宝鸡市克山病急发病况简要回顾

宝鸡市共有 12个县 (区 )。克山病发病分布于陇县、千阳县、凤翔县、岐山县、麟游县、凤县 6个病区县。在 5 0～6 0年代 ,都曾有过不同程度的克山病暴发的病史。至 1990年 ,这 6个病区县30年间克山病急发病例 4 2 5例 ,累计死亡 348例 ,以千阳县、凤县发病较重 ,占总发病例数的 73% ,其次为凤翔县、麟游县等。 1984— 2 0 0 1年以来 ,6病区县的 3个 5年段克山病在千阳县、凤县、陇县出现散在小区域流行 ,以自然慢型克山病的急发为主 ,尤以陇县为重要。1975年 ,曾作过一次克山病的普查 ,检出潜在型、慢型克山病 5 0 8例 ,到1989年下降为 2 0 …     

2010年山东省克山病病情监测结果分析

目的 观察山东省克山病病情,掌握克山病的发病情况,科学指导防治工作的开展.方法 按照山东省克山病监测方案的要求,在7个克山病县(市、区)进行了病例搜索,在其中有代表性的3个县(市)中选择6个自然村进行了病情重点监测,每个监测点对420名左右居民进行详细询问病史、临床查体和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者拍摄后前位X线胸片,同时采集部分居民头发和粮食检测内外环境硒水平,并收集居民经济收入及人均占有粮食等基本情况.结果 ①共搜索医疗单位259个,心肌疾病患者1132例,确定疑似克山病638例,诊断慢型克山病142例.②6个监测点调查居民2538人,检出克山病患者91例(其中潜在型77例,慢型14例),检出率为3.58％.描记心电图2127例,异常心电图检出率为24.5％(521/2127),以ST-T改变、T波改变、窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、窦性心动过速、房性早搏等多见.拍摄X线胸片75例,39例增大(其中轻度增大21例,中度增大13例,重度增大5例).③采集头发、粮食等样品406份,病区居民发硒水平接近硒适宜地区的水平,粮食硒水平仍处于较低水平;各监测点人均年收入为3000～ 5900元;居民主食以面粉为主.结论 山东省克山病病情处于稳定态势,但监测中仍有慢型、潜在型患者检出;内环境硒水平明显升高,与病区居民生活水平的提高和膳食营养的改善有关.     

延边州2008～2012年克山病监测结果分析

目的观察克山病病情及发病相关因素的动态变化,为指导克山病防治研究提供科学依据。方法选取克山病病区为监测点,按照《全国克山病监测方案》要求,自2008年～2012年对监测点常住人口进行病例搜索和病情监测。包括临床查体、心电图描记、疑似病例心脏后前位x线摄片,同时调查经济收入和主食情况。结果5年间共搜索6个县（市）,170个医疗机构,克山病受检人数5627人,检出克山病62例,总检出率1．10％。X线胸片检查281例,心电图描记5627例,检出的病人均为慢型和潜在型,未发现急型和亚急型病人。结论克山病病区居民病情处于稳定态势,在国家病区控制标准之内。居民经济收入增加膳食明显改善,内环境硒含量水平升高是重要环境因素。     

2011年山东省克山病病情监测结果分析

目的观察山东省克山病病情,掌握克山病的发病情况,科学指导防治工作的开展。方法按照山东省克山病监测方案的要求,在7个克山病县(市、区)进行了病例搜索,选择有代表性的3个县(市)6个自然村进行了病情重点监测,每个监测点对420名居民详细询问病史、临床查体和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者拍摄后前位X线胸片,同时采集部分居民头发和粮食检测内外环境硒含量,并收集居民经济收入及人均占有粮食等基本情况。结果共搜索医疗单位246个,心肌疾病病例831例,确定疑似克山病128例,诊断慢型克山病26例;6个监测点调查居民2 527人,检出克山病患者32例(其中潜在型21例,慢型11例),检出率为1.27%,描记心电图2 527例,异常心电图检出率为20.34%,以ST-T改变、T波改变、窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐、窦性心动过速、房性早搏等多见,拍摄X线胸片108张,16例心脏增大(其中轻度增大13例,中度增大3例),异常检出率为14.8%;采集头发、粮食等样品418份,病区居民发硒含量接近硒适宜地区的水平,粮食硒含量仍处于较低水平,各监测点人均年收入2 400~7 200元,居民主食以面粉为主。结论山东省克山病病情处于稳定态势,但监测中仍有慢型、潜在型患者检出;内环境硒含量明显升高,与病区居民生活水平的提高和膳食营养的改善有关。     

1990～1999年大理州克山病监测资料分析

目的探讨克山病静息状态下的自然发病情况,科学地指导本地克山病防治工作.方法我们于1990年开始在州内的大理市和洱源县建立了省级克山病监测点,并连续监测了10年;监测包括临床检查、心电图分析、胸部X线摄片及人群发硒水平测定.结果未检出急型、亚急型克山病病人,检出1例慢型和107例潜在型克山病,最低年检出率0.29%,最高年检出率为1.03%;10年间监测点区人群发硒水平逐渐升高,大理市上升到轻病区和非病区发硒水平,而洱源县上升到轻病区发硒水平.结论经济生活水平高的点区发硒水平相对高,膳食营养和补硒是预防克山病的一项有效措施,克山病监测是了解克山病病情的一种科学手段.     

2012年云南省克山病监测结果分析

目的掌握云南省克山病病情现状和消长趋势,科学评估防控效果。方法在11个县(市、区)进行克山病病例搜索,由各监测县专业人员搜索县级医疗机构内科、儿科、急诊科近3年登记在册的全部心肌疾病病例,确定疑似克山病病例,按照《克山病诊断标准》对疑似病例进行诊断核实;每个监测县根据病例搜索结果,选取病例较多的2个病区乡(镇),在每个选中病区乡(镇)选取病例较多的1个病区村作为监测点,对监测点居民进行临床查体和心电图描记,可疑克山病患者拍摄胸部正位X线片和彩色超声心动图检查,按照《克山病诊断标准》进行诊断。结果在11个县(市、区)进行克山病病例搜索,共搜获心肌疾病病例8972例,疑似克山病35例,诊断慢型克山病5例。在搜索出的5例慢型克山病病例中,女性(4例)多于男性(1例),慢型克山病病人集中在55~64岁年龄段(3/5)。在11个县(市、区)22个村进行克山病重点监测,共监测9077人,检出克山病34人,总检出率为0.37%,其中检出慢型克山病3例,检出率0.03%,检出潜在型克山病31例,检出率0.34%,急型和亚急型未检出。在重点监测检出的34例克山病病例中,女性(22例)多于男性(12例)。潜在型克山病病例集中在45~54岁年龄段(9/31)及3~14岁年龄段(8/31),慢型克山病病例集中在35~44岁年龄段(1/3)、45~54岁年龄段(1/3)及55~64岁年龄段(1/3)。共检查心电图9077人,心电图异常1527人,异常率为16.8%。拍摄了40例2m后前位X线胸部正位片,心胸比例≤0.50的23例(23/40),0.51~0.55的8例(8/40),0.56~0.60的8例(8/40),≥0.61的1例(1/40)。结论克山病病例搜索结果表明,云南省克山病病区仍有慢型克山病病人存在,以中老年居多;克山病重点监测结果表明,云南省克山病病情处于平稳低发势态,克山病检出率较低,潜在型克山病主要以中年及儿童为主,慢型克山病主要以中老年为主。值得注意的是潜在型克山病检出率3~14岁年龄段占25.81%(8/31),说明克山病致病因子仍然活跃,对克山病病区儿童危害较大。     

2007年黑龙江省富裕县永进村克山病病情监测结果分析

目的 了解2007年克山病监测点黑龙江省富裕县永进村人群患病、发病情况及内外环境的硒水平.方法 按全国克山病监测方案及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997),对监测点区居民进行临床查体和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者行X线胸部摄片;采集当地部分儿童头发和食用粮样(面粉),氢化物发生原子荧光法测定含硒量.结果 2007年在永进村共检诊282人,检出克山病19例,总检出率6.7%.其中潜在型克山病8例(有5例为新检出),慢型克山病11例,检出率分别为2.8%、3.9%.另外,还检出可疑克山病5例,其中可疑慢型2例,未检出急型、亚急型克山病病例.儿童发硒为(0.3197±0.0586)mg/kg;粮食硒为(0.0210±0.0062)mg/kg.结论 永进村仍有新的克山病病例检出,说明病区仍有致病冈索存在,因此,在病区建立完善的克山病监测疫情报告系统,提高各级防治人员对克山病的认识,仍是今后克山病防治的重点.     

2007年全国克山病病情监测汇总分析

目的 掌握2007年全国克山病患病及发病情况,为制订克山病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 根据2007年克山病监测方案及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997),对15个病区省(区、市)的24个监测点居民进行查体、描记心电图、疑似病例摄X线胸片等临床检查.采集监测点居民主食粮样和发样,检测含硒量.结果 24个监测点居民潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为2.4%(465/19280)、0.6%(119/19 280).按检出率区间估计,全国病区有235万例(216万～254万例)克山病病人,其中慢型48万例(39万～57万例).本次监测新检出潜在型克山病85例,慢型克山病9例.15个省(区、市)的22个监测点心电图检查的异常率为14.3%(2554/17 801).14个省(区、市)22个监测点X线胸片检查有心胸比例增大者占38.8%(285/734).11个省(区、市)17个监测点共采集发样566份,发硒平均水平为0.3848 mg/kg;15个监测点采集小麦254份.平均硒水平为0.0428 mg/kg;采集玉米213份.平均硒水平为0.0250 mg/kg.结论 克山病仍然是严重的地方性公共卫生问题.要坚持做好克山病监测工作,改进抽样方法,增强监测的代表性;建议加大监测的投入.开展概率抽样,进行总体推断.以适应克山病新形势下的要求.     

陕西省潜慢型克山病病情分析

目的了解陕西省克山病考核达标后病情消长趋势和现状,为病因研究提供科学依据。方法采取整群随机分层抽样法,选择我省重病区富县、旬邑县;中等病区永寿县、凤县;轻病区耀州区、陇县作为调查县。每个县（区）抽取能代表该县基本病情的重发病村和历史病情相对较轻或非发病村各一个村,进行临床、心电图检查,慢型及疑似克山病患者拍摄后前位2m距离X线胸片;并采集克山病人及健康人群粮、发、血样进行硒等微量元素含量测定;病区居民经济收入及膳食构成;调查点所在县克山病发病线索调查等项目。结果6县（区）共检出潜在型克山病131例,检出率2．30％,慢型克山病8例,检出率0．14％。粮、发、血硒含量测定结果显示克山病患者和病区健康人硒水平已接近非病区居民硒水平。结论目前,陕西省克山病病区病情呈低发稳定趋势。     

陕西省黄陵县克山病病情15年连续观察

目的观察陕西省黄陵县1990-2004年克山病病情及相关因素的变化。方法对黄陵县的克山病重病村设立监测点,全体居民均为监测对象,对全县范围内的慢型克山病(慢克)进行监测,并对监测人群的发硒、粮硒水平进行监测。结果(1)监测点区15年共检出潜在型克山病(潜克)447例,检出率6．14％;新发潜克33例,年均新发生率34．34／万;(2)15年黄陵县慢克确诊72例,先后死亡31例,死亡率43．1％,其中20例死于慢性充血性心力衰竭,11例死于猝死;(3)监测人群发硒与非病区比较差异无统计学意义,粮硒仍低于非病区。结论陕西省黄陵县监测点区克山病的检出呈缓慢上升趋势,潜克仍有新发,慢克死亡率仍很高。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.