腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的CT表现

目的分析腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的CT表现,探讨其侵犯途径和解剖学基础。方法回顾性分析21例CT扫描资料和临床资料完整的腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的连续性病例,其中经手术病理证实15例;经临床综合指标及抗炎治疗随访显效而诊断者6例。着重观察：①腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的CT表现;②腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的途径。结果①肺癌腰肌转移2例,肝细胞癌腰肌转移1例,胃癌腰肌转移1例,腰肌肉瘤1例,腰肌黏液腺癌1例,淋巴瘤侵犯腰肌1例,均为单侧;腰椎结核并腰肌冷脓肿10例,其中5例为双侧;腰肌脓肿4例,均为单侧;②腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的途径为：直接侵犯同侧肾旁后间隙或先侵犯同侧肾周间隙后突破肾后筋膜侵犯肾旁后间隙或两种方式混合出现;③腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙表现为：与腰肌病变相连的肿块影;肾旁后间隙内结节影、索条影;肾旁后间隙内密度增高;肾后筋膜增厚。结论CT可准确显示腰肌病变累及肾旁后间隙的解剖学细节。     

多层螺旋CT对成人正常活体肾筋膜的研究价值

目的探讨正常成人活体肾筋膜多层螺旋cT图像厚度、附着等相关指标及研究价值。方法收集2008年1～6月在我院接受腹部CT增强扫描检查的正常组97例，采用西门子16层螺旋CT和Leonardo后处理软件对肾筋膜行多平面重建（muhiplanar reformation，MPR）。结果①双侧肾筋膜厚度分别为（O．13±0．02）cm（左）和（0．12±0．02）cm（右）；②双侧。肾筋膜在矢状位图像上的CT显示率大于轴位图像；③侧锥筋膜与肾筋膜在外侧的融合点位于A线前方180例，融和点位于A线后方14例；结论多层螺旋CT及图像三维重建能较好的显示肾筋膜的附着及肾周间隙的纵向通连情况，是肾周间隙影像研究的一个重要方法。     

后腹腔镜解剖性肾癌根治术

目的 探讨后腹腔镜解剖性肾癌根治术的手术方法 及临床效果.方法 2004年11月～2007年12月.对39例患者采用后腹腔镜解剖性肾癌根治术.常规制作后腹腔操作空间,按顺序分别打开肾筋膜外间隙、腰肌前间隙和肾筋膜前间隙,有序地在这3个相对无血管区进行分离.第一分离层面为肾筋膜外间隙及腰肌前间隙,即肾筋膜后层与侧锥筋膜之间及腰方肌、腰大肌与肾周脂肪之间的无血管区.在该层面可以首先处理肾血管及充分游离肾脏背侧,上至膈肌,下至髂窝;第二分离层面为肾筋膜前间隙,即肾筋膜前层与融合筋膜之间的无血管区.在该层面分离可以充分游离肾脏腹侧面,上至膈肌,下至髂窝.结果 全部手术均成功完成,平均手术时间(40±3)min,平均出血量(30±15)mL.术后6 h恢复饮食,12h下床活动.3例(7.6%)出现肩周痛.术后随访2～30个月,1例于术后13个月出现肝脏转移,大量腹水而死亡,其余患者正常.结论 掌握后腹腔镜解剖性肾癌根治术的解剖层次.可以使手术视野清楚,术中出血少,手术疗效确切,为肾癌根治术提供了更加安全微创的方法 .     

应用多层螺旋CT对成人肾周间隙及肾筋膜活体的研究

目的通过多层螺旋CT对成人肾筋膜和肾周间隙的观察,探讨多层螺旋CT对肾筋膜的附着及通连情况的显示。方法 97例腹部CT增强扫描检查正常者（正常组）及24例急性胰腺炎患者（胰腺炎组）,行多层螺旋CT扫描,对肾周间隙行多平面三维重建,观察肾筋膜的显示及向上和向下的通连情况。结果正常组：左侧有85例（87.6%）肾前、后筋膜在肾上方融合,12例（12.4%）肾前、后筋膜在肾脏上方未见融合,而右侧所有病例肾前、后筋膜在肾上方均未见融合;双侧分别有95例（97.9%）肾前、后筋膜向下连续融合,2例（2.1%）肾前、后筋膜向下断续融合。胰腺炎组：左侧肾前、后筋膜向上融合21例,未融合3例,肾筋膜向下融合23例,未融合1例;右侧肾前、后筋膜向上均未见融合,向下均融合。结论多层螺旋CT三维重建图像能较好地显示双侧肾筋膜及其附着和肾周间隙的通连情况,为临床诊断提供科学依据。     

胰腺肿瘤的CT诊断

一、胰腺的正常CT解剖胰腺外形狭长,位于上腹部腹膜后的肾前间隙内,横跨第1～2腰椎之间,其前方为后腹膜壁层,后方为肾前筋膜。一般CT难以确定胰腺颈部,头部是最宽部分,     

腹膜后占位性病变16例CT报道

腹膜后间隙指腹膜后部分与腹横筋膜之间的解剖结构。腹膜后间隙存在着肾旁间隙、肾周间隙和肾旁后间隙。随着影像学的发展，CT检查已成为腹膜后占位性病变的首选检查方法，其诊断价值也得到充分肯定。现就我院诊断的腹膜后占位性病变16例CT表现分析报告如下。     

急性胰腺炎累及腹膜后间隙及胸膜腔91例CT表现分析

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎（AP）扩散至腹膜后间隙和胸膜腔的CT表现。方法；分析91例经螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描并经临床确诊的AP病例。结果：本组中79例有腹膜后间隙受累，肾前筋膜增厚，48例有腹膜后间隙积液，51例有一侧或两侧胸膜腔积液。结论：AP除了胰腺及胰周邻近组织病变影像外，累及腹膜后间隙及胸膜腔的影像表现同样重要。     

腹膜后间隙通连关系的研究进展

腹膜后间隙是一个以腹后壁壁层腹膜为前界，腹横筋膜为后界，上起横膈，下达盆腔的立体间隙。关于腹膜后间隙的划分，普遍接受的观点是Meyers于20世纪60年代末，70年代初在Condon解剖研究工作的基础上所提出的，即以肾筋膜为主要标志，将腹膜后间隙分为：①肾旁前间隙，位于后壁腹膜和肾前筋膜、侧锥筋膜之间，内有胰腺的大部分、十二指肠腹膜后部分、升、降结肠及脂肪组织；②肾周间隙，位于肾前、后筋膜之间，形似倒置的锥体，容有肾上腺、肾、输尿管和肾门处的肾血管以及较多的肾周脂肪；     

解剖学讲座 第三讲 体壁解剖与临床相关问题(二)

三、腰大肌脓肿产生及扩散的解剖学基础腰椎感染常常是引起腰大肌脓肿的重要来源,而脓肿的扩散则又完全取决于该肌筋膜的延伸情况及其附着点。例如患12胸椎或腰椎结核的病人,可以在股三角区出现能缩小的无痛性寒性肿物,并且在髂窝内也同时可以出现类性质的肿物。因此,掌握腰大肌的起止点和位置及其筋膜的解剖知识,是预测脓肿扩散途径的基础。     

弓状韧带与肾动脉关系的后腹腔镜肾切除解剖学研究

目的探讨弓状韧带的解剖及其在后腹腔镜解剖性肾切除手术中作为肾动脉定位标志的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2014年7月行后腹腔镜解剖性肾切除术297例的病例资料。其中,男176例,女121例,年龄26~82岁,平均54.6岁。左侧174例,右侧123例。肾癌186例,肾盂癌74例,输尿管癌37例。术中采用"用多少,开多少,宁少勿多"的原则按需打开部分肾后间隙,显露腰大肌、腰方肌及膈肌等后腹腔解剖标志。识别内外侧弓状韧带,以内侧弓状韧带为导向,寻找并显露肾动脉。Hem-o-lok处理切断后,于其内下深面稍做游离,即可显露肾静脉,同法处理,总结后腹腔镜下内侧弓状韧带与肾动脉的解剖定位关系。结果后腹腔镜下可清晰识别三个肌性标志,即腰大肌、腰方肌及膈肌;及二个韧带标志,即外侧弓状韧带及内侧弓状韧带。内外弓状韧带在腔镜下呈现"海鸥"样外观,内侧弓状韧带水平向中线方向走行,正对肾动脉。以内侧弓状韧带为定位标志,297例手术快速寻找肾血管,明显缩短手术时间,同时也减少了因损伤肾血管出血而中转开放的几率。结论遵循"用多少,开多少,宁少勿多"的原则游离肾后间隙能依托肾周自身的悬吊固定结构显露肾血管,减少操作通道的数量;内侧弓状韧带是后腹腔镜上尿路手术中肾动脉的重要定位标志,以之为导引寻找肾动脉,能缩短手术时间。     

Grey Turner's sign and Cullen's sign in acute pancreatitis

Four patients with acute pancreatitis presenting with Grey Turner's sign or Cullen's sign have been studied by computed tomography (CT). These observations help confirm the precise anatomic pathways by which the extravasated pancreatic enzymes and their effects lead to these cutaneous discolorations.Grey Turner's sign is produced by spread from the anterior pararenal space to between the two leaves of the posterior renal fascia and subsequently to the lateral edge of the quadratus lumborum muscle. Communication may be established to the posterior pararenal space and to the structures of the flank wall. The lumbar triangle, a site of anatomic weakness on the flank wall, may serve as a structural predisposition.Cullen's sign can be seen to be secondary to the tracking of liberated pancreatic enzymes to the anterior abdominal wall from the inflamed gastrohepatic ligament and across the falciform ligament. Another more direct pathway may be extension from inflammatory changes of the small mesentery or greater omentum to the round ligament, and then to properitoneal fat deep to the umbilicus.     

基于V-Net卷积神经网络深度学习模型自动分割腰椎CT图像中的椎旁肌

目的 观察基于V-Net卷积神经网络(CNN)的深度学习(DL)模型自动分割腰椎CT图像中的椎旁肌的价值。方法 收集471例接受腰椎CT检查患者，按7∶3比例将其分为训练集(n=330)和测试集(n=141);采用2D V-Net进行训练，建立DL模型；观察其分割腰大肌、腰方肌、椎后肌群及椎旁肌的价值。结果 基于V-Net CNN的DL模型分割椎旁肌精度良好，戴斯相似系数(DSC)均较高、肌肉横截面积误差率(CSA error)均较低；其分割训练集图像中的腰大肌、腰方肌及椎旁肌的DSC均高于测试集(P均<0.05),而分割训练集中4组肌肉的CSA error均低于测试集(P均<0.05)。测试集内两两比较结果显示，该模型分割椎后肌群的DSC最高、腰方肌的DSC最低；分割腰方肌的CSA error最高、椎旁肌的CSA error最低(P均<0.05)。结论 以基于V-Net的DL模型自动分割椎旁肌的效能较佳。     

Interposition of the colon between the kidney and the psoas muscle: a normal anatomic variation studied by CT

The position of the bowel in the pararenal space was examined in relation to the kidney and the psoas muscle in 1203 abdominal computed tomographic (CT) examinations. The ascending colon was found between the lower kidney pole and the psoas muscle in 1.7% and the descending colon in 0.7% of the patients. This variation appeared more frequently in women, young adults, and individuals with less intrabdominal fat. Lateral displacement of the lower kidney pole was observed in 40% of the patients with this normal variation. These findings may be of value when interpreting urographic and abdominal CT examinations.     

Anatomical relationships between selected segmental muscles of the lumbar spine in the context of multi-planar segmental motion: a preliminary investigation

In the last decade, concepts regarding spinal stability have been redefined. Whereas traditional stability models considered only the integrity of the intervertebral disc and spinal ligaments, mechanisms contributing to spinal stability are now thought to include neural and muscular elements. Lumbar muscles capable of generating intersegmental stiffness are considered necessary for the control of multi-planar segmental spinal motion. The transversus abdominis, psoas, quadratus lumborum and multifidus have each been described functionally as contributing to segmental motion control in the lumbar spine. However, the fundamental anatomy of these muscles has not been fully established nor have their architectural characteristics as a functional group been explored. A dissection of the lumbar spine was undertaken to document the attachments of the deep vertebral muscles and illustrate their group architectural characteristics in the context of multi-planar segmental motion. The transversus abdominis, psoas, quadratus lumborum and multifidus were each noted to have segmental attachment patterns in the lumbar spine. As a group, they surround the lumbar motion segments from the anterolateral aspect of a vertebral body to the spinous process. A hypothetical role for this muscle group in maintaining lumbar spine stability is discussed as are suggestions for future research.     

Psoas compartment block

The psoas compartment acts as a conduit for the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus. Originating at approximately the 12th thoracic vertebrae, this potential compartment continues on caudally, bordered posterolaterally by fascia of the quadratus lumborum and iliacus muscles, medially by the fascia of the psoas major muscle, and anteriorly by the transversalis fascia. This natural "gutter" acts as a repository for local anesthetic agents and provides an excellent method of unilateral anterior lower extremity anesthesia. After elicitation of a motor evoked response in the muscles of the anterior thigh, 30 to 40 milliliters of local anesthetic is incrementally injected into the compartment. Spread of the anesthetic to all roots of the plexus occurs in 15 to 20 minutes. Profound sensory and motor blockade can be achieved providing surgical anesthesia as well as long duration postoperative pain relief.     

肾周肿瘤的CT诊断价值

目的:探讨肾周肿瘤的CT诊断价值。方法:搜集经手术或活检病理证实肾周肿瘤8例,回顾性分析其CT特征。结果:脂肪肉瘤(LS)4例,表现为肾周混杂密度肿块,3例以脂肪密度为主,内见条、片及团块状软组织影,增强后实质部分强化,1例以实体为主,内见多发散点状钙化,肾实质撑开呈新月状,肾盏扩大积水;脂肪瘤2例,表现为肾周脂肪密度肿块,杂有纤维条索。恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)1例,表现为左肾周混杂密度肿块,内见大块状钙化,肿瘤侵犯肾皮质、腰大肌、腰方肌及腹后壁,脾门及胰头周围多发钙化性转移结节,肝、肺及左侧胸膜转移。平滑肌肉瘤1例,表现为左肾周不规则软组织肿块,境界不清,强化不匀,侵及腰大肌及肾实质。结论:CT可清晰显示肾周肿瘤部位、密度及其与邻近组织的关系,对脂肪瘤、分化良好的LS及有钙化MFH的定性诊断具有重要价值。     

EMG activities of the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles during flexion-relaxation and other motor tasks

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide new information on the myoelectrical activation of the quadratus lumborum, the deep lateral and the superficial medial lumbar erector spinae, the psoas, and the iliacus muscles in various motor tasks. DESIGN: An intramuscular electromyographic study was performed. BACKGROUND: The contribution of individual deep trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine is relatively unknown in different tasks, including the flexion-relaxation phenomenon. METHODS: Seven healthy subjects participated. Fine-wire electrodes were inserted with a needle guided by ultrasound. RESULTS: The highest activity observed for quadratus lumborum and deep lateral erector spinae occurred in ipsilateral trunk flexion in a side-lying position and for superficial medial erector spinae during bilateral leg lift in a prone position. Quadratus lumborum and deep lateral erector spinae were activated when the flexion-relaxation phenomenon was present for superficial medial erector spinae, i.e. when its activity ceased in the latter part of full forward flexion of the trunk, held relaxed and kyphotic. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the activation of the investigated muscles showed a high degree of task specificity, where activation of a certain muscle was not always predictable from its anatomical arrangement and mechanical advantage.     

The quadratus lumborum and low back pain.

Two cases of low back pain from quadratus lumborum myofascial trigger points are presented. One of the patients suffered from an acute episode while the other had a chronic condition. This condition may be more common than previously believed. The quadratus lumborum should be examined in patients presenting with flank pain as well as low back, buttock and lateral hip pain. Thoracolumbar joint dysfunction may often coexist with quadratus lumborum myofascitis and must be treated for optimal results. Myofascial therapy directed at restoring muscle length and function, coupled with joint manipulation to related dysfunctional areas, was implemented. Diagnosis and treatment are outlined.     

Surgical considerations of the renal fascia and the retroperitoneal space around the kidney

Surgical anatomy around the kidney remains controversial. We therefore examined the constitutions of renal fascia and retroperitoneal space around the kidney through the close observations of intraoperative views. The surface of the removed kidney was covered with a smooth membrane, which is the so-called renal fascia. However, such a smooth membrane could not be observed at the dissection site around the kidney during surgery. Only an intricate connective tissue could be observed. On the other hand, using an operative procedure such as dissection or pulling tissue in some direction, an intricate connective tissue changed to a membranous structure. These results suggest that the retroperitoneal area around the kidney would be filled with connective tissue including some fat, which is arranged in a chaotic manner without any specific alignment tridimentionally. As a result of operative procedures, such connective tissue would be grouped, which would be recognized as renal fascia.     

定量CT分析椎旁肌与骨密度的相关性

目的采用定量CT探讨骨密度与椎旁肌的增龄性改变及二者的相关性。方法对2020年6~11月于我院行定量CT骨密度检查的患者进行回顾性分析,采用定量CT测量L3中部层面的椎旁后群肌（竖脊肌和多裂肌）的横截面积;采用星云医学影像后处理平台V9.0测量L4~5椎间隙的腰大肌（椎旁前肌群）的横截面积,分析椎旁肌与骨密度的随着年龄变化的规律和二者的相关性。结果女性的椎旁后群肌的含量（横截面积）在40~60岁明显增多,而男性的随着年龄增长而减少,右侧腰大肌含量随着年龄的增长而降低,而左侧的腰大肌含量在男性40~60岁明显增多,女性40岁以下明显增多。男性的椎旁肌含量随着年龄增长大于女性,骨密度也随着年龄增长而降低,男性骨密度大于女性（男性r=-0.625,P < 0.001;女性r=-0.600,P < 0.001）。腰大肌、椎旁后群肌与骨密度均呈正相关,男性相关性高于女性,右侧高于左侧（男性右侧椎旁后群肌r=0.432,P=0.009;左侧椎旁后群肌r= 0.401,P=0.017;右侧腰大肌r=0.510,P=0.002;左侧腰大肌r=0.447,P=0.007;女性右侧椎旁后群肌r=0.319,P < 0.001;左侧椎旁后群肌r=0.276,P < 0.001;右侧腰大肌r=0.279,P < 0.001;左侧腰大肌r=0.220,P=0.004）。结论椎旁肌随着年龄变化发生改变,男性椎旁肌的含量大于女性,骨密度与年龄呈负相关,腰大肌、椎旁后群肌与骨密度均呈正相关,男性的相关性高于女性,右侧高于左侧,男性的椎旁后群肌与骨密度的相关性低于腰大肌与骨密度的相关性,而女性的椎旁后群肌与骨密度的相关性高于腰大肌与骨密度的相关性。