Biomechanical analysis of controlled tibial blunt force trauma

The analysis and interpretation of skeletal injuries caused by blunt force trauma (BFT) is often critical to reconstructing a victim’s osteological profile. The manner in which bone fractures in response to BFT is a complex multiphasic process that involves interactions between mechanical force, skin and the musculo-skeletal system. To further improve our understanding of how bone fractures under mechanical force, this study investigated whether a quantifiable relationship was discernible between force and specific fracture outcomes (maximum fracture length, total fragment count and total anterior/posterior radiating fracture lines) and how anatomical factors influenced those outcomes. Fleshed sheep tibiae (Ovis aries, n = 30) were subjected to three conditions of force (90 N, 112 N and 135 N), ten tibiae at each force. Results indicate that a significant relationship exists between force and fracture length with respect to 90 N and 112 N force outcomes. No significant relationship was discernible between the level of force and the outcome variables of total fragment count and total anterior/posterior radiating fracture lines. These preliminary results suggest there is potential for further analysis of bone fracture behaviour under mechanical force with consideration to a broader suite of soft tissue and skeletal variables.     

螺旋CT平扫早期诊断肠和肠系膜钝性伤的临床价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT平扫对肠及肠系膜钝性伤的早期诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析32例经手术证实的急性肠及肠系膜钝性伤的CT表现和临床资料,所有病例均行CT平扫及增强检查,总结其CT征象的临床意义,并对CT平扫及增强检查结果进行对比分析.结果 螺旋CT平扫及CT增强在腹腔积液或血肿、腹腔游离气体、肠系膜渗出及血肿、肠壁肿胀、肠管破裂、肠管扩张伴积液方面,诊断率无显著性差异.结论 螺旋CT平扫对早期诊断急性肠和肠系膜钝性伤有较大临床价值,增强检查可作为CT平扫的重要补充.     

腹部闭合性损伤的腹腔镜诊断和治疗(附116例报告)

目的探讨总结应用腹腔镜技术诊断和治疗腹部闭合性损伤的临床效果.方法 116例腹部闭合性损伤病例在全麻、腹腔镜下行诊断和治疗.结果 116例均于腹腔镜下明确诊断并进行治疗.其中38例出血停止,36例腹腔镜下止血成功,8例腹腔镜行脾切除术.避免剖腹手术82例,占70.7%.结论腹腔镜应用于腹部闭合性损伤的诊断和治疗是可行的,且较腹腔穿刺、腹腔灌洗及剖腹探查简便宜行.     

闭合性肠及系膜损伤的螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨闭合性肠及肠系膜损伤的螺旋CT特点。方法回顾性分析总结17例经手术证实的肠及系膜损伤的CT征象。结果腹腔或肠管间积液、积血16例,腹腔游离气体6例,肠系膜渗出12例,肠系膜血肿10例,肠壁肿胀增厚、血肿12例,肠管扩张并积液11例。CT术前诊断明确16例,1例表现为阴性。结论螺旋CT对闭合性肠及肠系膜损伤的诊断具有重要价值,可作出准确术前诊断。     

Differentiation of serrated and non-serrated blades from stab marks in bone

Although evidence of sharp-force trauma on the human body, particularly the skeleton, can be extremely useful in providing information regarding the manner and context of death, there is still a lack of necessary detail available to the investigator. Using ribs, radii, scapulae, vertebrae and carpal bones, this study demonstrated that distinctions could be made between the stab marks left by serrated blades and those of non-serrated blades. Low power and scanning electron microscopy were used to record distinctive ‘T’-shaped stab marks from non-serrated blades and ‘Y’-shaped stab marks from serrated blades. In addition, elemental evidence of the presence of the blade in the stab-mark kerf was recoverable even when no metal fragment was visible.     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描对钝性肾损伤的诊断价值及临床意义

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)增强扫描对钝性肾损伤的诊断价值和临床意义。方法笔者回顾性分析2010年2月~2014年12月收治的122例钝性肾损伤患者的临床资料,其中男性94例,女性28例;年龄9~71岁,平均41岁。道路交通伤34例,高处坠落伤54例,其他34例。所有患者均接受MSCT扫描,96例患者进行增强扫描,患者取仰卧位,扫描范围为膈顶至耻骨联合,增强扫描包括皮质期、髓质期,47例还进行了排泄期扫描。结果根据美国创伤外科协会肾损伤分级标准将122个病例分为Ⅰ~Ⅴ级,本组患者中Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ级44例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅴ级12例。结论 MSCT增强扫描对钝性肾损伤患者的诊断和分级有重大的价值,为临床治疗方案的选择有着重要的意义。     

The incidence and differential diagnosis of acute groin injuries in male soccer players

This prospective cohort study evaluated the incidence of acute groin injuries and estimated the distribution of differential diagnoses in male soccer players. Two senior male soccer divisions (21 teams, 326 players) were followed for 1 year. Patients with groin injuries were examined clinically as well as by herniography, sonography and by plain x-ray of the pelvic bones. Groin injuries accounted for 8% of all injuries. The incidence of groin injury was 0.8/1000 h of exposure. Thirteen (52%) of the 25 patients were clinically considered to have a muscle/tendon injury. However, when using sonography, muscle/tendon injury was only verified in 1 patient. Clinical suspicion of hernia or incipient hernia was evident in 4 (16%) of the patients, while 14 (56%) had a pathological finding at herniography. Clinical and paraclinical (i.e. diagnostic methods using imaging and other advanced techniques) diagnoses do not correspond very well in acute groin injury.     

Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging in post-mortem examinations: elucidation and identification of cranial and facial fractures in victims of homicide utilizing 3-D computerized imaging reconstruction techniques

The analysis of cranial and facial fractures in skeletal remains of homicidal victims can prove challenging for forensic anthropologists and forensic pathologists in postmortem examination. In such cases, the use of 3-D computerized imaging to elucidate the fractures and patterns of injuries can provide strong medical evidence that is very useful during litigation and at trial. The authors describe 3-D reconstructions of the skull performed as part of forensic postmortem examination in a recent victim of homicide. Received: 16 June 1998 / Received in revised form: 22 February 1999     

隐匿性胸部创伤的诊治现状与进展

隐匿性胸部创伤指X线片检查正常而CT扫描异常的胸部创伤,发生率为37.3%~71%,以肋骨骨折、气胸、血胸及肺挫伤等较为常见。尽管多数隐匿性胸部创伤不需特殊处理,但有的可能导致严重后果,临床上仍应高度重视。上胸部隐匿性肋骨骨折,提示创伤严重,而下胸部肋骨骨折,可能存在腹腔实质脏器损伤。隐匿性气胸需要机械通气时不必预防性安置胸腔引流,但需密切观察,一旦病情进展,需及时处理。隐匿性血胸厚度≥1.5cm,宜安置胸腔引流管,以免发生并发症。尽管隐匿性肺挫伤发生率高,但其治疗方案需结合其他临床指标。     

粗针穿刺活检在纵隔T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤与B1型胸腺瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 分析纵隔T淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤(T-LBL)和B1型胸腺瘤病例的临床和病理学特点,提高粗针穿刺活检在这两种疾病鉴别诊断中的准确性.方法 收集连续诊断的34例T-LBL和10例B1型胸腺瘤患者作为研究对象,均接受纵隔粗针穿刺活检获取标本,并经手术标本病理诊断确认.收集两组患者的临床资料,对比其粗针穿刺活检标本的组织病理学和免疫表型的差异.结果 T-LBL患者以小于30岁为主(73％),男性发病明显多于女性,男女比3.3∶1.B1型胸腺瘤平均年龄43岁(40岁以上占50％),男女比2∶3.T-LBL患者均有胸闷、气短、咳嗽等临床症状;B1型胸腺瘤患者中3例出现胸闷气短症状,2例出现重症肌无力症状.影像学特征:两组患者均为前纵隔单发肿物,肿块＞10cm者在T-LBL患者中占88％,在B1型胸腺瘤患者中仅占50％.T-LBL患者全部可见肿瘤侵犯引起的胸腔或心包腔积液,而B1型胸腺瘤无此特征.病理学特征:T-LBL的瘤细胞在纤维组织中呈“列兵样”浸润性生长(65％),有骨骼肌组织侵犯(41％)和肿瘤性坏死(21％),而B1型胸腺瘤无此特征.所有B1型胸腺瘤均保留胸腺小叶结构,可见粗大纤维间隔,但仅3％的T-LBL保留胸腺小叶结构.免疫组化染色显示所有B1型胸腺瘤均可见完整的细胞角蛋白网,但T-LBL的细胞角蛋白网破坏.T-LBL和B1型胸腺瘤出现周围脂肪组织浸润的比例有差异,分别为59％和20％.结论 T-LBL与B1型胸腺瘤在患者性别、发病年龄、临床症状及影像学改变上有明显差异,以病理学特征的改变最具鉴别意义.密切联系临床表现与组织病理学改变有助于提高纵隔粗针穿刺活检在两种疾病鉴别诊断中的价值.     

检测BALF中CRP和T细胞亚群对肺结核与肺癌鉴别诊断的意义

目的评价联合检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中C反应蛋白（CRP）浓度及T淋巴细胞亚群在肺癌及肺结核鉴别诊断中的意义。方法对43例确诊的肺癌患者、37例肺结核患者以及20例健康体检者,采用免疫比浊法检测BALF中CRP浓度,流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群水平。结果肺结核组BALF中CRP浓度高于健康对照组和肺癌组（P〈0.05）,与肺结核组和健康对照组相比,肺癌组BALF中的T细胞亚群中CD4＋细胞比例和CD4＋/CD8＋比值显著下降（P〈0.05）,而CD8＋比例无明显差异（P〉0.05）。各种肺癌类型之间,CD4＋、CD8＋细胞比较无明显差异（P〉0.05）。诊断肺结核时,BALF中CRP浓度为29.2 mg/L时特异性最高,为91.4%;诊断肺癌时,BALF中T细胞分类CD4＋细胞比例为34.2%时特异性最高,为87.9%。结论联合检测BALF中CRP及T淋巴细胞亚群,对肺癌与肺结核的鉴别诊断具有一定的价值。