肉芽肿性垂体炎的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肉芽肿性垂体炎的影像学特征及其诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析7例肉芽肿性垂体炎的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗.结果 7例肉芽肿性垂体炎术前误诊6例.临床表现主要为头痛、尿崩症、高泌乳素血症和垂体功能低下.影像学特征主要表现为鞍区病变沿增厚的垂体柄呈“舌状”向鞍上扩展.6例采用经鼻蝶窦入路,1例因术前诊断垂体脓肿而采用经额下入路手术治疗,术后口服激素替补治疗,多数症状缓解,影像学检查证实病灶明显缩小甚至消失.结论 肉芽肿性垂体炎手术治疗可明确病理诊断,缓解症状,术后应口服激素替补治疗,定期随访.     

垂体脓肿的临床特征和经蝶窦手术治疗

目的 分析垂体脓肿的临床特征和经蝶窦手术治疗。方法 12例垂体脓肿的术前症状依次为尿崩症、头痛、垂体功能低下和视功能障碍。MRI显示垂体类圆形肿物。均经蝶窦入路显微外科手术清除脓肿，反复冲洗和放置引流。结果 随诊1～10年。头痛缓解为71％(5／7)，视功能改善80％(4／5)，尿崩症缓解63％(5／8)，垂体功能低下改善50％(3／6)。结论 当MRI显示垂体肿物的病人出现严重的尿崩症和垂体功能低下时，应考虑到垂体脓肿。怀疑为垂体脓肿者应及时经蝶窦术清除脓肿和引流。     

垂体脓肿的诊断和经蝶窦显微手术治疗

目的：探讨垂体脓肿的诊断和经蝶窦显微手术治疗。方法：经蝶窦显微手术证实为垂体脓肿７例，３例术前诊断为垂体脓肿，４例诊断为其它鞍区病变。男性５例，女性２例，平均年龄３８．８岁，平均病程２．３年。临床症状尿崩症５例，垂体功能低下４例，头痛３例，视力视野障碍２例，动眼神经麻痹１例。手术中彻底清除脓肿，放置碘仿纱条引流。结果：随诊３个月～６年，影像学检查脓肿征象均消失。３例头痛、２例视神经功能障碍术后缓解；３例尿崩症、２例垂体功能低下改善，１例术后２年复发。结论：若鞍区病变不大，但引起较严重的蝶鞍骨质破坏，表现为尿崩症和垂体功能低下时，应首先考虑垂体脓肿。及时手术探查，彻底清除脓肿和术后使用抗生素是治疗垂体脓肿的关键     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和显微手术治疗

目的 分析和讨论垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗。方法 回顾分析41例经手术和病理证实的垂体Rathke囊肿的病例，男性16例，女性25例，平均年龄32.8岁，平均病程为20.6个月。主要临床表现包括头痛（62.5%)。垂体功能紊乱（55%），视功能障碍（32%）等。CT及MRI检查发现鞍区囊性肿物。39例采用经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术，2例采用开颅手术，切除部分囊壁，敞开囊腔，清除囊肿内容物，结果 术前正确诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的仅为7例。术后随诊3月至8年，头痛患的症状全部缓解，垂体功能紊乱患55%得到改善，视功能障碍患75%得到改善，41例患术后均无复发。结论 垂体Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断，MRI检查信号呈多样性，无特异性，经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术可以明确诊断，缓解症状，患预后良好，是治疗垂体Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断与治疗(附4例报道)

目的探讨淋巴性垂体炎的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析福建医科大学附属福州市第一医院神经外科自2010年2月至2019年2月收治的淋巴性垂体炎患者临床资料,结合相关文献,介绍其临床特征、影像学特点、治疗及预后。结果 4例患者,男性3例,女性1例;2例头痛,1例性欲减退,1例多尿多饮;术前MRI显示,3例垂体弥漫对称性增大,1例见垂体柄增粗;3例经术后病理证实,1例经临床确诊;所有患者给予激素冲击治疗,影像学随访均缓解,2例临床症状及垂体功能低下恢复,1例靶激素替代治疗中,1例尿崩患者仍口服去氨加压素片控制。结论淋巴细胞性垂体炎为鞍区罕见病变,激素冲击治疗对该疾病效果确切,手术仅限于明确病理及迅速减压,长期内分泌学随访至关重要。     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎1例报告及文献复习

目的探讨淋巴细胞性垂体炎的临床表现和影像学特点及治疗原则;提高对淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析1例淋巴细胞性垂体炎患者的临床、影像学表现及诊断和治疗经过;并结合相关文献分析淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断与治疗。结果 1例分娩后患者,主要临床症状为视觉障碍、多饮多尿。MRI检查示垂体弥漫性增大、垂体柄增粗,垂体后叶短T1信号消失;增强扫描见大致均匀强化。行经翼点入路鞍区病变切除术,术后病理诊断明确。患者术后视力改善明显,但仍有垂体功能障碍及尿崩症状,继续予以激素替代治疗。结论淋巴细胞性垂体炎术前影像学诊断困难,当出现视力减退和视野缺损、复视及尿崩症等临床表现,影像学检查出现垂体增大、均匀强化、垂体柄增粗,垂体后叶短T1信号消失,应考虑淋巴细胞性垂体炎的可能性。早诊断,及时激素替代治疗,对视力减退明显者行手术治疗及适当的对症治疗是提高治疗效果的关键。     

垂体脓肿的诊断与治疗（附9例临床分析）

目的探讨垂体脓肿的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析9例垂体脓肿患者的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗,并结合文献进行分析。结果9例患者中有8例经鼻蝶入路手术,1例行大脑开颅手术。视功能改善77.8%（7/9）,头痛缓解83.3%（5/6）,垂体功能低下改善25%（1/4）,尿崩症缓解33.3%（1/3）。结论垂体脓肿的发生有增多趋势;当患者头痛、视力视野障碍、垂体功能低下,尤其有尿崩的出现,结合影像学检查,鞍区磁共振及增强示类圆形囊状占位性病变,等或长T1,长T2,囊壁呈环形强化（＂鸭梨＂征）等,应考虑垂体脓肿的诊断。诊断一旦确定,应尽早行手术治疗,入路以经蝶为首选;术后予抗感染、补充激素及对症等治疗。     

鞍区黄色肉芽肿病例分析并文献复习

目的探讨鞍区黄色肉芽肿的诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析1例鞍区黄色肉芽肿病例的临床资料,病人术前头痛,右眼视力0.8,内分泌检查提示甲状腺功能低下,其他未见异常。显微镜下肿瘤全切。结合文献分析该病的临床表现、病理、影像学特点及治疗措施。结果病人术后头痛症状消失,视力好转,垂体功能低下无改善,并发尿崩症。3个月后复查未见肿瘤复发,但垂体功能低下及尿崩症仍未消失,需要长期激素替代治疗。结论鞍区黄色肉芽肿是一种罕见的颅内良性肿瘤,术前诊断困难,手术是首选治疗方式,复发少见,但常并发垂体功能低下。     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析和讨论垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗。方法回顾分析41例经手术和病理证实的垂体Rathke囊肿的病例,男性16例,女性25例,平均年龄32.8岁,平均病程为20.6月。主要临床表现包括头痛(62.5%)、垂体功能紊乱(55%)、视功能障碍(32%)等。CT及MR检查发现鞍区囊性肿物。39例采用经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术,2例采用开颅手术,切除部分囊壁,敞开囊腔,清除囊肿内容物。结果术前正确诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的仅为7例,术后随诊3月至8年,头痛病人的症状全部缓解,垂体功能紊乱病人55%得到改善,视功能障碍病人75%得到改善。41例病人术后均无复发。结论垂体Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断,MR检查信号呈多样性,无特异性。经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术可以明确诊断,缓解症状,患者预后良好,是治疗垂体Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

经蝶窦显微外科手术治疗开颅术后复发性垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨开颅术后残留及复发性垂体腺瘤的再次经蝶窦手术。方法 男性7例,女性9例。平均年龄49.9岁。4例为开颅术后残留性垂体腺瘤。12例为开颅术后复发性垂体腺瘤,平均复发时间为3.9年。临床表现视功能障碍14例,头痛6例,垂体功能低下4例。肿瘤1～3cm者6例,3cm以上者10例。垂体无功能腺瘤12例,泌乳素腺瘤3例,生长激素腺瘤1例。均选择经口鼻蝶窦入路再次手术。结果 肿瘤全切除7例,大部分切除6例,部分切除3例。随诊6月～5年,15例病人肿瘤未复发。结论 经额开颅术后残留及复发性垂体腺瘤可选择经蝶窦入路再次手术。     

Lymphocytic hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus and subsequent hypopituitarism masking a suprasellar germinoma in a 13-year-old girl

Case report We report a case of central diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, and subsequent hypopituitarism due to lymphocytic hypophysitis masking a germinoma in a 13-year-old pubertal girl. Magnetic resonance revealed an enlarged pituitary gland and a mass lesion in the pituitary stalk and inferior hypothalamus. Open cranial surgery of the anterior pituitary showed active hypophysitis with lymphocytic infiltrates but without necrosis. Despite prednisolone therapy, 1 year later an enlarged, irregular cystic mass lesion had developed; in the pituitary stalk and inferior hypothalamus, a endoscopic biopsy revealed germinoma.Conclusion Lymphocytic hypophysitis in children may be the first sign of a host reaction to an occult germinoma. The diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus with a thickened pituitary stalk requires long-term follow-up to establish the underlying cause.     

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of a case

Inflammatory diseases of the pituitary gland constitute a group of interest because of their scarce frequency, because the disorder presents with symptoms of hypopituitarism and expanding sellar mass and because of their therapeutics implications. We present one case of idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis, in a 55-years-old patient with daily headaches, panhypopituitarism and a sellar mass lesion. Granulomatous hypophysitis is characterized by granulomas with epithelioid histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells but also shows lymphocyte collections. With respect to immunohistochemistry our results show histiocytes (CD68+) and an heterogeneous inflammatory infiltrate (CD45RO+ y CD20+). We analyze the differential diagnosis with another granulomatous processes, infectious or not infectious, and with the histiocytosis. We examine the possible relation with the lymphocytic hypophysitis.     

Lymphocytic hypophysitis in males

Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland that typically affects women in the peripartum period. We describe two male patients (ages 43 years and 36 years), who presented with headaches, visual disturbance and hypopituitarism. MRI revealed a heterogeneous pituitary lesion that extended into the suprasellar region and with a thickened pituitary stalk. In both patients a histopathological diagnosis of LH was made after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. LH in males, although rare, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in those with hypopituitarism and a heterogeneous pituitary fossa mass, extending into pituitary stalk.     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和经蝶窦手术治疗

目的分析和探讨垂体Ｒａｔｈｋｅ囊肿的诊断和治疗。方法２２例经手术和病理证实为垂体Ｒａｔｈｋｅ囊肿的病例,男性８例,女性１４例。平均年龄３４．６岁。平均病程２３．５月。临床症状依次为头痛,垂体功能障碍,视功能障碍等。ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ检查表现鞍区囊性肿物。均采用经口鼻蝶窦显微手术清除囊肿内容物,切除少量囊壁,敞开囊腔。结果随诊半年至５．６年,７５％的头痛症状、７１％的视功能障碍、５０％的停经溢乳症状缓解。结论垂体Ｒａｔｈｋｅ囊肿术前较难明确诊断,对于影像学检查为鞍区囊性肿物者要考虑垂体Ｒａｔｈｋｅ囊肿。经口鼻蝶窦显微外科手术可以明确诊断,缓解症状,是治疗有症状性垂体Ｒａｔｈｋｅ囊肿的有效方法。     

Lymphocytic hypophysitis successfully treated with azathioprine: first case report

An aggressive case of lymphocytic hypophysitis is described which was successfully treated with azathioprine after failure of corticosteroids. The patient, aged 53, had frontal headache, diplopia, and diabetes insipidus. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intrasellar and suprasellar contrast enhancing mass with involvement of the left cavernous sinus and an enlarged pituitary stalk. A putative diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis was made and prednisone was prescribed. Symptoms improved but recurred after the dose was reduced. Trans-sphenoidal surgery was attempted but the suprasellar portion of the mass could not be pulled through the pituitary fossa. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis. Two months later he developed aseptic meningoencephalitis which was treated with high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. MRI revealed a progression of suprasellar mass. At this stage azathioprine treatment was begun. Four weeks later MRI shown no evidence of residual lesion and no pituitary stalk enlargement. After follow up of 18 months without azathioprine there was no clinical or radiological evidence of the disease. This is the first evidence of the efficacy of azathioprine treatment in a patient with lymphocytic hypophysitis.     

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis presenting as pituitary apoplexy

Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis (IGH) is an extremely rare chronic inflammatory lesion of the pituitary gland. This condition typically presents with chronic onset of headache and slow development of visual deficits. Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of headache, vision loss, opthalmoplegia, and signs of meningeal irritation. Although IGH has been previously described in the literature, its presentation as clinical pituitary apoplexy is novel. We report, to our knowledge, the first patient with IGH manifesting as clinical pituitary apoplexy. Physicians involved in the treatment of pituitary disease should be aware of this rare entity.     

垂体脓肿的诊断、治疗和长期随访

目的垂体脓肿是一种少见的鞍区感染性疾病,其临床表现没有特异性,术前诊断比较困难。为了更好地发现其临床特点以助于临床诊断,为了评估垂体脓肿手术治疗的疗效及其长期转归,我们分析总结了我院手术治疗的垂体脓肿病例资料。方法回顾性分析总结北京协和医院1991年～2007年17年间手术证实和治疗的30例垂体脓肿病例,对所有病例的详细病史资料、术前术后的影像学资料和内分泌检查结果及长期随访资料均进行了仔细分析和总结。结果垂体脓肿患者往往因为垂体占位性病变的相关症状而就诊,很少表现为感染相关的症状。中枢性尿崩、垂体功能低下、头痛是最常见的临床症状;MRI表现多样,但多数具有脓肿的典型表现即鞍区囊性占位,静脉注射对比剂后可见病灶边缘环形强化;尽管术后复发并不少见,大多数垂体脓肿通过手术引流可以治愈,但垂体功能低下往往很难恢复,需要长期激素替代治疗。结论临床上表现为尿崩、垂体功能低下伴有环形强化的鞍区占位往往提示垂体脓肿的诊断;治疗上首选经蝶脓肿引流手术,尽管伴有一定的复发率,手术往往可以治愈脓肿,但垂体功能低下往往不能恢复,需要重视长期替代治疗。     

Nelson综合征的显微外科治疗(附23例报告)

目的 分析和探讨Nelson综合征的病因,诊断标准和治疗方法。方法 对我科手术治疗的23例该病病例进行回顾性研究。临床特点包括肾上腺切除手术后皮肤粘膜色素沉着,血ACTH水平升高,影像学检查发现垂体腺瘤,21例经蝶窦手术,2例经额开颅,随访时间从半年至9年,结果本组23例Nelson综合征,占同期手术治疗的库欣病的7．7％,经蝶窦手术后皮肤色素沉着减轻,血ACTH水平下降,8例视力视野障碍术后均改善,治愈率56．5％,缓解率26．1％,结论 经蝶窦垂体ACTH腺瘤切除是预防和治疗Nelson综合征的首先方法,术后应定期随访。