青海省多房棘球绦虫分子种系发生研究

目的　对青海省多房棘球绦虫分离株Cox1、Nad1基因进行扩增和测序,并构建系统进化树及分子钟,为推测其进化关系及起源提供参考依据。方法　收集2017年青海省人民医院收治的22份肝多房棘球蚴病患者术后标本,对多房棘球蚴线粒体DNA Cox1、Nad1基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并与GenBank数据库中的棘球属绦虫Cox1基因和Nad1基因序列进行比对,观察种内变异情况并构建进化树和分子钟。结果　所有多房棘球绦虫标本与GenBank数据库中检索的多房棘球绦虫亚洲株Cox1、Nad1基因序列同源性均达99%以上,共获得6种不同基因型,其中有2个分离株在GenBank数据库中未找到同源性100%的基因序列。系统进化树显示,收集的多房棘球绦虫标本与多房棘球绦虫亚洲株聚类效果明显;分子钟推测青海地区多房棘球绦虫起源于9.4万年前。结论　本研究发现青海省多房棘球绦虫存在6种不同基因型,其中首次发现2种基因型。青海地区多房棘球绦虫优势株为亚洲株,起源时间约在9.4万年前。     

青海省多房棘球绦虫分子种系发生研究

目的　对青海省多房棘球绦虫分离株Cox1、Nad1基因进行扩增和测序，并构建系统进化树及分子钟，为推测其进化关系及起源提供参考依据。方法　收集2017年青海省人民医院收治的22份肝多房棘球蚴病患者术后标本，对多房棘球蚴线粒体DNA Cox1、Nad1基因进行PCR扩增和测序，并与GenBank数据库中的棘球属绦虫Cox1基因和Nad1基因序列进行比对，观察种内变异情况并构建进化树和分子钟。结果　所有多房棘球绦虫标本与GenBank数据库中检索的多房棘球绦虫亚洲株Cox1、Nad1基因序列同源性均达99%以上，共获得6种不同基因型，其中有2个分离株在GenBank数据库中未找到同源性100%的基因序列。系统进化树显示，收集的多房棘球绦虫标本与多房棘球绦虫亚洲株聚类效果明显；分子钟推测青海地区多房棘球绦虫起源于9.4万年前。结论　本研究发现青海省多房棘球绦虫存在6种不同基因型，其中首次发现2种基因型。青海地区多房棘球绦虫优势株为亚洲株，起源时间约在9.4万年前。     

多房棘球绦虫遗传多态性研究进展

多房棘球蚴病是由多房棘球绦虫幼虫感染引起的一种极为严重的慢性寄生虫病。本文通过文献回顾,从研究方法入手,就基于DNA序列与微卫星数据的全球多房棘球绦虫遗传多样性的研究进展进行综述,以期为多房棘球蚴病的防治提供参考。     

新疆北部多房棘球绦虫动物宿主研究初报

本文报告在新疆北部泡型包虫病流行地区的农村牧区以及山地和草原地带进行多房棘球绦虫终宿主和中间宿主调查的结果。采用槟榔碱导泻法检查 30 5只家 (牧 )犬 ,在 5 2只犬中检出棘球绦虫成虫 ,感染率为 17%。对所获 13974条虫体进行鉴定的结果 ,皆为细粒棘球绦虫。表明在新疆北部泡型包虫病流行地区 ,家犬不是多房棘球绦虫的终宿主。检查啮齿目动物 31种 5 16 3只 ,食虫目动物 4种 2 6 1只和兔形目动物 2种 196只。在西部天山地区捕获的伊犁田鼠和塔尔巴哈台山地区捕获的水鼠平中发现多房棘球蚴感染 ,表明这两种鼠类是当地多房棘球绦虫的中间宿主。属于国内新记录。     

甘肃漳县多房棘球绦虫及其终宿主的发现

本文调查了甘肃漳县草滩地区多房棘球绦虫在家犬体内的自然感染情况。剖检59只家犬肠道发现6只阳性,感染率为10.2％。对获检的成虫标本做了形态学描述,并和国内其它地区的多房棘球绦虫形态特征进行了比较。对家犬在当地多房棘球蚴病流行病学中的作用进行了讨论。     

犬体内细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫的混合感染

目的 证实家犬体内是否存在细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫混合感染。方法 从新疆和静县巴音布鲁克草原现场收购的30条牧羊犬,经麻醉后处死解剖,在1只雌性牧羊犬小肠内发现棘球绦虫成虫1万条以上,经显微镜观察,疑为细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫混合感染。用Eg1f/r和EM-15/17EM引物分别对两种棘球绦虫的线粒体DNA特异目的片段进行序列分析鉴定。结果 形态学观察:细粒棘球绦虫孕节长大,生殖孔偏后,位于节片一侧中部。子宫有不规则的分支和侧突(侧囊),内含虫卵200~800个。多房棘球绦虫较短小,4~5体节。孕节中子宫呈简单的囊状,无侧囊。生殖孔开口于侧缘的前半部。线粒体12S RNA序列鉴定,扩增样本DNA经同源序列比较发现,与细粒棘球绦虫G1型具有相同的序列;扩增样本与多房棘球绦虫具有相同的序列。分别确定为细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫两种虫种。结论 首次证实家犬体内存在细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫的混合感染。     

多房棘球绦虫终宿主的检查方法简评

多房棘球绦虫广泛分布于北半球,主要在野生动物间传播,完成其生活史。野生中间宿主为啮齿类动物,终宿主是以狐、狼等为主的食肉动物。但在圣劳伦斯岛,阿拉斯加,中美北部,中国甘肃、四川等地发现犬及其他食肉家养动物也有多房棘球绦虫的感染,由此造成人群的感染。多房棘球绦虫幼虫可寄生于人、畜肝、脑等部位,称泡型包虫病,是一种致命的寄生虫病。寄生虫病的流行特征与其宿主的生态分布紧密相关,因此检测多房棘球绦虫终宿主的感染可掌握泡型包虫病的流行病学资料,藉以采取有效措施预防人、畜感染,降低发病率。本文就多房棘球绦虫…     

环境因素对多房棘球绦虫卵感染力的影响

本文通过研究多房棘球绦虫虫卵对多种实验条件的敏感性,确定了环境因素对其感染力的影响。 作者从德国西南部猎获自然感染多房棘球绦虫的野狐小肠中取得感染性虫卵。在严格防护、避免污染的条件下,剖开小肠,自来水冲洗,自成虫末端取节片,置自来水中4℃保存。为确定小肠中每个节片的平均感染力,每次取材后至少用3只仓鼠经口感染10个     

我国内蒙古大兴安岭北麓泡状肝包虫种类的研究I.多房棘球绦虫

人兽共患泡状(多房)棘球蚴病的病原种类,一向人们都认为只有多房棘球绦虫一种,其中包含分布在不同地区的2-3个地理株(或亚种)(Vogel,1957;KumaratilakeandThompson,1982;Miyazaki,1991;等)。但在我国内蒙古东北部大兴安岭北麓呼伦贝尔草原,却存在着多房棘球绦虫(EchinococcusmultilocularisLeuckart,1863)的所谓三个“地理株(或亚种)”:欧洲的多房棘球绦虫、冻土地带的西伯利亚棘球绦虫和苏俄的多房棘球绦虫。它们在内蒙古不仅存在于同一流行区,而且成虫常混合感染于同一终宿主沙狐的体内。2001年,作者再次检查呼伦贝尔的沙狐151只,从中检出19只感染有泡状棘球绦虫成虫,其中有9只混合感染上述的不同形态的三虫种。观察了它们成虫的埋蜡连续切片的制片,说明它们的子宫是各有稳定不变的结构。这三虫种经人工感染数百只实验鼠,比较观察了各虫体幼虫期大量的埋蜡连续切片,再次证实此三虫种在中间宿主鼠类体内发育的幼虫期,是各有一定的结构和发育格式。本文着重介绍欧洲型多房棘球绦虫的成虫子宫结构和它幼虫期发育。     

俄罗斯及其周边国家多房棘球绦虫的感染状况

多房棘球绦虫引发的泡型包虫病是危害最严重的人兽共患病之一,人类可因接触感染动物及其皮毛或污染了多房棘球绦虫虫卵的水土、浆果和用具而感染。 在俄罗斯及其周边国家,多房棘球绦虫的终宿主是以狐和北极狐为主的9种肉食性动物,中间宿主是以啮齿动物为主的30多种哺乳动物。不同地区因生态和经济条件的差异,往往以一种或另一种动物作为主要的终     

Studies on the incidence of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in north-east, central and south of Poland

During the year 1994-1997, a total number of 1042 red foxes orginating from the 33 provinces North-East, Central and South of Poland under special safety procautions for intestinal stages of Echinococcus multilocularis using the mucosal-smer technique were examined. An average of 5.09% (53 foxes) from 10 provinces was infected. In those provinces, the prevalance varied between 1.19% to 35.71%. The infection varied from low to very high but mostly harboured gravid E. multilocularis parasites with thick-shelled eggs. Our data indicate that E. multilocularis in foxes has a surprisingly wide distribution in Poland. These new epidemiological data indicate that a potential risk of infection for humans may exists in all areas where foxes infected with E. multilocularis have been identified. It has been assumed that E. multilocularis might also occur in other provinces in which foxes examination have not yet been undertaken or number examined of animals was low. This study was supported by a two grands from the Swiss National Foundation (projects No 7PLPJ038414 and 7PLPJ041302).     

Epidemiological studies on Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in north-west Poland

The studies were carried out in 15 provinces of North-West part of Poland in the years 1994 - 1997 under a regime of strict laboratory safety regulation. The intestine of 1909 red foxes were examined for the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis according to the method of Eckert et al (1991). The intestines were divided finto four to six sections and fifteen smears were prepared from each animal under study. Foxes infected with E. multilocularis were detected in 8 provinces. The average prevalence rate in these provinces was 1.20 per cent. Of special interest fis the finding in Slupsk and Gdafisk regions, where 9.6 per cent of foxes were infected with E. multilocularis. In comparison with some other European endemic regions the prevalence rates of E. multilocularis in Poland was low, except for the Stupsk-Gdańsk area.     

Geographic information system-aided analysis of factors associated with the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis infections of foxes.

To investigate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial epidemiology of infections with Echinococcus multilocularis, foxes were sampled in a focal endemic region in the Northwest of Brandenburg, Germany, and examined for infection by the parasite. The locations where foxes were obtained were recorded in a geographic information system database. Positions of infected and uninfected foxes were analyzed on the background of geographic vector data of water, settlements, streets, forests, crop, and pasture. Fox positions were allocated to different land-use classes by use of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite image. Infected foxes were more frequently shot near water, in areas of high soil humidity, and on pastures, suggesting that dryness may limit the tenacity of E. multilocularis oncospheres. Thus open landscapes with humid soil seem to be favorable for the life cycle of the parasite. In contrast, infected foxes were significantly underrepresented in forest areas.     

我国内蒙古大兴安岭北麓泡状肝包虫种类的研究 II.西伯利亚棘球绦虫(Echinococcus sibiricensis Rauschet Schiller,1954)

目的Rausch and Schiller(1954)在美国阿拉斯加白令海峡St.Lawrence岛从北极狐(Alopex lagopus)和雪撬狗(sledge dogs)发现西伯利亚棘球绦虫新种(Echinococcus sibiricensis sp.nov.),但诸多学者认为E.sibiricensis Rausch et Schiller,1954是欧洲的多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart,1863)的地理株(或亚种)(Vogel,1957;Skrjabin and Abuladze,1964;Kumaratilake and Thompson,1982;Meyajaki,1991等)。于1985-2002年间,作者在我国内蒙古大兴安岭北麓草场多年进行泡状棘球蚴(alveolar Echinococcus)病原的野外调查和实验室鼠类的人工感染试验,结果发现该地区同地点存在有北美西伯利亚棘球绦虫、欧洲多房棘球绦虫及苏俄多房棘球绦虫三种不同"地理株",而且三种成虫常混合感染于同一终宿主沙狐(Vulpes corsac)的体内,它们的幼虫期也存在于当地的布氏田鼠(Microtus brandti)。2001年,作者再次检查当地沙狐151只,从中检出19只感染有泡状棘球绦虫成虫。含成熟虫体的13只阳性沙狐中,感染西伯利亚棘球绦虫有11只,其中2只单独感染此虫种,另9只还混合感染了欧洲多房棘球绦虫及苏俄多房棘球绦虫三虫种。在呼伦贝尔草原的泡状棘球蚴病原中,西伯利亚棘球绦虫是优势种,它在终宿主沙狐和中间宿主的感染率都高过其他虫种。本文着重介绍西伯利亚棘球绦虫的成虫子宫结构和它幼虫期在野外布氏田鼠及人工感染实验鼠体内的发育情况。     

Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)--the new host of Echinococcus multilocularis in Poland

The alimentary canals of 9 species of domesticated or wild animals were examined for the presence of E. multilocularis. The tapeworm was found in 9 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) out of 155 examined (5.8%) and in 2 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) of 25 examined (8.0%). Our studies proved that in Poland the raccoon dog can also be infected with E. multilocularis.     

An attempt to determine intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in Poland

Echinococcus multilocularis, a tiny tapeworm (2-3 mm in length) occurs in the small intestine of red foxes and raccoon dogs in Poland. Small rodents, intermediate hosts of the tapeworm can ingest parasite eggs excreted in faeces by final host. Humans can become infected by accidental ingestion of the eggs. The resulting disease, alveolar echinococcosis, potentially lethal zoonosis, typically presents as an infiltrative tumor-like growth in the liver, which may invade neighbouring organs. The objective of the study was to determine intermediate host species for E. multilocularis in Poland. During the years 2004-2006, a total of 1425 animals, i.e. 1170 rodents (14 species), 238 insectivores (4 species) and 17 Mustelids (3 species) were trapped and autopsied for the presence of E. multilocularis protoscolices (larvae). Animals were captured in northern, north-eastern, central and southern Poland, areas where the high prevalence of the tapeworm was recorded in foxes. In 44 (3.1%) of examined animals were found cysts in the liver, however no typical lesions were affirmed. Infection was not confirmed using PCR technique with primers specific for E. multilocularis (EmCA90, EmTriple83).     

青海动物棘球绦虫感染调查研究

:1992～ 1999年分别对青海青南高原区、祁连山地和河湟谷地区及柴达木盆地三个不同地形区的家养动物和野生动物棘球绦虫的感染进行了调查研究 ,结果在终宿主动物犬、狼、狐和猫的小肠内发现细粒棘球绦虫感染 ,也在犬和狐小肠中证实存在多房棘球绦虫感染。在 4种家养的中间宿主动物绵羊、牦牛、山羊和猪体内发现细粒棘球蚴的感染 ,也在黑唇鼠兔、灰尾兔和灰仓鼠 3种野生的中间宿主动物证实存在泡球蚴的感染。显示青海两种棘球绦虫的宿主动物种类较多 ,且主要终宿主 (犬 )和中间宿主 (绵羊、牦牛 )的棘球绦虫和棘球蚴的感染率都很高。提示青海三个不同地形区内均存在细粒棘球绦虫的家养和野生食肉动物 /家养或野生食草动物之间的生活史循环链和多房棘球绦虫的家养和野生食肉动物 /野生啮齿类动物之间的生活史循环链。     

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis. This review presents data from Europe and Poland on the prevalence of helminth and protozoan parasites in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The most common nematodes were geohelminths: Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis and Toxocara leonina. As concerning Trichinella genus T. britovi was found more often than T. spiralis. Among tapeworms the following species were recorded: Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia sp., and Echinococcus multilocularis. Detected cases of E. multilocularis together with an increase of fox population during last few years create a potential human risk of infection. The results of many studies indicate rare presence of trematodes (Alaria alata) and protozoan parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Leishmania spp., Eimeria spp.) in red foxes.     

Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China: a preliminary analysis

The Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region (XUAR) in north-western China is known to be endemic for Echinococcosis multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis (HAE). Despite regular reports of HAE cases in their region, very little is known about the local epidemiology of the disease or the transmission of E. multilocularis. The epidemiology of HAE in Xinjiang has now been investigated by the analysis of data collected from the medical records of 157 clinical cases who had attended the four main hospitals in the region. These data indicate that the disease is relatively common in the Altai, western Junggar, and Tianshan mountain ranges, whereas the Tarim and Junggar basins are likely to be of low endemicity. The prevalence of the disease in the Kunlun mountains is not clear. Semi-nomadic groups, especially those of Kazakh or Mongol origin, have a higher risk of infection than other ethnic groups. Prevalence of the disease in humans appears to be correlated with aspects of the local climate, such as annual precipitation and temperature. Red foxes, Microtinae, Ochotona spp. and Marmota spp. may be important hosts of E. multilocularis in the XUAR, sustaining the transmission cycles of the parasite.