结肠癌肿瘤浸润范围和淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨结肠癌的病灶部位、局部浸润与淋巴结转移之间的关系,为结肠癌外科手术方式的改进提供依据。方法结肠癌患者118例,其中行D2式淋巴廓清术者12例,D3式90例,D4式16例。用新鲜标本挤压触诊法行淋巴结检取。统计N1,N2,N3,N4站淋巴结的转移情况。肿瘤的浸润深度（T）按TNM分期。肠旁淋巴结分为距肿瘤上、下缘0～5cm,5～10cm以及〉10cm^3组。各组淋巴结转移的差异。结果淋巴结转移率为41.5%。共检取淋巴结1824个,其中有277个淋巴结发生转移,转移度为15.2%。3组肠旁淋巴结的转移率和转移度分别为34.7%,20.9%,2.5%和14.1%,1.7%,5.6%;0～5cm组与5～10cm组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）,5～10cm组与〉10cm组的差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。左半结肠癌淋巴结转移率为33.8%,其中肠旁淋巴结转移率为28.0%,中枢方向淋巴结转移率为19.1%。右半结肠癌的淋巴结转移率为52.0%,其中肠旁淋巴结转移率为52.0%,中枢方向淋巴结转移率为38.0%。右半结肠肿瘤淋巴结转移率尤其是向中枢方向的明显高于左半结肠（P〈0.05）。按浸润深度统计T2,T3,T4组的N1,N2,N3,N4站淋巴结转移率分别为：18.2%,9.1%,4.5%,0%;40.8%,18.4%,8.2%,2.0%;53.8%,28.2%,12.8%,5.1%。结论N1～N4站淋巴结的转移率随肿瘤浸润深度的增加而增加（P〈0.01）。结肠癌肠旁淋巴结的转移主要集中在距肿瘤上、下缘5cm以内的肠旁淋巴结,〉10cm的肠旁淋巴结很少转移。右半结肠癌肠旁淋巴结及中枢方向淋巴结的转移率均高于左半结肠癌。随着结肠癌肿瘤浸润肠壁深度的增加,其淋巴结的转移率尤其是向中枢方向淋巴结的转移明显增加。结肠癌的手术应以D3术式为基本术式,重点要清扫向中枢方向转移的淋巴结,肠管切除的长度以距肿瘤上、下缘各10cm即可。     

无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者淋巴结转移规律及其临床意义

目的：探讨无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者淋巴结转移规律,并分析其与患者预后关系。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年1月间行根治性切除无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者198例,其中行D3式淋巴结廓清术163例,D4式35例,用新鲜标本挤压触诊法行淋巴结捡取。按日本结直肠癌临床病理规约进行淋巴结分组、分站,按第7版TNM分期,N0、N1（1～3个）、N2（4个以上）,分析无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者的淋巴结转移规律。使用SPSS 19统计软件包进行统计分析,计量资料用t检验,计数资料用χ2检验,用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率。结果198例患者中有淋巴结转移者93例,转移率47．0％,共捡取淋巴结3088个,有转移淋巴结361个,转移度11．7％。其中腺瘤恶变患者淋巴结转移率17．6％（3/17）,非腺瘤恶变的结肠癌患者淋巴结转移率49．7％（90/181）,二者相比差异有统计学意义（ P＝0．011）。 N1、N2、N3、N4站无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者5年生存率分别为58．6％（34/58）、52．6％（10/19）、33．3％（4/12）、0;TNM分期中N0、N1、N2无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者5年生存率分别为81．0％（85/105）、57．4％（39/68）、36．0％（9/25）。结论随肿瘤浸润深度增加,淋巴结转移率增高,肿瘤大于5 cm,淋巴结转移率增高;无腺瘤背景的结肠癌患者淋巴结转移率明显高于腺瘤恶变患者,淋巴结转移是无浆膜浸润结肠癌患者预后的独立因素。     

胃癌孤立性淋巴结转移状况与手术范围的关系

目的 研究胃癌孤立性淋巴结分布规律及临床意义，指导手术范围。方法 回顾51例胃癌孤立性淋巴结转移病人的临床病理资料，分析孤立性淋巴结转移出现部位及与原发癌灶的关系，比较跳跃式转移和非跳跃式转移两组病例的临床病理特征。结果 发生在胃周（N1）区域孤立性转移淋巴结占74．5％（38例／51例）（非跳跃式转移），其中有39．2％（20例／51例）发生在邻近原发癌灶（N1）处，有35．3％（18例／51例）发生在相对较远离原发癌灶（N1）处，以No．6、3组常见；有25．5％（13例／51例）出现在N2-N3站区域（跳跃式转移），N2站区域为11例，N3站区域为2例，以No．7、8a组为常见。跳跃式转移与肿瘤浸润深度、大小及部位有显著相关性。两组生存率之间的差异均无统计学意义。结论 胃癌孤立性转移淋巴结分布以胃周为主，呈随机性和多向性。跳跃式转移与肿瘤浸润深度、大小及部位有关。     

大肠癌淋巴转移规律与手术范围的关系

目的 研究进展结肠直肠癌淋巴结转移规律,指导手术根治范围,方法 分析７４例结肠直肠癌行Ｄ３式根治术切除的淋巴结６２３个,按肿瘤旁,肠管纵轴和中枢方向行淋巴结分组,分站计算淋巴结转移率和转移度。结果 肿瘤旁淋巴结转移率为４７．２％,转移度为３８．６％,阳性淋巴结占６１．２％,肠管纵轴方向淋巴结转移率为２２．８％,转移度为１８．６％,阳性淋巴结占１７．１％,并与距肿瘤的距离和方向有关。中枢方向阳性淋巴     

462例中下段直肠癌淋巴转移规律与淋巴清扫范围的分析

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌的淋巴转移规律和淋巴清扫范围。方法 对1990－1999年行传统直肠癌根治术的373例和行传统直肠癌根治术加盆腔侧方淋巴清扫术（简称侧方清扫术）的89例中下段直肠癌患者进行回顾性分析。结果 全组淋巴转移率为41．8％,患者年龄、癌灶浸润深度、大体分型、癌灶大小是影响淋巴转移率的重要因素（P＜0．05）。89例侧方清扫术的盆腔侧方淋巴转移率为15．7％,其中85．7％位于癌灶同侧。有盆腔侧方淋巴结转移者均为浸润深度T3、T4者;癌灶＞3cm、溃疡型或浸润型、年龄＜60岁者盆腔侧方淋巴结转移较高。侧方清扫术组的盆腔复发率为5．6％,明显低于传统直肠癌根治术组的17．7％（P＜0．05）;侧方清扫术组和传统直肠癌根治术组的5年生存率分别为46．7％和47．9％（P＞0．05）。结论 应提高对中下段直肠癌淋巴转移规律的认识,对怀疑或证实有淋巴结转移、癌灶侵犯浆膜或穿透肠壁、癌灶＞3cm、溃疡型或浸润型、年龄＜60岁者建议行侧方清扫术。     

大肠癌淋巴转移规律对手术根治性的临床意义

目的 研究进展期结直肠癌淋巴转移规律,指导手术根治范围。方法 分析７４例结直肠癌行Ｄ３式根治术后淋巴结６２３个,按肿瘤旁、肠管纵轴和中枢方向行淋巴结分组、分站。结果 肿瘤旁淋巴结转移率和转移度最高各为４７％和３８．６％,阳性淋巴结分布率为６１．２％;肠管纵轴方向淋巴结转移率为２３％,转移度为１８．６％,系膜淋巴结转移率为１７．１％,并与距肿瘤远近和方向有关;中枢方向阳性淋巴结分布率为２１．６％,系     

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目的 研究胃上部癌腹腔淋巴结转移规律及其在外科治疗中的意义。方法 回顾性调查施行根治手术并具有完整临床病理资料的胃上部癌病例，分析各组、站淋巴结转移的频度及其与胃癌浸润深度的关系，并比较不同淋巴结分级的术后5年生存率。结果 pT2淋巴结转移阳性病例占81％，其中N1为44％、N2为37％；pT3淋巴结转移占83％，N1为30％、N2为40％、N3为13％；而pT4则100％发生淋巴结转移。幽门上、下组（N3）转移率达9％。不同转移淋巴结分级间术后5年生存率差异有显著性。结论 进展期胃上部癌应行D2以上的淋巴结清除术，方能达到根治的目的。     

胃癌癌周淋巴结转移状况与胃癌预后关系

目的：探索胃癌病人淋巴结转移率及个数与胃癌病人预后以及病理参数之间的关系。方法：对174例有淋巴结转移的胃癌病人行胃癌根治术加D2或D3淋巴结清扫,分析淋巴结转移阳性率,个数,部位与预后及病理参数之间的关系。结果：胃癌根治术后（D2,D3）5年生存率为29．6％（50例）。阳性淋巴结率在1％－20％的5年生存率为70．6％,20％以上5年生存率为12．0％,阳性淋巴结个数为1－55年生存率为46－6％（33例）,大于5个为17．4％（17例）（P＜0．005）。5年生存率随着阳性淋巴结率及个数增多而呈下降趋势。随着肿瘤浸润加深,淋巴转移率及个数增高（P＜0．005）。结论：胃癌阳性淋巴结率及个数与胃癌病人预后有相关性,胃癌阳性淋巴结率,个数可作为简单,有效的预后指标。     

早期胃癌淋巴结转移的研究

目的研究早期胃癌（early gastric cancer，EGC）淋巴结转移的规律。方法回顾性分析2001年6月-2005年7月手术治疗101例EGC的临床病理资料。结果16例（16％）伴有淋巴结转移的EGC均为胃下部癌。黏膜下癌淋巴结转移率为28％，黏膜癌为7％（P〈0．05）。微小胃癌未见淋巴结转移，小胃癌淋巴结转移率为5％。直径1．1～2．0cm及〉2．0cm胃癌的淋巴结转移率分别为15％及28％（P〈0．05）。高分化EGC未见淋巴结转移，中分化及低分化的淋巴结转移率分别为17％及20％。黏膜癌仅累及N1淋巴结，而黏膜下癌则可转移至N2。结论EGC淋巴结转移主要与肿瘤浸润深度、病灶大小有关。应根据淋巴结转移的风险合理选择EGC术式。     

结肠癌淋巴结转移程度与预后关系的研究

目的：探讨淋巴结转移程度对结肠癌根除术后患者预后的影响。方法：回顾分析3年余符合筛选标准的82例行结肠癌根除术患者的临床资料。根据淋巴结转移数目进行分组，N0组（0个）36例，N1组（1~3个）31例，N2组（≥4个）15例。比较各组术后3年生存率、复发率及远处转移率；比较不同浸润深度和N1~N4站淋巴结转移率的关系。结果：N0组，N1组，N2组术后3年生存率分别为80.5%，67.7%，20.0%，组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。N0组及N1组复发率和远处转移率显著低于N2组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随着结肠癌浸润深度的增加，淋巴结转移率也逐渐升高，且N1站淋巴结转移率明显高于其余站淋巴结转移率。结论：无淋巴结转移的患者术后3年生存率显著高于有淋巴结转移的患者，淋巴结转移数目与结肠癌患者预后有关，前者是影响预后的重要因素。

     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.