infrared sensor, respectively.Results METH, at only 2.5 mg/kg, produced delayed increases in Glu levels and developed behavioral cross-sensitization to MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg). MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) induced delayed increases in Glu levels in the NAC, but this time course was not completely consistent with MK-801-induced enhanced hyperlocomotion. During this time course, MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) did not induce any changes in DA levels.Conclusions These results suggest that METH-induced, at 2.5 mg/kg, delayed increases in Glu levels are necessary for development of behavioral cross-sensitization to MK-801, but not METH. The enhanced locomotion-inducing effect of MK-801 might be related to some functional changes in excitatory amino acid receptors such as NMDA and dl-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid in the NAC.     

Post-weaning social isolation and subchronic NMDA glutamate receptor blockade: effects on locomotor activity and GABA signaling in the rat suggest independent mechanisms

Animal models of schizophrenia symptoms include administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonists, such as MK-801, and post-weaning social isolation (SI). We tested the hypothesis that a “double-hit” model, in which MK-801 administration during adulthood [post-natal day (P) 56-62] and SI are combined, produces greater behavioral and neurochemical effects than either insult alone. Rats obtained at weaning (P21) were either SI (n = 21) or group housed (n = 16) for the duration of the experiment. Subgroups received subchronic treatment with MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg i.p., 2 times daily for 7 days) or saline injections from P56-62. At P70, all groups were tested for locomotor activity and subsequently sacrificed to assess GAT-1 activity and GABA_A receptor expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. SI resulted in increased locomotor activity, GAT-1 activity in frontal cortex and hippocampus and GABA_A receptor expression in the frontal cortex; MK-801 increased GABA_A receptor expression in the hippocampus. Activity changes were correlated with changes in hippocampal GAT-1 and frontocortical GABA_A receptor number. There was no evidence that the double-hit produced a greater effect. Increased GAT-1 activity may be associated with suppression of GABA-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission and increased GABA_A receptor expression may be a compensatory response to decreased availability of GABA. Results suggest that SI and subchronic MK-801 may act through independent mechanisms.     

遗传性癫痫易感大鼠脑内NMDA受体功能的研究

Ｎ－甲基－Ｄ－天门冬氨酸（ＮＭＤＡ）受体与癫痫的产生密切相关，我们以［３Ｈ］ＭＫ－８０１在ＮＭＤＡ受体激动剂作用下与突触膜结合情况，检测了遗传性癫痫易感大鼠Ｐ７７ＰＭＣ的ＮＭＤＡ受体功能。结果显示：１０－６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１谷氨酸或１０－６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１谷氨酸加１０－６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１甘氨酸可促进Ｐ７７ＰＭＣ大鼠大脑皮层、海马对［３Ｈ］ＭＫ－８０１的结合，并显著高于对照。一些抗癌药及生物制剂可降低或促进［３Ｈ］ＭＫ－８０１的结合。提示ＮＭＤＡ受体活性增高是遗传性癫痫易感大鼠惊厥产生的重要因素，以及抗病药的可能作用途径。     

Differential binding properties of [3H]dextrorphan and [3H]MK-801 in heterologously expressed NMDA receptors

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists: MK-801, phencyclidine and ketamine are open-channel blockers with limited clinical value due to psychotomimetic effects. Similarly, the psychotomimetic effects of the dextrorotatory opioids, dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan, derive from their NMDAR antagonist actions. Differences in the use dependency of blockade, however, suggest that the binding sites for MK-801 and dextrorphan are distinct. In the absence of exogenous glutamate and glycine, the rate of association of [3H]MK-801 with wild-type NR1-1a/NR2A receptors was considerably slower than that for [3H]dextrorphan. Glutamate individually, and in the presence of the co-agonist glycine, had substantial effects on the specific binding of [3H]MK-801, while the binding of [3H]dextrorphan was not affected. Mutation of residues N616 and A627 in the NR1 subunit had a profound effect on [3H]MK-801 binding affinity, while that of [3H]dextrorphan was unaltered. In contrast, NR1 residues, W611 and N812, were critical for specific binding of [3H]dextrorphan to NR1-1a/NR2A complexes with no corresponding influence on that of [3H]MK-801. Thus, [3H]dextrorphan and [3H]MK-801 have distinct molecular determinants for high-affinity binding. The ability of [3H]dextrorphan to bind to a closed channel, moreover, indicates that its recognition site is shallower in the ion channel domain than that of MK-801 and may be associated with the extracellular vestibule of the NMDAR.     

The marine toxin dinophysistoxin-2 induces differential apoptotic death of rat cerebellar neurons and astrocytes.

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins of algal origin are frequent contaminants of coastal waters and seafood. The potential risk for human health due to the continuous presence of these toxins in food has not been clearly established. We have used cerebellar primary cultures to investigate the effects of the DSP toxin dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2) on central nervous system neurons and glial cells. Exposure to DTX-2 produced neurotoxicity at concentrations starting at 2.5 nM, characterized first by disintegration of neurites and later by cell death. DTX-2-induced neurodegeneration required long exposures (at least 20 h), involved DNA fragmentation and condensation and fragmentation of chromatin, typical hallmarks of apoptosis, and required the synthesis of new proteins. The concentration that reduced by 50% the maximum neuronal survival after 24 h exposure to DTX-2 (EC50(24)) was approximately 8 nM. Morphology and viability of glial cells remained unaffected up to at least 15 nM DTX-2. Higher concentrations of the toxin caused strong shrinkage of glial cell bodies and retraction of processes, and a significant reduction of glial cell viability. Glial toxicity by DTX-2 involved typical apoptotic condensation and fragmentation of chromatin. Compared to neurons, the effect on glial cells was a much shorter process, and extensive glial degeneration and death occurred after 7 h exposure to DTX-2 (EC50(7) approximately 50 nM; EC50(24) approximately 30 nM). Although further experiments are needed to confirm these toxic actions in vivo, our in vitro data suggest that chronic exposure to amounts of DSP toxins below the current safety regulatory limits may represent a risk for human health that should be taken into consideration.     

Prenatal exposure to an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 reduces density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and enhances phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion but not behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in postpubertal rats

Rationale Neurodevelopmental deficits of parvalbumin-immunoreactive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons in prefrontal cortex have been reported in schizophrenia. Glutamate influences the proliferation of this type of interneuron by an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated mechanism. The present study hypothesized that prenatal blockade of NMDA receptors would disrupt GABAergic neurodevelopment, resulting in differences in effects on behavioral responses to a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), and a dopamine releaser, methamphetamine (METH). Methods GABAergic neurons were immunohistochemically stained with parvalbumin antibody. Psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion was measured using an infrared sensor. Results Prenatal exposure (E15–E18) to the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 reduced the density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex on postnatal day 63 (P63) and enhanced PCP-induced hyperlocomotion but not the acute effects of METH on P63 or the development of behavioral sensitization. Prenatal exposure to MK-801 reduced the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons even on postnatal day 35 (P35) and did not enhance PCP-induced hyperlocomotion, the acute effects of METH on P35, or the development of behavioral sensitization to METH. Conclusions These findings suggest that prenatal blockade of NMDA receptors disrupts GABAergic neurodevelopment in medial prefrontal cortex, and that this disruption of GABAergic development may be related to the enhancement of the locomotion-inducing effect of PCP in postpubertal but not juvenile offspring. GABAergic deficit is unrelated to the effects of METH. This GABAergic neurodevelopmental disruption and the enhanced PCP-induced hyperlocomotion in adult offspring prenatally exposed to MK-801 may prove useful as a new model of the neurodevelopmental process of pathogenesis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia via an NMDA-receptor-mediated hypoglutamatergic mechanism.     

锂对磷酸肌醇3位羟基激酶抑制剂LY294002诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的拮抗作用

观察硫酸锂对磷酸肌醇 3位羟基激酶LY2 940 0 2 (50 μmol· L-1)诱导体外培养的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元凋亡的拮抗作用 .结果显示 ,硫酸锂能明显阻断 LY 2 940 0 2诱导的神经元死亡 ,促进神经元存活 (MTT还原法 ) ,IC50 为 1 .2 5- 2 .5mmol· L-1.硫酸锂 (5.0 mmol· L-1)和 LY2 940 0 2同时处理神经元 ,LY2 940 0 2诱导的 DNA片段化(DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法 )和核固缩 (Hoechst332 58核染色法 )不再发生 .说明锂离子可对抗LY 2 940 0 2诱导的神经元凋亡 .采用间接荧光免疫法观察磷酸化 c- Jun蛋白免疫阳性神经元数目 ,结果显示 ,LY2 940 0 2组在 1 2 h可见大量磷酸化c- Jun免疫阳性神经元 ,2 4 h荧光更强 ;而硫酸锂(5.0 mmol·L-1)加 LY2 940 0 2组在各时间点未见磷酸化 c- Jun蛋白免疫阳性细胞 .提示锂离子抗LY2 940 0 2诱导的神经元凋亡的作用通过抑制c- Jun蛋白磷酸化过程起作用 ,其确切机理有待进一步探讨 .     

Hypersusceptibility to DMCM-induced seizures during diazepam withdrawal in mice: evidence for upregulation of NMDA receptors

The present study investigated the role of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors in the hypersusceptibility to seizures induced by the benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate) during diazepam withdrawal The seizure threshold of DMCM was markedly decreased during diazepam withdrawal, reflecting withdrawal hyperexcitability in response to physical dependence. The decrease in the seizure threshold of DMCM in diazepam-withdrawn mice was inhibited by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptan-5,10-imine maleate; 50 μg/kg, s.c.) and ifenprodil (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The effective doses of these compounds were lower than those required to prevent DMCM-induced seizures in chronically vehicle-treated mice. Since MK-801 and ifenprodil do not only bind to NMDA receptors but also to σ receptors, the present study also investigated the effects of σ receptor ligands. The decrease in the seizure threshold of DMCM in diazepam-withdrawn mice was not modified by the σ receptor agonist, (+)-pentazocine (5 mg/kg, s.c.), or the σ receptor antagonist, NE-100 (N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl]-ethylamine monohydrochloride; 5 mg/kg, i.p.). Furthermore, the latency to the expression of wild running induced by intracerebroventricular administration of NMDA (60 ng/mouse) was also significantly lower in diazepam-withdrawn mice than in vehicle-treated control mice. On the other hand, there was no difference in the spermidine concentration between vehicle-treated control and diazepam-withdrawn mice. In a receptor binding experiment, the B_max value for [³H]-MK-801 binding was significantly increased in cerebrocortical tissues from diazepam-withdrawn mice, while the K_d value did not change in either group. However, the acute addition of a high concentration of diazepam (10 and 100 μM) in vitro did not alter [³H]-MK-801 binding in cerebrocortical membrane preparations. The behavioral experiments suggest that NMDA receptor antagonists may suppress benzodiazepine withdrawal responses, while the biochemical study reveals upregulation of the NMDA receptor, which may play an important role in the hypersusceptibility to DMCM-induced seizure in diazepam-withdrawn mice. Received: 23 July 1997 / Accepted: 27 November 1997     

IGF-1经PI3K/Akt依赖性途径保护苯妥英诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡

目的　观察胰岛素样生长因子 1 (insulin likegrowfactor 1, IGF 1)对苯妥英(100μmol·L-1 )处理的大鼠小脑颗粒神经元 (cerebellargranularneurons, CGNs)存活率的影响,并探讨其与PI3K/Akt通路的关系。方法　体外培养 8的小脑颗粒神经元,同时给予 100μmol·L-1苯妥英和μmol·L-1 IGF 1, 48h后行凋亡分析,观察IGF 1对苯妥英诱导的小脑颗粒神经元的保护作用;采用PI3K/Akt通路特异性抑制剂LY294002(50μmol·L-1 )预先与小脑颗粒神经元孵育 30min,再加 1μmol·L-1 IGF 1和 100μmol·L-1苯妥英共孵育 48h,测定神经元存活率,观察IGF 1与PI3KAkt通路的关系;Westernblot法检测苯妥因处理不同时间小脑颗粒神经元内磷酸化Akt水平及总Akt的表达量,并观察IGF 1对磷酸化Akt水平的影响,进一步探讨IGF 1的作用是否经PI3K/Akt通路。结果　①1μmol·L-1 IGF 1可明显抑制 100μmol·L-1苯妥英引起的小脑颗粒神经元的凋亡明显提高小脑颗粒神经元的存活率,使其凋亡特征消失。②PI3K/Akt通路特异性抑制剂LY294002可取消IGF 1的保护作用。③苯妥英使小脑颗粒神经元内磷酸化Akt水平明显降低,但不影响总Akt表达量。④IGF 1可明显恢复被苯妥英抑制的磷酸化Akt的水平。结论　IGF 1保护苯妥英诱导的小脑颗粒神经元凋亡,这种     

Comparative anterograde amnestic and anticonvulsant effects of two types of NMDA receptor antagonists: MK-801 and HA-966

The anterograde amnestic effects of non-competitive NMDA antagonists MK-801 and HA-966 on classic fear conditioning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) were examined in a series of experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 contrasted the anterograde amnestic effects of MK-801, (+)HA-966, and (–)HA-966. Experiment 3 examined the effects of MK-801 and (+)HA-966 on the expression of conditioned responses. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated whether the potency of MK-801, (+)HA-966 or (–)HA-966 in blocking NMDA-induced convulsions paralleled their potency in producing amnesia. The results showed that MK-801 was more potent than (+)HA-966 in producing anterograde amnesia and impairing expression, while (–)HA-966 did not produce anterograde amnesia. The anticonvulsant potency of MK-801, (+)HA-966, and (–)HA-966 paralleled their amnestic potency. These findings suggested that MK-801 and (+)HA-966 produced anterograde amnesia by their specific antagonism of the NMDA receptor complex.     

知母皂苷元对谷氨酸引起的皮层神经元损伤的保护作用研究

目的观察知母皂苷元(Sarsasapogenin,SAR)对谷氨酸引起的皮层神经元损伤的保护作用。方法大鼠乳鼠大脑皮层神经元,培养7 d后用于实验。倒置相差显微镜观察神经元树突生长发育情况;用MTT法测定细胞活力;Ho-echst33258核染色观察细胞凋亡的形态学改变;Western印迹法检测神经元SYP、caspase-3、钙蛋白酶Ⅰ蛋白表达水平。结果形态学观察结果显示谷氨酸可明显抑制神经元树突的生长发育,表现为神经元树突总长度明显降低、一级树突数目明显减少、最大分支级数明显减少及胞体面积缩小。SAR(10、30、100μmol.L-1)可明显抑制谷氨酸对神经元树突生长发育的抑制作用,并呈明显浓度依赖。MTT和Ho-echst33258核染色结果显示谷氨酸可降低神经元细胞活力及增加神经元细胞凋亡百分比。SAR(10、30、100μmol.L-1)能明显对抗谷氨酸引起的神经元细胞活力降低及细胞凋亡百分比增加。Western印迹结果显示谷氨酸可明显降低SYP蛋白表达水平及增加活性caspase-3、钙蛋白酶Ⅰ蛋白表达水平。SAR(10、30、100μmol.L-1)可明显对抗谷氨酸引起SYP蛋白表达降低及活性caspase-3、钙蛋白酶Ⅰ蛋白表达增加。结论知母皂苷元能够明显对抗谷氨酸引起的皮层神经元损伤作用。     

In vitro toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol-A on cerebellar granule cells: cell death, free radical formation, calcium influx and extracellular glutamate.

Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is one of the worlds most widely used brominated flame retardant. The present study reports effects of TBBPA on primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). Using the trypan blue exclusion assay, we show that TBBPA induces death of CGC at low micro molar concentrations. Cell death was reduced by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (3 microM), the antioxidant vitamin E (50 microM), and in calcium-free buffer. We further demonstrate that TBBPA's toxicity was accompanied by apoptosis-like nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Other hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activity were, however, absent, indicating an atypical form of apoptosis. TBBPA increased intracellular free calcium in a concentration-dependent manner. TBBPA also induced an increase in extracellular glutamate in a time-dependent manner. TBBPA gave a concentration-dependent increase information reactive oxygen species (ROS) of measured with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The ROS formation was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A (25 microM), eliminating calcium from the buffer and by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithio-carbamic acid (DDC, 100 microM). Further analysis with Western blot confirmed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after exposure to TBBPA. We found that TBBPA induces ROS formation, increases intracellular calcium, extracellular glutamate, and death of CGC in vitro at concentrations comparable to those of polychlorinated biphenyl. These findings implicate TBBPA as a predicted environmental toxin and bring out the importance of awareness of its hazardous effects.