胃癌及肠化组织微卫星不稳定性

目的研究微卫星不稳定性（ＭＳＩ）在胃癌发生、发展中的作用。方法采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）方法检测了５０例手术切除胃癌标本及１５例肠化标本的ＭＳＩ。结果５０例胃癌中有２７例检出１个以上位点ＭＳＩ,总阳性率为５４０％;高中分化腺癌ＭＳＩ检出率（８６．６％）显著高于低分化腺癌（３８．７％,Ｐ＜０．０５）;肠型胃癌ＭＳＩ阳性率（７７．８％）显著高于胃型胃癌（４００％,Ｐ＜０．０５）;ＭＳＩ与胃癌发病年龄、大小、发生部位、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及临床分期无显著相关。３例早期胃癌ＭＳＩ均阳性,１５例肠化标本中有３例检出ＭＳＩ,阳性率为２０％。结论ＭＳＩ是胃癌发生过程中的早期分子标志,在胃癌的发生中可能扮演重要角色。     

葡萄膜与结膜黑色素瘤ras癌基因产物P21蛋白表达的定量研究

为评价ｒａｓ癌基因激活及其产物Ｐ２１蛋白过量表达在葡萄膜与结膜黑色素瘤发生发展过程中的意义。应用流式细胞术（ｆｌｏｗｃｙｔｏｍｅｔｒｙ，ＦＣＭ）及细胞免疫荧光染色技术对葡萄膜恶性黑色素瘤（ｕｖｅａｌｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｍｅｌａｎｏｍａ，ＵＭＭ）、结膜色素痣（ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａｌｎｅｖｕｓ，ＣＮ）及恶性黑色素瘤（ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖａｌｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｍｅｌａｎｏｍａ，ＣＭＭ）的Ｐ２１蛋白表达进行检测。结果：ＣＭＭ（７例）较ＣＮ（５例）的Ｐ２１蛋白表达量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＵＭＭ（４０例）的Ｐ２１蛋白表达阳性率为４７．５％。ＵＭＭ的Ｐ２１蛋白表达量与病理类型有一定相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；与巩膜受侵犯、肿瘤最大径相关显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＵＭＭ的Ｐ２１蛋白表达量与ＤＮＡ指数（ＤＮＡｉｎｄｅｘ，ＤＩ）、ＡｇＮＯＲｓ银染面积呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示ｒａｓ癌基因激活及其产物Ｐ２１蛋白过量表达在ＣＭＭ与ＵＭＭ发生过程中具有重要意义，Ｐ２１蛋白表达量可能有助于ＣＮ与ＣＭＭ的鉴别及ＵＭＭ病理恶性程度的评估。     

血管生成与胃癌发展和预后的关系

目的：揭示血管生成与胃癌发展和预后之间的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学法和抗人因子Ⅷ相关抗原（ＦⅧＲＡｇ）的抗体标记５６例人胃癌组织中的微血管，检测微血管密度（ＭＶＤ），并分析其与胃癌组织学分级、浸润深度、生长方式、淋巴结转移、远处转移和预后的关系。结果：ＭＶＤ与胃癌浸润深度（Ｐ＜０．０１）、淋巴结转移（Ｐ＜０．０１）和远处转移（Ｐ＜０．０５）密切相关，而与组织学分级和生长方式无关（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＭＶＤ≥４３的胃癌患者５年生存率较低。结论：血管生成对胃癌的发展具有一定作用，ＭＶＤ可成为判断胃癌患者预后的指标之一     

肥厚性瘢痕胶原酶和TIMP-1mRNA表达的研究

采用原位杂交技术和图像分析技术观测了ＨＴＳ中ＭＭＰ－１和ＴＩＭＰ－１的基因表达。结果发现ＭＭＰ－１和ＴＩＭＰ－１的表达较正常增加，平均积分光密度值分别增加了１．８（Ｐ＞０．０５）和７倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＨＴＳ中ＴＩＭＰ－１的表达明显高于ＭＭＰ－１（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＭＭＰ－１和ＴＩＭＰ－１阳性颗粒多分布于胶原结节，这种表达的差异性提示ＨＴＳ胶原酶活性可能受到ＴＩＭＰ－１的抑制，ＴＩＭＰ－１的表达异常可能同ＨＴＳ的形成密切相关     

EB病毒潜在膜蛋白对鼻咽癌细胞系CNE1生长及HLA表达的影响

目的研究ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ对高分化鼻咽癌细胞株ＣＮＥ１生长及ＨＬＡ表达的影响。方法以人高分化鼻咽癌细胞株（ＣＮＥ１）为对象，采用电穿孔基因转染技术，将重组ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ表达质粒ｐＣＭＶａ－ＬＭＰ转染ＣＮＥ１细胞。用细胞体外增殖试验、免疫组化和流式细胞术等方法，观察细胞生长及ＨＬＡ表达的变化。结果ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ在体外可明显促进ＣＮＥ１细胞的增殖，增殖吸光度（Ａ）比值试验组与空白组及阴性对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；实验组细胞软琼脂克隆形成率显著高于空白及阴性对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；细胞ＤＮＡ含量明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１／０．０５）；ＦＣＭ法测定细胞角蛋白表达，实验组比空白及阴性对照组阳性率显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＨＬＡ免疫组化检测结果表明，ＬＭＰ表达细胞系ＨＬＡⅠ类及Ⅱ类抗原的表达都明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ对ＣＮＥ１细胞生长有明显的促进作用且可明显抑制细胞分化，ＬＭＰ可致鼻咽癌细胞ＨＬＡ抗原的表达改变。     

层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原在肺癌中表达的意义

目的：探讨原发性肺癌标本中的层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原表达的意义。方法：采用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法检测１７９例肺癌标本中层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达。结果：层粘蛋白及Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度在３组不同分级的肺鳞癌中差异具有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１），且中、高分化的肺鳞癌的层粘蛋白及Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度明显不同于低分化者（Ｐ＜０．０１），层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度在有无淋巴结转移两组间，差异亦具有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５），层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度在３组不同术后生存期的肺鳞癌中差异亦具有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５，０．０１），５年以上生存组层粘蛋白的表达强度明显不同于半年内死亡者（Ｐ＜０．０１），半年内死亡组的Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度明显不同于其它两组（Ｐ＜０．０５，０．０１），Ⅳ型胶原的表达强度在３组不同生存期的肺腺癌间，差异具有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：肺鳞癌的某些生物学行为不同于肺腺癌，层粘蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原的表达可作为评估肺鳞癌细胞的分化、淋巴结转移及预后的有价值的指标。     

胃癌组织DCC,APC／MCC基因杂合性缺失研究

对胃癌组织中结直肠癌缺失基因（ＤＣＣ）腺瘤性息肉病基因／结直肠癌突变基因（ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ）基因杂合性缺失（ＬＯＨ）进行分析，以探讨其在胃癌发生发展中的作用。采用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术，对４５例手术切除胃癌组织ＤＣＣ、ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ进行检测。结果表明ＤＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ率为３３．３％（１５／４５）、ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ为３０．０％（９／３０），ＬＯＨ率在肠型及胃型胃癌中无明显差异，与肿瘤大小、组织学分类、浸润深度、淋巴结转移无关。ＤＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ率在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌组（４８．０％）显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期组（１５．０％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ在早期及进展期均可见到，与ＤＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ无相关性。结果提示ＤＣＣ、ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ对两型胃癌的发生发展均有一定作用。ＡＰＣ／ＭＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ在胃癌的早期发生及发展中起作用，而ＤＣＣ基因ＬＯＨ则是晚期改变，可能与临床预后相关。     

多发性硬化患者血清sIL-6R 水平观察

为探讨可溶性白细胞介素－６受体（ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ）在多发性硬化（ＭＳ）发生、发展中的作用，采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，对２８例ＭＳ患者和２５例正常对照组血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平进行了测定。结果显示缓解－复发型和进展型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平明显高于正常对照组和良性型组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；而良性型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平与正常对照组相比，未见明显改变。缓解－复发型ＭＳ患者血清ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平随着病情的好转而下降。ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平与ＭＳ患者头颅ＭＲＩ上的病灶大小和部位无明显相关性（ｒ１＝０．１２４，Ｐ＞０．０５；ｒ２＝０．０９１，Ｐ＞０．０５）。推测ｓＩＬ－６Ｒ水平的高低可作为判断ＭＳ患者病情变化的指标之一。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子和血管生成与胃癌发展的关系

目的探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）和血管生成与胃癌发展的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学和原位分子杂交技术,检测５６例人胃癌组织ＶＥＧＦ蛋白表达和微血管密度（ＭＶＤ）及部分胃癌ＶＥＧＦｍＲＮＡ表达,分析ＶＥＧＦ和ＭＶＤ、及其与胃癌组织学分型、浸润深度、生长方式、淋巴结转移、远处转移和预后的关系。结果ＶＥＧＦ阳性者ＭＶＤ值显著高于阴性者（Ｐ＜００１）,ＶＥＧＦ表达和ＭＶＤ与胃癌浸润深度（Ｐ＜００１）、淋巴结转移（Ｐ＜００５）和远处转移（Ｐ＜０．０５）密切相关,而与组织学分型和生长方式无关（Ｐ＞００５）;ＶＥＧＦ表达阳性或ＭＶＤ≥４３的胃癌患者５年生存率较低;ＶＥＧＦｍＲＮＡ表达与ＶＥＧＦ蛋白表达具有一致性,但其分布不同。结论ＶＥＧＦ与胃癌的血管生成密切相关,对胃癌的生长和浸润转移有促进作用,ＶＥＧＦ和ＭＶＤ可作为反映胃癌生物学行为的指标之一     

肺癌中MTS1/p16和p53基因产物的表达与细胞增殖的关系

目的：研究肺癌中ＭＴＳ１／ｐ１６和ｐ５３基因产物的表达与细胞增殖的关系。方法：应用Ｓ－Ｐ免疫组织化学方法研究６２例肺癌组织中ｐ１６蛋白和ｐ５３蛋白的表达情况，并进行增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）检测，计算细胞增殖指数（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｘ，ＰＩ）。结果：６２例肺癌组织中ｐ１６蛋白和ｐ５３蛋白阳性率分别为５８．１％和５９．７％。腺癌ｐ１６蛋白的阳性率明显高于小细胞癌（Ｐ＜０．０５）；淋巴结转移阳性组ｐ１６蛋白的表达显著低于阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＰＩ分级为Ⅱ级的ｐ１６蛋白表达显著高于Ⅳ级（Ｐ＜０．０５）。不同组织类型肺癌中ｐ５３蛋白的表达未见明显差异，淋巴结转移阳性组ｐ５３蛋白的表达高于阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；不同ＰＩ分级中ｐ５３蛋白的表达，Ⅳ级明显高于Ⅰ级（Ｐ＜０．０５）和Ⅱ级（Ｐ＜０．０５），Ⅲ级明显高于Ⅰ级（Ｐ＜０．０５）和Ⅱ级（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ｐ１６蛋白低表达和ｐ５３蛋白过表达之间未见明显相关。结论：ｐ１６蛋白低表达和ｐ５３蛋白过表达均有促进肺癌细胞增殖的作用，ｐ１６蛋白的表达与肺癌的细胞分化有关，ｐ５３蛋白过表达对肺癌细胞的转移起重要作用。抑癌基因ｐ５３对ＭＴＳ１／ｐ１６基因无明显调控作     

整合素β3 mRNA表达与胃癌微血管密度、进展及预后的关系

目的　探讨整合素 β3mRNA在胃癌中的表达及其与肿瘤微血管密度 (MVD)、生长方式、浸润转移和预后的关系。方法　应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术 ,检测 10 5例胃癌组织中整合素 β3mRNA和CD3 4的表达。结果　整合素 β3mRNA在非肿瘤胃黏膜中的阳性表达率为 3 0 % (6/ 2 0 ) ,显著低于胃癌组 (61 0 % ,64/ 10 5,χ2 =8 85,P =0 0 3 7) ;在浸润性生长、T3 ～T4 期、有淋巴结转移和远处转移的病例中 ,阳性率分别为 70 2 % (40 / 57)、72 1% (44/ 61)、68 6% (48/ 70 )和 85 7% (3 6/ 42 ) ,均显著高于膨胀性生长 (χ2 =14 97,P =0 0 0 2 )、T1～T2 期 (χ2 =15 2 1,P =0 0 15)、无淋巴结转移 (χ2 =17 89,P =0 0 2 5)及无远处转移的病例 (χ2 =2 0 2 2 ,P =0 0 0 5;χ2 =2 1 3 5,P =0 0 3 5) ;同样 ,它们的平均MVD均显著高于膨胀性生长 (t =10 10 5,P =0 0 0 1)、T1～T2 期 (t=5 961,P =0 0 0 1)、无淋巴结转移 (t= 3 819,P =0 0 1)和无远处转移的病例 (t =10 578,P =0 0 0 1;t =7 882 ,P =0 0 0 1) ;阳性表达组的平均血管数 (41 0 2± 8 55)个 / 0 72mm2 明显高于阴性表达组的平均微血管数 (2 5 2 6± 11 2 5)个 / 0 72mm2 (t =11 2 5,P =0 0 2 5) ,两者之间呈显著正相关 (rs=0 3     

复合型胸腺瘤的病理诊断及其临床意义

目的探讨复合型胸腺瘤(AB+B)的病理学和生物学特性及其临床病理学意义.方法根据WHO"胸腺肿瘤的组织学分型",对141例胸腺上皮肿瘤结合临床和随访资料进行统计学分析,对其中的AB+B型胸腺瘤的临床和组织病理学特征进行描述.结果胸腺瘤A型7例(5.0%),AB型48例(34.0%),AB+B型胸腺瘤14例(9.9%),B1型9例(6.4%),B2型22例(15.6%),B3型21例(14.9%),C型20例(14.2%),组织学类型与预后的相关性非常显著.复合型(AB+B)胸腺瘤具有较明确的组织病理学特征,其预后特性介于A、AB型与B1～B3型之间,差异有显著性(log rankχ2=48.18,P＜0.001).临床Ⅰ期73例(51.8%),Ⅱ期16例(11.3%),Ⅲ期44例(31.2%),Ⅳ期8例(5.7%).病理类型与临床分期呈正相关,有非常显著的统计学意义(log rankχ2=71.30,P＜0.001).AB+B型胸腺瘤归入胸腺瘤Ⅱ级;胸腺瘤分级与预后呈正相关(log rankχ2=57.49,P＜0.001).结论复合型胸腺瘤(AB+B)具有较明确的组织病理学特征,其病理学和生物学特性与良、恶性胸腺瘤有显著性差异,介于良恶性之间,建议称之为交界性胸腺瘤.     

Positive association of the human frizzled 3 (FZD3) gene haplotype with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population.

Frizzled 3 (FZD3) gene is located on chromosome 8p21, a region that has been implicated in schizophrenia in genetic linkage studies. The FZD3 is a transmembrane receptor required for Wnt signal transduction cascades that have been thought to be involved in producing the cytoarchitectural defects observed in schizophrenia. Previous work has showed a strong association between FZD3 locus and schizophrenia in family-based study. To confirm this issue further, we investigated a genetic association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the FZD3 gene and schizophrenia by case-control study using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the Chinese Han population. Our studies showed the SNPs rs2323019 and rs880481 have significant differences in both genotype and allele frequencies between control subjects and schizophrenic patients (rs2323019: Allele A > G, chi2 = 6.7277, df = 1, P = 0.0095; Genotype, chi2 = 10.6583, df = 2, P = 0.0049; rs880481: Allele A > G, chi2 = 10.3945, df = 1, P = 0.0013; Genotype, chi2 = 16.8049, df = 2, P = 0.0002). In addition, we constructed three-locus haplotypes to test their association with schizophrenia. The globe chi-squared test for haplotype analysis showed a significant association (chi2 = 66.38, df = 7, P < 0.000001). These results suggested that the FZD3 gene might be involved in the predisposition to schizophrenia.     

神经源分化因子基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关联性研究

目的　探讨神经源分化因子 (neurogenic differentiation factor 1,Neuro D)基因多态性与 2型糖尿病发生的关联性。方法　运用错配聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性方法检测了中国湖北地区汉族 32 4例 2型糖尿病 (其中以发病年龄 40岁为界 ,分为早发及晚发两组 )及 12 4名正常对照者 ,Neuro D基因第 45位密码子碱基变异 (GCC→ ACC)。结果　 Neuro D基因在所测人群中未发现有纯合变异者。在早发 2型糖尿病组 ,其 AT基因型频率为 2 6 .8% ,与正常对照组 (10 .5 % )及晚发 2型糖尿病组 (11.6 % )比较 ,差异有显著性 (分别为χ2 =7.85 ,P=0 .0 0 5 ;χ2 =8.81,P=0 .0 0 3) ;Thr45等位基因频率在早发 2型糖尿病组及正常对照组、晚发 2型糖尿病组分别为 13.4%、5 .2 %和 5 .8% ,差异亦有显著性 (χ2 =7.15 ,P=0 .0 0 8;χ2 =8.13,P=0 .0 0 4) ;晚发 2型糖尿病组与正常对照组比较 ,Ala45 Thr基因型频率 (11.6 % vs10 .5 % ,P>0 .0 5 )及等位基因频率 (5 .8% vs 5 .2 % ,P>0 .0 5 )差异不明显 ,Thr45等位基因与早发 2型糖尿病发生相关 (OR=2 .5 2 ,95 % CI:1.42～ 4.49) ;基因型为 AT型的 2型糖尿病患者其空腹血浆 C肽水平较 AA型患者低 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 Neuro D基因多态性与早发 2型糖尿     

Reproductive performance, pain recurrence and disease relapse after conservative surgical treatment for endometriosis: the predictive value of the current classification system

BACKGROUND: To assess the predictive value of the current classification of endometriosis in terms of response to surgical treatment, we studied to what extent disease stage, lesion type and lesion site were associated with post-operative pregnancy rate, symptom recurrence and disease relapse. METHODS: A total of 729 women with endometriosis undergoing first-line conservative laparoscopic surgery were included. Data on age at surgery, disease stage according to the revised American Fertility Society (AFS) classification, anatomical characteristics of endometriotic lesions, fertility status and types and severity of pain symptoms were collected. RESULTS: Minimal endometriosis was present in 222 patients, mild in 106, moderate in 197 and severe in 204. The cumulative probability of pregnancy at 3 years from surgery in 537 infertile women was 47% (51% at stage I, 45% at stage II, 46% at stage III and 44% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi(2)3=1.50, P=0.68). The cumulative probability of moderate or severe dysmenorrhoea recurrence in 425 symptomatic subjects was 24% (32% at stage I, 24% at stage II, 21% at stage III and 19% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi2(3)=6.39, P=0.094). The cumulative probability of disease relapse was 12% (3% at stage I, 11% at stage II, 11% at stage III and 23% at stage IV; log-rank test, chi(2)3=24.95, P=0.0001). Using Cox's multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis, no association was observed between endometriosis stage or lesion type and lesion site and any of the considered study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The current classification of endometriosis has an inadequate predictive value with regard to the major clinical outcomes.     

5-HTR2A基因启动子区-1438G/A多态性与抗精神病药源性肥胖的核心家系关联研究

目的探讨中国汉族首发精神分裂症(schizophrenia,SCH)患者抗精神病药物(antipsychoticagents,APS)治疗过程中体重增加是否与五羟色胺2A受体(5-hydroxytryptamine2Areceptor,5-HTR2A)基因启动区-1438G/A多态性相关。方法对84例首发精神分裂症患者(包含完整核心家系70个)APS(氯丙嗪或利培酮)单药治疗10周,治疗前后测量体重并计算体重指数。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态技术分析5-HTR2A基因启动区-1438G/A多态性基因型和等位基因分布频率,进行APS所致体重增加与5-HTR2A基因启动区-1438G/A多态性的相关分析、传递不平衡检验及数量性状传递不平衡检验。结果治疗10周后患者体重较基础体重增加(8.00±6.13)%。APS治疗10周后,体重增加≥7%和<7%患者组间,5-HTR2A基因-1438G/A多态性各基因型和等位基因分布频率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5-HTR2A基因-1438G/A多态性的各基因型之间各项指标的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);同时未发现5-HTR2A基因-1438G/A在不同体重增加组间存在传递不平衡。结论5-HTR2A基因-1438G/A多态性可能不是影响APS所致体重增加的主要遗传因素。     

P基因在中国汉族及藏族群体中的多态性研究

目的：研究中国汉族和藏族两个群体中P基因3个外显子多态性。方法：利用PCR－RFLP多态性方法扩增P基因的3个外显子10、14、24,对其产物分别用HaeⅢ、MboⅡ、MaeⅢ酶切,4％琼脂糖凝胶电泳确定基因型。结果：A355A和G780G的等位基因频率在两个群中的差异具有显著性（χ^2＝24．54,χ^2=37.05,P＜0．001）,各基因型频率分布在两个群体间差异具有显著性（χ^2＝28．39,P＜0．001;χ^2=33.72,P＜0．001）;在两个群体内部男女基因型频率差异无显著性;IVS13－15的等位基因频率在两个群体中差异无显著性（χ^2＝2．06,P＜0．05）。汉族与藏族的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。结论：P基因在不同的人群中具有很高的多态性。     

Case-control and within-family tests for an association between conduct disorder and DAT1

BACKGROUND: Conduct disorder (CD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of violating age-appropriate norms and the rights of others, and is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders among children. CD is moderately heritable, but we know of no reliable associations with specific genes. Evidence suggests that a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene may be associated with externalizing behavior in children. OBJECTIVE: To test for an association between the DAT1 gene and CD. DESIGN: Case-control analyses and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) were conducted. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Cases were (n=210) adolescents enrolled in a Colorado treatment program for conduct and substance use problems. Controls included adolescents matched to the probands in the treatment program and their siblings (n=162). The TDT was conducted using case families in which DNA from both parents was available (95 trios). RESULTS: The case-control analysis of the full sample did not result in a significant association [chi2 (2,372)=0.13, P=0.94]. Cases with early-onset conduct problems had slightly more 10-repeat alleles than controls, although this difference was not significant [chi2 (2,264)=2.19, P=0.33, 9/10 odds ratio (OR)=1.58, 10/10 OR=2.14]. The TDT also did not result in a significant association [chi2(1)=0.12, P=0.94]. CONCLUSION: Results did not support an association between this polymorphism of the DAT1 gene and CD in adolescents.     

Cramping and Injury Incidence in Collegiate Football Players Are Reduced by Creatine Supplementation

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of creatine supplementation on the incidence of cramping and injury observed during 1 season of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA football training and competition. DESIGN AND SETTING: In an open-label manner, subjects who volunteered to take creatine ingested 0.3 g.kg(-1).d(-1) of creatine for 5 days followed by an average of 0.03 g.kg.(-1)d(-1) after workouts, practices, and games. Creatine intake was monitored and recorded by researchers throughout the course of the study. SUBJECTS: Thirty-eight of 72 athletes (53.0%) participating in the 1999 Division IA collegiate football season from the same university volunteered to take creatine in this study. Subjects trained, practiced, or played in environmental conditions ranging from 15 degrees C to 37 degrees C (mean = 27.26 degrees +/- 10.93 degrees C) and 46.0% to 91.0% relative humidity (mean = 54.17% +/- 9.71%). MEASUREMENTS: Injuries treated by the athletic training staff were recorded and categorized as cramping, heat illness or dehydration, muscle tightness, muscle strains, noncontact joint injuries, contact injuries, and illness. The number of missed practices due to injury and illness was also recorded. Data were analyzed using a 2 x 2 chi(2) test to examine the first reported incidences of cramping and injury for creatine users and nonusers. RESULTS: Creatine users had significantly less cramping (chi(2)(1) = 5.35 P =.021); heat illness or dehydration (chi(2)(1) = 4.09, P =.043); muscle tightness (chi(2)(1) = 5.39, P =.020); muscle strains (chi(2)(1) = 5.36, P =.021); and total injuries (chi(2)(1) = 17.80, P<.001) than nonusers. There were no significant differences between groups regarding noncontact joint injuries (chi(2)(1)= 3.48, P =.062); contact injuries (chi(2)(1) = 0.00, P =.100); illness (chi(2)(1) = 6.82, P =.409); missed practices due to injury (chi(2)(1) = 1.43, P =.233); or players lost for the season (chi(2)(1) = 4.75, P =.491). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of cramping or injury in Division IA football players was significantly lower or proportional for creatine users compared with nonusers.