多平面经食管超声心动图在风心病手术方式选择中的价值

目的：研究应用多平面经食管超声心动图(TEE)和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)相结合，评价该技术在风湿性心瓣膜病手术方式选择中的价值。方法：57例风心病术前应用经胸超声(TTE)和经食管超声两种方法进行检查，重点探查左房血栓、左房云雾影、瓣膜返流和瓣膜病变等方面并对两种方法进行比较。结果：TEE检查：拟行二尖瓣置换30例；球囊扩张15例；主动脉瓣病变5例，3例瓣膜置换、2例未确定，拟6例双瓣置换。TEE检查后：原30例拟行二尖瓣置换中改二尖瓣修复术3例，改双瓣置换3例；原15例拟行球囊扩张者，新发现左心耳血栓8例，改二尖瓣置换5例；原3例主动脉瓣置换及2例主动脉瓣病变未确定者均行主动脉瓣置换；原6例双瓣置换，1例改主动脉瓣置换加二尖瓣修复术；均与手术相符。结论：TEE在风湿性心瓣膜病手术方式选择中有决定性作用，在左房血栓、左房云雾影的检出及二尖瓣返流的定量和主动脉瓣病变的判断中TEE较TTE优越，诊断结果是可靠的。     

经食管及经胸超声心动图对风湿性心脏病左房血栓诊断的对比研究

目的研究多平面经食管超声心动图(TEE)及经胸超声心动图(TTE)对风湿性心脏病左房及左心耳血栓诊断价值比较。方法对临床欲行二尖瓣球囊扩张术及房颤复律的256例风心病患者TTE检查后行TEE检查,对左房血栓(LAT)、左心耳血栓(LAAT)的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE:检出血栓者17例,检出率6.64%,血栓位于左房腔内12例,单纯位于左心耳部2例,左房与左心耳部并存3例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE:新增检出血栓者32例,检出率12.5%,血栓位于左房腔内3例,单纯位于左心耳部28例,左房与左心耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者13例。结论TEE对左心耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,特别是新鲜血栓及左房云雾状回声优于TTE。     

经胸及经食道超声评价二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳功能

应用经胸及经食道超声心动图（TTE,TEE）技术评价风湿心脏病二尖狭窄患者左心耳功能。方法：测定36例健康人和40例二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳最大容积、最小容积、左心耳容积变化率和充盈流速度峰值、排空血流速度峰值,并将二尖瓣狭窄患者按左房内径和是否伴有心房纤颤分为2组。结果：随患者左室和械心耳渐扩大,其容积变化率下降,血流频谱形态改变及血流峰速降低。经TEE虽然较TTE检查图像清晰,但TTE更方便、易行。结论：应用TTE及TEE技术评价二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳功能,可预测病情判断血栓形成的危险程度。     

经食管超声心动图的临床应用

我院自1988～1991年行TEE检查164例病人,男97例,女67例,年龄12～67岁,平均40.4岁。采用77020A型超声仪及食管探头21362A,频率5MHz。对AR及MR的TEE定量诊断标准,根据Helmcker的标准大致将MR分为返流束面积与左房面积之比<25％为轻度;25～50％为中度;>50％为重度。AR的定量标准与TTE相同。结果:1.心房血栓:37例风心病观察心房血栓,TEE诊断左心耳血栓4例;左房及耳部血栓3例,右房小血栓1例。8例血栓均经手术证实。29例未发现血栓者手术14例,13例无血栓,1例巨大左房有血栓,15例未行手术,其中11例已行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术,无栓塞发生。2.人工瓣膜:38例     

经食管超声心动图评价人工心脏瓣膜功能

由于受左房内人工瓣声影的影响,TTE观察人工瓣返流及鉴别返流与瓣周漏方面受一定限制,TEE技术为评价人工瓣功能提供了新的途径。本文利用TTE及TEE技术观察了51例人工瓣置换术后的瓣膜功能及返流程度,并比较了两种技术在评价人工瓣膜中的优缺点。51例中单瓣置换45例,双瓣置换者6例,包括二尖瓣位生物瓣8例,机械瓣41例及主动脉瓣位生物瓣1例,机械瓣7例。结果表明:(1)TEE在发现生物瓣变性,观察左房及左心耳血栓,判定人工MR程度及鉴别返流与瓣漏周方面均优于TTE 技术;     

双孔二尖瓣成形术近、远期疗效的超声评价

目的：讨论超声评价双孔二尖瓣成形术的近、远期疗效的临床价值。方法：应用多平面经食道超声心动图（TEE）对12例行双孔二尖瓣成形术患评估术后即刻疗效；应用经胸超声心动图（TTE）进行术后近、远期疗效观察，其结果与术前超声结果相比较，结果：12例患术后即刻疗效评估显示：Ⅰ级返流8例，0级返流4例。围术期超声显示，Ⅰ级返流7例，Ⅱ级返流1例，0级返流4例，2－3月超声（7例）显示，Ⅰ级返流5例，Ⅲ级返流1例，0级返流1例， 结论：TTE和TEE评价双孔二尖瓣成形术疗效准确，方便，无创，可作为临床首先检查方法。     

经胸及经食管超声在房颤射频消融术前检测左右心耳血栓的临床意义

目的 探讨经胸及经食管超声在心房纤维性颤动(房颤)射频消融术前检测左、右心耳血栓的临床意义.方法 应用经胸(TTE)及经食管(TEE)超声心动图对分为阵发性房颤组(A组)及持续性房颤组(B组)的140例受检者进行研究.结果 A组中, TTE技术没有检测到左心耳血栓,TEE技术在90例中检测出6例左心耳血栓,占6.6%;B组中,TTE技术在50例中发现4例左心耳血栓,占8%; TEE中发现20例左心耳血栓,占40%;右心耳血栓3例,占6%;在左心耳血栓中有15%的患者TEE检查发现2块左心耳的附壁血栓.左、右心耳同时发现血栓者占3%. 结论TTE及TEE在房颤射频消融术前检测左、右心耳血栓具有重要的临床意义.     

经胸及经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的 探讨经胸及经食管超声心动图在二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值.方法 术前经胸超声心动图(TTE)对二尖瓣脱垂的具体部位进行定位,并与手术所见对比.术中应用经食管超声心动图(TEE)实时监测评价二尖瓣成形术的效果.结果 本组60例二尖瓣脱垂患者,TTE诊断67个瓣叶93个分区出现脱垂,术中发现78个瓣叶104个分区脱垂,超声诊断符合率分别为85.9%和89.4%.术中发现二尖瓣反流TEE分级0级38例,1级10例,2级5例,3级7例.0级和1级者视为手术成功,而3级者因反流较多改行二尖瓣置换术.结论 TTE及TEE二者结合在二尖瓣成形术中具有非常重要的应用价值.     

经食管超声对有左心房血栓的二尖瓣球囊瓣膜成形术中的应用价值

目的探讨经食管超声心动图(TEE)在左心房存在血栓条件下的二尖瓣球囊瓣膜成形术(PBMV)中的应用价值.方法36例左心房及心耳部存在血栓的患者在TEE监视引导下,行PBMV术,引导导丝和导管避开左心耳及附近左心房壁的血栓,即刻评定球囊扩张的效果,预防并发症的发生.结果在左心房及心耳部存在机化性血栓、直径≤1.0 cm的左心耳孤立性低回声附壁血栓、直径≤0.5cm的活动性血栓,行PBMV术未出现栓塞并发症;Lutembacher综合征先行PBMV术,后用Amplatzer伞对房间隔缺损进行封堵,获得成功.结论TEE为PBMV术提供了新的监测手段,在左心房存在血栓条件下,使PBMV术由禁忌证变成相对适应证,缩短了病程,提高了介入性手术治疗的安全性、精确性和成功率.     

经食管与经胸超声心动图诊断风湿性心脏病左房血栓的对比研究

目的对比研究经食管超声心动图（TEE）与经胸超声心动图（TTE）对风湿性心脏病患者左房及左心耳血栓的诊断价值。方法对162例风湿性心脏病患者先后行TTE和TEE检查,对左房血栓、左心耳血栓的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE检出血栓者15例,检出率9．26％,血栓位于左房腔内9例,单纯位于左心房耳部5例,左房与左房耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE检出血栓者42例,检出率25．9％,血栓位于左房腔内21例,耳部17例,左房与左心耳部并存4例,有自发云雾状回声者11例。结论TEE对左心房、耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,且可降低TTE误诊率。     

经食管超声追踪评价左房血栓及抗凝溶栓疗效

目的评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)诊断左房血栓,追踪抗凝溶栓治疗效果.方法采用经胸或经食管超声诊断了33例适宜于经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV),又合并有左房血栓的风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者,并用TEE随访观察抗凝溶栓治疗经过,指导决定PBMV时间.结果33例血栓患者,左房耳血栓28例,左房血栓5例.最大血栓6.0cm×4.0cm,最小血栓0.8cm×0.6cm.所有患者均用华法令进行抗凝溶栓治疗,定期复查PI及INR调整用药.治疗两周后开始反复用TEE检查,观察到左房血栓均有不同程度减小直至消失.结论TEE不仅可定性诊断左房血栓,还可评价抗凝溶栓疗效.     

经食管二维超声心动图诊断风心病左房血栓的临床价值

５３例风心产现二尖瓣狭窄患者中，２２例合并左房血栓和／或左心耳血栓都进行经胸二维超声心动图和经食管二维超声心动图检查并经外科手术证实。ＴＴＥ和ＴＥＥ诊断ＬＡＴ和／或ＬＡＡＴ的诊断正确指数、敏感性、特异性分别为５９．８８％、７１．６％、８９．３％和８６．６％、９０％、９６．７％。     

风湿性心脏病并发左心房血栓的危险因素探讨

目的　探讨风湿性心脏病并发左心房血栓的发生率及危险因素。方法　采用非条件Logistic回归模型分析二尖瓣狭窄患者并发左心房血栓的危险因素。结果　风湿性心脏病并发左心房血栓的发生率为 10 .77% ;二尖瓣狭窄、二尖瓣关闭不全、主动脉瓣病变和联合瓣膜病的发生率分别为 15 .6 3%、1.2 5 %、0和 2 .11%。二尖瓣狭窄并发左心房血栓的预测因子是左房自发性超声对比现象 (leftatrialspontaneousechocontrast ,LASEC) (相对危险比3.0 9,P<0 .0 0 0 0 )和房颤 (相对危险比 1.74 ,P =0 .0 0 2 3)。结论　风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者最易发生左心房血栓 ;LASEC和房颤是决定二尖瓣狭窄发生左心房血栓的危险因素。二尖瓣狭窄伴房颤、LASEC的患者应积极抗凝治疗     

Exclusion of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography.

To determine whether transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful in ruling out the presence of atrial thrombus, we performed TEE in 20 patients immediately before valve replacement or valve repair and within 3 days of an autopsy in one patient. Mitral stenosis was the predominant lesion in three patients, mitral regurgitation was seen in 11 patients, five patients had mitral prosthesis malfunction, one patient had a tricuspid prosthesis malfunction, and one patient had aortic stenosis. Eight patients were in atrial fibrillation. Four patients demonstrated spontaneous contrast in the associated atria. Nine patients were receiving oral anticoagulation. Mean left atrial diameter was 5.3 +/- 1.3 mm. TEE revealed no evidence for atrial thrombus in 18 of the 21 patients; this finding was confirmed by careful inspection of the atria including the appendages. TEE demonstrated a left atrial thrombus in two patients and a right atrial thrombus in another (confirmed at the time of surgery or at autopsy). In all cases transthoracic echocardiography was negative. Our data suggest that TEE is useful in ruling out atrial thrombus, and therefore may be a useful test preceding interventions associated with an increased risk of embolism from the atria such as cardioversion, mitral valvuloplasty, or valve replacement.     

Transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac masses

Although transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography has been a procedure of choice for diagnosing cardiac mass lesions, the advent of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provided better visualization of cardiac structures, especially those at a considerable depth from the chest wall, and lesions that involve the left atrial appendage. In this study, we examined the experience at our institution with TEE imaging of cardiac mass lesions (excluding valvular vegetations) from April 1988 to July 1990. TEE studies detected 83 lesions (in 80 patients), which we characterized by type and site: 46 left atrial, 16 right atrial, 7 left ventricular, 2 right ventricular, and 12 extracardiac mass lesions. Of the 46 left atrial lesions, 9 were tumors and 37 were thrombi that involved the body of the left atrium, the left atrial appendage, or both. Associated mitral valve disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, or spontaneous microcavitations were common. Of the 16 right atrial mass lesions, 4 were tumors and 12 were thrombi, including "string" thrombi characteristic of venous thromboembolism. Of the seven left ventricular mass lesions, six were thrombi and one was a papilloma. Of the 12 extracardiac mass lesions, 2 were pericardial cysts and the rest were solid lesions. TEE added new or important clinical information beyond that derived from transthoracic echocardiography in left atrial thrombi, right atrial masses, and extracardiac lesions and was assessed to have influenced the management of patients most in these areas also. TEE is a useful addition to transthoracic echocardiography for diagnosis and clarification of cardiac mass lesions in selected patients.     

高龄二尖瓣狭窄患者经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗的疗效分析

目的：分析60岁以上二尖瓣狭窄的患者行经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（percutaneousballoonmitralvalvuloplasty,PBMV）治疗的安全性和临床效果。方法：29例60岁以上二尖瓣狭窄的患者,食道超声示未见左房血栓后,采用Ross法穿刺房间隔,用Inoue球囊进行扩张,所有患者术前、术后应用体表超声心动图监测其二尖瓣瓣口面积、跨瓣压差、左心房直径、左心房平均压。肺动脉压力以及二尖瓣反流与否。手术后24h、1个月、6个月应用体表超声心动图随访。结果：29例患者均成功实施球囊扩张术,术后及随访6个月时左心房平均压、左心房直径、肺动脉压力较术前均降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。1例术前二尖瓣轻微反流,术后为轻度到中度反流。29例患者术后心功能均得到明显改善,舒张期杂音完全消失或减弱。结论：对于瓣膜无明显钙化、瓣下结构超声心动评分≤6分、心功能Ⅲ级以上、合并其他瓣膜病变较轻的老年患者,PBMV同样可以取得较好的疗效。     

超声心动图检测121例二尖瓣位机械瓣替换术后结果分析

目的与方法：用超声心动图对１２１例二尖瓣位行六种人工机械瓣替换术的患者进行较长时间的随访观察,将手术前后左房、左室容积和左室收缩功能对比分析。结果：术后１１０例的左房容积（ＬＡＶ）较术前缩小;９９例左室容积（ＬＶＶ）恢复到正常;大多数患者二尖瓣下舒张期最大血流速度较术前降低,由术前的１５０～２２０ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ下降到１４０～１８０ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ;１０８例左室射血分数较术前改善;术前有５６例二尖瓣关闭不全,术后探测到５例瓣口有正常返流。结论：二尖瓣人工瓣替换术后远期效果良好。超声心动图在评价人工瓣置换术后的心脏形态和功能方面有着较大的价值。