2011年云南省非克山病病区扩张型心肌病患病现状调查

目的 掌握云南省非克山病病区扩张型心肌病病情现状.方法 2011年8-12月,在云南省的17个县进行非克山病病区扩张型心肌病调查.每个县选取2个自然环境和生产生活方式与克山病病区相似的非克山病病区乡(镇),每个乡(镇)选取1个村作为调查点,以村常住人口不少于500人为宜,人数不足者从邻近村补足,检诊率不低于80％.对调查点居民进行临床查体和心电图描记,对疑似扩张型心肌病和类潜在型克山病患者拍摄胸部正位X线片,诊断按照《全国非克山病病区扩张型心肌病病情调查方案》中扩张型心肌病参考诊断标准和类潜在型克山病诊断方法进行.结果 在17个县的34个村共调查了14 545例,检出扩张型心肌病和类潜在型克山病26例,总检出率为17.88/万.其中检出扩张型心肌病1例,检出率为0.69/万;检出类潜在型克山病25例,检出率为17.19/万.检出的26例病例中男性15例,女性11例;年龄段＞65岁占42.31％(11/26),其中类潜在型克山病占44.00％(11/25),1例扩张型心肌病年龄段在45～ 54岁.共描记心电图14 519例,心电图异常1 180例,异常率为8.13％.共拍摄胸部正位X线片112例,心胸比例≤0.50的104例,0.51～0.55的4例,0.56～0.60的3例,≥0.61的1例.结论 在云南省非克山病病区,扩张型心肌病检出率较低,但能检出类潜在型克山病.     

慢型克山病与扩张型心肌病对比研究

目的观察慢型克山病与扩张型心肌病在流行病学、临床表现及发病相关因素的异同。方法选择克山病病区自然人群170820人、非克山病病区自然人群112209人,以近5年县乡两级医院住院克山病、扩张型心肌病及两种可疑病人为线索,调查两种疾病的患病情况、临床表现和内外环境硒水平及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH鄄Px)活性。结果慢型克山病患病率19.32/10万,扩张型心肌病患病率4.5/10万,克山病患病率显著高于扩张型心肌病(P<0.01)。慢型克山病发病年龄集中,以女性多见;扩张型心肌病发病年龄分散,以男性多见。克山病血清硒和发硒低于亲属和病区健康人(P<0.01),GSH鄄Px活性与硒呈现一致的结果(P<0.01);扩张型心肌病血清硒和发硒也低于亲属和当地健康人(P<0.01),GSH鄄Px活性与硒变化相同(P<0.01)。克山病病区健康人血清硒低于非病区健康人(P<0.05),发硒也有降低趋势,慢型克山病发硒和GSH鄄Px活性低于扩张型心肌病(P<0.05～0.01)。克山病病区小麦、玉米硒显著低于扩张型心肌病调查地区(P<0.01)。结论慢型克山病发病与低硒相关联,患病率高,女性多见,发病年龄集中;扩张型心肌病患者体内硒水平高于慢型克山病,患病率低,男性多见,发病年龄分散。二者的不同特点可为临床鉴别提供依据。     

2010年河北省张家口市克山病病情调查结果分析

目的 了解2010年河北省张家口市克山病病情及发展趋势,为下一步防治提供科学依据.方法 在张家口市的8个克山病病区县中选择5个县,每个病区县各选取1个病区村作为调查村.对调查点居民进行临床检查和心电图描记;对可疑克山病患者、可疑心脏增大者和心电图异常者拍摄胸部正位X线片,计算心胸比率.结果 共检查2519人,检出慢型克山病16例、潜在型克山病79例,检出率分别为0.64％(16/2519)、3.14％(79/2519).共描记心电图2519份,心电图异常268例,异常率为10.64％(268/2519);异常心电图以完全性右束支传导阻滞[占17.16％(46/268)]为主.共拍摄胸部正位X线片94例,检查出心脏增大者42例,检出率为44.68％(42/94).其中轻、中、重度分别为20、12、10例,构成比分别为47.62％(20/42)、28.57％(12/42)、23.81％(10/42).结论 张家口市克山病发病率较低,病情平稳.但仍应加强监测和综合防治策略.     

中国北方非克山病病区扩张型心肌病患病率

目的调查中国北方7省非克山病病区扩张型心肌病患病率,为制订克山病消除标准提供依据。方法横断面研究,采用多阶段整群抽样在北方7省的非克山病病区随机抽取120村,采用调查表方式,每个调查对象均进行问卷调查、体格检查、心电检查,对疑似扩张型心肌病患者进行心动超声检查及拍摄后前位2 m距离胸部正位X线片。结果实际调查49 751人,男性22 815人,女性26 936人;共检出扩心病病人6例,患病率为1.2/万(95%可信区间:0.24/万,2.17/万);类潜克病人413例,患病率83.0/万(95%可信区间:75.0/万,90.9/万);总患病率为84.3/万(95%可信区间:76.2/万,92.2/万)。结论本研究为扩心病的研究积累了流行病学资料,调查结果可作为病区克山病流行状况比较的本底标准,为制订克山病消除标准提供依据。     

辽宁省克山病病区与非病区居民心电图对比分析

目的观察克山病病区居民与非病区居民心电图的变化情况,为科学评估克山病防控效果提供依据。方法在辽宁省克山病病区选取4个病区村作为调查点,同时在非病区选取自然环境和生产生活方式与克山病病区相似的4个村做为调查点,调查点内全部常住居民做为调查对象。对调查点内常住居民进行问卷调查、临床查体并描记12导联心电图,并对调查对象心电图改变进行对比分析。结果在病区共描记心电图1 728例,检出异常心电图424例,异常心电图检出率为24.5%;在非病区共描记心电图1 865例,检出异常心电图314例,异常心电图检出率为16.8%。两组比较差异有统计学意义。结论克山病病区居民心电图异常检出率高于非病区居民,说明病区依然有克山病的致病因子影响居民的健康,因此应继续加强克山病监测工作。     

2010—2012年山西省克山病病情调查结果分析

目的掌握山西省克山病病情,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法2010年选择石楼、交口县,2011年上半年选择吉县、永和县,2011年下半年选择蒲县、隰县,2012年选择吉县、永和、交口县为调查县;每县选择2个病区乡,每乡选择一个病区村为调查点,每村选择500人左右,开展临床查体和心电图描记。结果共检查7080人,检出克山病180例,总检出率2．54％;其中慢型克山病14例,检出率0．20％,潜在型克山病166例,检出率2．34％;检出异常心电图777例,异常率10．97％,克山病患者心电网异常改变以完全性右束支传导阻滞和ST-T改变为主;克山病病例男女性别比为1：0．84。结论调查期间无新发急型、亚急型克山病患者,慢型、潜在型克山病总体检出率在国家控制标准之内;2010年潜在型克山病检出率以及2011年下半年和2012年慢型克山病检出率超过国家控制标准;应继续开展监测,及时掌握病情动态,同时加强有效防治措施的落实力度。     

陕西省克山病病区居民心电图分析

目的 了解陕两省克山病病区居民心电图改变情况与病情消长趋势.方法 于2005、2006年在陕西省克山病病区采取整群分层抽样法,抽取轻、中、重病区各2个县.依据历史病情资料,在每县抽取重病村和轻病村各1个,共12个村.每村所有3岁以上常驻农业人13均进行临床检查和心电图描记,按照克山病诊断标准予以诊断.结果 6个县(区)中的12个村共做心电图5692例,其中正常心电图占86.38%(4917/5692),大致正常心电图占4.43%(252/5692).异常心电图占9.19%(523/5692).轻、中、重病区异常心电图检出率分别为7.07%(144/2036)、10.15%(167/1646)和10.54%(212/2010).异常心电图改变以柬支传导阻滞为主,其次为ST-T改变、心律失常、低电压.临床共确诊潜在型、慢型克山病139例,其中潜在型131例,检出率为2.30%(131/5692);慢型8例.检出率为0.14%(8/5692).克山病患者异常心电图以完全性右柬支传导阻滞[37.06%(63/170)]、ST-T改变[22.35%(38/170)]、多发室性期前收缩[12.94%(22/170)]为主.结论 陕西省克山病患者心电图改变主要为束支传导阻滞和心律失常,病情处于平稳势态.     

2006年陕西省克山病病情现状与相关因素调查分析

目的 掌握陕西省克山病基本控制10年后病情消长态势和相关因素对克山病发生发展的影响,为今后克山病的防治决策提供科学依据.方法 2006年采用整群分层抽样方法,在陕西省克山病病区选取轻、中、重病区各2个县(区),每个县(区)再选取2个病区村作为调查点.对3岁以上全体居民进行临床体检和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者进行X线胸部摄片和心脏超声检查;采集调查点居民主食粮样及克山病患者、病区对照人群发样和血样及非病区对照人群血样,检测含硒量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性.结果 ①潜、慢型克山病总检出率为2.44%(139/5692).②异常心电图检出率为9.19%(523/5692).③可疑患者X线胸片和心脏超声检查心脏扩大检出率分别为45.6%(72/158)和34.5%(59/171).④居民食用粮(小麦、玉米)含硒量为(0.045±0.036)、(0.035±0.025)ms/kg;克山病患者和病区对照人群发硒分别为(0.376±0.091)、(0.384±0.077)mg/kg,组间比较差异无统计学意义(u=0.77,P>0.05);克山病患者及病区、非病区对照人群血硒分别为(0.071±0.017)、(0.077±0.017)、(0.090±0.016)mg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.55,P<0.05),克山病患者低于病区对照人群(P<0.05),病区对照人群低于非病区对照人群(P<0.01).结论 陕西省克山病病情依然处于基本控制后的平稳低发态势.病区内、外环境硒水平明显升高是病情继续得到控制的主要因素.     

2008年陕西省克山病病情调查结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省克山病病情现状,为今后克山病防治决策提供科学依据.方法 2008年在陕西省克山病病区范围内采用整群分层随机抽样的方法选取19个病区县(区),每个病区县(区)选取1个病区村作为调查点,对调查点内3岁以上全体居民进行临床检查和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者拍摄后前位2 m距离X线胸片:采集调查点部分居民主食粮样,测定粮硒水平.结果 共调查病区居民10 228人,检出克山病患者110例,总检出率为1.08%(110/10 228).其中潜在型克山病92例,检出率为0.90%(92/10 228);慢型克山病18例,检出率为0.18%(18/10 228);无急型、亚急型克山病病例检出.潜在型克山病心电图异常改变以完全性右束支传导阻滞[占48.57%(51/105)]、ST-T改变[占19.05%(20/105)]、多发性室性早搏[占10.48%(11/105)]、左心室肥大[占5.71%(6/105)]、左前分支传导阻滞[占5.71%(6/105)]多见,而慢型克山病以心房纤颤[占24.00%(6/25)]、左心室肥大[占20.00%(5/25)]、完全性右束支传导阻滞[占20.00%(5/25)]为主.可疑心脏异常者X线心胸比例增大率为18.08%(32/177).调查点小麦、玉米、小米、大米含硒量分别为(01096±0.028)、(0.089±0.029)、(0.087±0.016)、(0.047±0.016)mg/kg.结论 陕西省克山病病情处于基本控制后的平稳低发态势,潜在型、慢型克山病是目前患病的主要临床类型.病区居民粮食含硒量明显升高.已达到非病区水平.     

四川省扩张型心肌病与克山病病情调查研究

目的了解和掌握四川省非克山病病区扩张型心肌病与克山病病区克山病病情现状,为四川省克山病"十二五"的消除考核评估提供可靠科学数据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,收集汇总2011年中财四川省非克山病病区通江县、三台县、棉竹市、古蔺县、长宁县扩张型心肌病和2011年省财克山病病区西昌市、冕宁县、大竹县、仁和区、剑阁县克山病病情调查资料数据,并进行对比分析。结果非病区扩张型心肌病较病区克山病病例搜索诊断病例少,调查任务完成率低,慢型病例检出率低,购外地主食粮食比例高,被调查人群3~20岁少、46~75岁多、男女比例构成高,高血压患病率高,心电检查心电异常率低,P均0.05,差异有统计学意义;潜在型病例检出率低,人均年收入近千元,X线胸片心脏增大率低,P均0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论四川省非病区扩张型心肌病与病区克山病病情调查结果经过统计学分析直接或间接验证了克山病营养地球化学病因学说、生物病因学说、克山病流行病学特点及一些影响因素。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.