乙酰半胱氨酸预防造影剂肾病疗效的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对造影剂肾病的预防疗效.方法 按循证医学的要求,制定相应的纳入标准、排除标准及检索策略,检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Wiley Online Library、Google Scholar电子数据库,检索时限为2000年至2011年,获得NAC预防造影剂肾病的相关文献.由2位研究者根据纳入和排除标准独立选择符合标准的随机对照试验(RCT)并提取相关数据.采用RevMan 5.1软件进行荟萃分析.结果 初步检索出151篇相关文献,有16篇文献纳入本研究.16项研究共纳入4588例患者,14项试验的Jadad评分超过3分.16篇文献的整体荟萃分析结果显示,NAC可以预防造影剂肾病的发生(OR=0.65,95％ CI 0.46～0.92,P=0.01).患者平均Scr≥132.6 μmol/L的11项研究荟萃分析结果显示,OR=0.52,95％ CI 0.30～0.93,P=0.03,但患者平均Scr＜132.6 μmol/L的6项研究荟萃分析结果 显示,OR=0.93,95％ CI 0.75～1.15,P=0.49.结论 NAC对造影剂肾病的发生有一定的预防作用,当平均Scr≥132.6μmol/L时,NAC对造影剂肾病有明确的预防效果.     

胃肠手术后肠内/肠外营养临床对照研究的荟萃分析

目的 分析国内外相关文献资料,比较肠内营养(EN)、肠外营养(PN)对胃肠手术患者预后的影响,探讨胃肠术后早期应用EN的合理性.方法 检索PubMed、EMBASE和Cochrane图书馆数据库,对1970年至2008年中胃肠手术后给予EN、PN相关的临床随机对照试验进行荟萃分析.评价终止的指标包括吻合口裂开、感染(包括导管脓毒症、伤口感染、肺炎、腹腔脓肿、泌尿系感染)、呕吐及腹胀、其他并发症、住院天数和病死率.结果 23组临床随机实验共2784例患者符合录入标准.与PN组比较,EN可减少吻合口裂开(RR=0.67,95%Cl:0.50～0.91;P=0.010)、感染(RR=0.72,95%CI:0.64～0.81;P<0.001),其他并发症(RR=0.82,95%CI:0.73～0.92;P<0.001)和住院的时间(加权均数差值=-3.60;95% CI:-3.88～-3.32;P<0.001).但EN组腹胀和呕吐的不良反应更多见(RR=1.39,95%CI:1.21～1.59;P<0.001).两组病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.400).结论 胃肠手术后患者没有"禁食水"的必要,早期给予EN辅助治疗,有利于促进患者恢复,减少并发症的发生.     

重型乙型肝炎预后荟萃分析

目的荟萃分析重型乙型肝炎预后的影响因素。方法检索截至2009年11月公开发表的重型乙型肝炎相关的论文,提取其中反映预后相关的临床资料,包括总胆红素（TBil）、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）、肌酐水平、临床生化指标及肝性脑病情况。用随机模型分析以标准化均数差（SMD）和相对危险度（RR）为效应量进行异质性检验和统计量合并。结果 13项研究共包含重型乙型肝炎患者2429例。生存组和死亡组中,TBil、PTA、AFP、肌酐水平在荟萃分析中均存在明显差异（P〈0.001）。研究中除肌酐和肝性脑病异质性差异无统计学意义,其他预后变量存在较大异质性,且异质性不能通过荟萃回归和分层降低。结论在荟萃分析中TBil、PTA、AFP、肝性脑病及肌酐在重型乙型肝炎病程中具有良好的预后判断价值。肝性脑病和肌酐水平在各研究中对预后判断的结果一致。然而TBil、PTA、AFP对预后的判断仍然存在较大的异质性。异质性可能来源于研究样本排除标准的差异,对于重型乙型肝炎的诊断需要一个纳入标准（PTA≤40%,TBil〉10倍正常值上限）,同时也需要相关的排除标准。这将对预后判断的准确性和诊断模型的效能有重要价值。     

昂丹司琼联合地塞米松对比昂丹司琼单药预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术后恶心呕吐的荟萃分析

目的:系统评价昂丹司琼联合地塞米松与昂丹司琼单药预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)的疗效及安全性,以期为临床用药提供参考。方法:系统检索与筛选Cochrane Library、Pub Med、EMBASE、SCI、CNKI、维普、万方数据库中对比昂丹司琼单药与联合用药预防LC术后PONV的随机对照试验。使用Google学术、百度学术等搜索引擎进一步补充检索。按照纳入与排除标准纳入文献后,由两位作者独立进行质量评价、数据提取,交叉核对后,使用Rev Man 5.3软件统计分析,合并效应量中计数资料采用相对危险度(relative risk,RR)及95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)描述。结果:纳入12项随机对照试验,共1 156例患者。Meta分析结果显示,相较昂丹司琼单药组,联合地塞米松用药组LC术后24 h内PONV发生率显著下降[RR=0.45,95%CI(0.35,0.57)]。依据药物用量行亚组分析时发现,4 mg、8 mg昂丹司琼联合用药组均可显著降低术后24 h PONV发生率,而在8 mg时较单药组可显著降低总的呕吐发生率[RR=0.40,95%CI(0.23,0.71)]。安全性方面,两组术后其他并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论:昂丹司琼联合地塞米松相较昂丹司琼单药能更好地预防LC术后的PONV,有效降低术后不适症状,同时临床应用时应注意昂丹司琼剂量的选择。     

心房颤动的机制及预防

心房颤动是临床上最常见的心律失常之一,全球发病率高,严重威胁人们的健康与生命,因此对心房颤动的预防显得尤为重要。本文综述目前对心房颤动发生机制的认识及对其预防的最新进展,以为临床提供参考。     

腹壁正中切口关闭缝合的荟萃分析

目的 以相关的文献资料,对腹壁正中切口缝合关闭技术的安全性和疗效进行荟萃分析.方法 查询MedLine和Embase数据库中1981至2009年有关腹壁正中切口关闭缝合的文献,要求为具有1年以上随访、采用不同缝合技术和(或)不同缝线材料进行腹壁正中切口关腹的随机对照研究.分析指标包括切口疝、伤口裂开、伤口感染、缝线窦道形成等.结果 共纳入文献13篇,共计6263例患者.与连续缝合相比,间断缝合切口疝发生率明显增加(OR=0.80,95%CI:0.66～1.00;P=0.05),两种缝合方式在切口裂开、切口感染和窦道形成方面无显著差异.与连续不吸收缝线缝合相比,采用连续快吸收缝线的切口疝发生率显著增加(8.3%比15.8%,P＜0.05);而连续不吸收缝线缝合的窦道形成发生率更高(5.6%比1.0%,P＜0.05).与连续慢吸收缝线缝合相比,连续快吸收缝线缝合切口疝发生率更高(10.0%比15.8%,P＜0.05);与间断快吸收缝线缝合相比,使用间断不吸收缝线缝合窦道形成发生率更高(0比8.8%,P＜0.05);连续慢吸收缝线缝合与连续不吸收缝线缝合相比,两者切口疝、切口感染、切口裂开发生率等差异无统计学意义,而连续不吸收缝线缝合窦道形成发生率会明显增加(OR=0.47,95%CI:0.24～0.92;P＜0.05).连续缝合时,缝线长度与切口长度比值(SL/WL)＜4∶1与≥4∶1相比,切口裂开、切口感染差异无统计学意义;但SL/WL＜4:l时切口疝发生率会明显增加(P＜0.05).结论 腹壁正中切口缝合关闭以连续全层(SL/WL为≥4∶1)慢吸收缝线关腹为宜,适宜的关腹技术和材料,可以明显减少切口裂开、切口感染和切口疝的发生.     

肾衰宁胶囊纠正肾性贫血的荟萃分析

目的：中药肾衰宁含祖国中医认为有活血化瘀功能的丹参、红花和牛膝等成分.本研究的目的是明确肾衰宁胶囊是否对纠正肾性贫血有益.方法：以＂肾衰宁胶囊＂、＂肾性贫血＂ 对万方数据库所有文献进行检索.按筛选标准共有5篇文献用肾衰宁胶囊治疗成年人肾性贫血的临床对照试验.先对各研究进行异质性检验,根据结果选择随机效应模型或固定效应模型进行统计学处理,使用Revman 4.2进行统计分析.结果：肾衰宁治疗组血红蛋白（Hb）较高,约比对照组高（4.26±2.12）g/L.结论：肾衰宁胶囊可以帮助纠正肾性贫血.     

狼疮性肾炎中西医结合疗法的临床疗效：荟萃分析

目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎（lupus nephritis,LN）中西医结合（traditional chinese medicine and western medicine,TCM-WM）疗法的临床疗效。方法：对1999年～2011年12年间为中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据资源系统所收录的核心期刊,具有西药对照的中西医结合治疗LN论文进行荟萃分析。结果：最终有12篇文献被纳入研究,共对742例LN患者包括治疗组409例,对照组333例进行分析。中西医结合治疗LN疗效显著OR=0.22（0.14～0.35,P〈0.00001）。中西医结合治疗总有效率高于对照组,主要表现为较高的完全缓解率OR=2.59（1.78～3.59,P〈0.00001）,及较高的显著缓解率OR=1.37（1.01～1.85,P〈0.05）。结论：中西医结合治疗LN较单纯西药治疗有明显优势。     

荟萃分析（meta—analysis）及其临床作用

一、问题的提出每年都有大量医学文献发表。针对某一问题的研究工作 ,由于种种原因结果不一定一致。例如 ,ＲａｏＪＫ等[1] 检索出 1995年以前发表的有关ｃ ＡＮＣＡ诊断Ｗｅｇｅｎｅｒ肉芽肿的敏感性和特异性的文献 747篇 ,报告的敏感性从 34 %到 92 % ,特异性从 88%到 10 0 % ,结果变异极大 ,使读者难于作出判断。综述性文章是掌握总体信息的便捷之路 ,但只是概括有关的研究结果 ,包括有争议的甚至相反的结论 ,不能得出具体的数据资料。因此有必要对已经发表文献数据进行科学分析 ,得出客观结果。近年来“荟萃分析”在临床医学中的应用越…     

利用电子健康记录分析心脏瓣膜疾病合并心房颤动的机器学习模型

目的 建立基于机器学习的框架,从瓣膜性心脏病患者中快速筛选出可能发展为心房颤动（房颤）的高危患者,并将风险预测的相关信息提供给临床医生作为临床指导,以便及时做出治疗决策。方法 回顾性收集四川大学华西医院及其分院的1 740例瓣膜性心脏病患者的临床资料,其中男831例（47.76%）、女909例（52.24%）,平均年龄54岁。基于以上数据,建立经典的logistic回归、3种标准机器学习模型和3种集成机器学习模型,用于房颤的风险预测和特征分析。将机器学习模型的性能与经典logistic回归进行比较,选择了两种最佳模型,应用SHAP(Sharpley Addictive Explanation)算法,提供群体和单体层面上的可解释性。此外,我们还提供了特征分析结果的可视化。结果 Stack模型在所有模型中表现最好（房颤检出率85.6%,F1分数0.753）,而XGBoost在标准机器学习模型中表现优异（房颤检出率71.9%,F1分数0.732）,且两种模型的表现都明显优于logistic回归模型（房颤检出率65.2%,F1分数0.689）。SHAP算法显示,左心房内径、二尖瓣E峰流速、右心...     

Body mass index predicts new-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

Objective: New-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Since obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent, identifying body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor for POAF could be of importance. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of BMI on POAF, independent of other risk factors. Methods: We analyzed data of 6788 men and 2560 women who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, valve surgery, or a combination of both, and who had no history of atrial fibrillation. Men and women were analyzed separately because risk factors of POAF were expected to be distributed unequally over both sexes. Results: The independent effect of gender was analyzed in a combined model. POAF occurred in 2517/9348 (27%) of patients. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that BMI (odds ratio (OR) 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.04; p < 0.001 in men and OR 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02–1.05; p < 0.001 in women), age (OR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.05–1.07; p < 0.001 in men and OR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.04–1.06; p < 0.001 in women), valve surgery compared to coronary surgery (e.g., mitral valve surgery compared to coronary artery bypass grafting: OR 3.4; 95% CI: 2.4–4.6; p < 0.001 in men and OR 2.9; 95% CI: 2.0–4.3; p < 0.001 in women) and male gender (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.09–1.38; p = 0.001) were the only independent risk factors for POAF, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, extra corporal circulation time, and transfusion of blood products were not. Conclusion: Body mass index, age, undergoing valve surgery and male gender, are independent risk factors for POAF.     

胸腔镜辅助下微创射频消融手术治疗心房颤动临床分析

目的 探讨胸腔镜辅助下微创射频消融手术治疗心房颤动的技术和早期疗效.方法 2006年12月至2007年10月,共有57例心房颤动患者接受了胸腔镜辅助下微创心脏手术,其中男性40例,女性17例,平均年龄56.4岁,术前心房颤动病史(5.7±4.5)年.本组阵发性心房颤动38例,持续性心房颤动7例,长期存在的持续性心房颤动12例;3例患者曾行导管消融治疗,2例已安置永久性起搏器.所有患者均在胸腔镜辅助下实施双侧肺静脉前庭射频消融隔离、心外膜部分去迷走神经化治疗、左心耳切闭(Wolf Mini-maze手术);并在消融前后行心外膜电生理标测.结果 本组患者平均手术时间3.5 h;术中发现左心房血栓1例,1例患者同期行心外膜的心脏同步化手术.无围手术期死亡;1例术后并发急性呼吸功能不全,1例并发急性心功能不全.共16例患者术后及随访期间行胸外直流电复律治疗;全组患者出院时、术后1、3及6个月窦性心律的比例分别为78.9%(45/57)、64.3%(36/56)、83.9%(47/56)和87.0%(20/23);术前阵发性心房颤动患者则为84.2%(32/38)、67.6%(25/37)、86.5%(32/37)和89.5%(17/19).全组随访1～10个月无血栓及栓塞事件发生.结论 胸腔镜辅助微创心脏外科手术主要适用于阵发性心房颤动患者,其早期疗效理想,创伤小,安全性高.     

Bariatric surgery reduces incidence of atrial fibrillation: a propensity score–matched analysis

Background

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). Bariatric surgery results insubstantial long-term weight loss and the amelioration of several chronic comorbidities. We hypothesized that weightreduction with bariatric surgery would reduce the long-term incidence of AF.

全胸腔镜左心房后入路射频迷宫手术治疗32例孤立性心房纤颤

目的 探讨全胸腔镜下左心房后入路射频迷宫手术治疗孤立性心房纤颤的实用性及安全性.方法 2010年2月至201 1年11月,采用全胸腔镜下左心房后入路射频迷宫手术治疗孤立性心房纤颤(房颤)患者32例,其中阵发性21例,持续性11例.左后胸壁3个胸腔镜套管切口入胸,完全胸腔镜下视野,肺门后、食管前、左心房后切开心包,暴露左心房,行左心房迷宫射频消融、左心耳切除手术.结果 全组无手术死亡及严重手术并发症,1例因右肺上静脉出血中转开胸手术.手术时间87～238 min,术后住院期间10例出现阵发性房颤,出院时均为窦性心律.均出院,随访4～20个月,31例为窦性心律,1例持续性房颤患者出现阵发性房扑.结论 胸腔镜左心房后入路左心房暴露好,可行左心房射频消融、左心耳切除手术,效果好、创伤小.     

Prophylactic amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis

Amiodarone has been proposed to decrease atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. The literature was systematically reviewed for randomized trials comparing amiodarone with control for prevention of atrial fibrillation. Data were extracted on study characteristics, quality, and incidence of atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular outcomes, and length of hospitalization. Nineteen trials were included. Amiodarone reduced the odds ratio of atrial fibrillation (0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43 to 0.59, p < 0.0001), ventricular tachyarrhythmias (0.39; 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.58, p < 0.0001), and strokes (0.53; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.92, p = 0.02). Amiodarone reduced hospital stay (0.6 days; 95% CI: 0.4 to 0.8, p < 0.0001). Amiodarone decreased atrial fibrillation, reduced perioperative ventricular tachyarrhythmias and strokes, and reduced duration of hospitalization. The current evidence supports recommending the routine use of perioperative amiodarone for cardiac surgery.     

Preoperative C-reactive protein and atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary bypass surgery

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) and atrial fibrillation (AF) after isolated off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Methods: Of 683 consecutive patients undergoing isolated coronary bypass surgery by a single surgeon between January 2002 and March 2009, 552 were retrospectively analyzed after excluding the following 131 cases: on-pump surgery (n = 6), chronic AF (n = 14), pacemaker rhythm (n = 7), and preoperative CRP of ≥10 mg l⁻¹ (n = 104). We analyzed the correlation on a continuous basis per 1 SD increase in the logarithmically transformed value of CRP and on a group basis CRP level categorized into three groups: <1.0 mg l⁻¹, n = 196; 1.0–3.0 mg l⁻¹, n = 220; and 3.0–10.0 mg l⁻¹, n = 136. Results: AF occurred in 121 patients (21.9%, 121/552) of patients after surgery. The median value (interquartile range) of preoperative CRP (mg l⁻¹) was significantly higher in patients who developed AF than in those who did not (2.2 (1.0–4.2) vs 1.3 (0.6–2.5), p = 0.001). The rate of 7-day survival free from AF was 65.4% in patients with CRP of 3.0–10.0 mg l⁻¹, 79.9% in those with CRP of 1.0–3.0 mg l⁻¹, and 85.7% in those with CRP of <1.0 mg l⁻¹ (log-rank test: p = 0.001). The unadjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for the association between CRP and postoperative AF was 1.65 (1.32–2.06) per 1 SD increase and 3.17 (1.86–5.40) for patients with CRP of 3.0–10.0 mg l⁻¹ versus those with levels of <1.0 mg l⁻¹. This association persisted after adjustment for the univariate predictors (1.43 (1.22–1.97) per 1 SD increase; 2.88 (1.67–4.97) for patients with CRP of 3.0–10.0 mg l⁻¹ vs <1.0 mg l⁻¹) or the known risk factors (1.34 (1.18–1.86) per 1 SD increase; 2.52 (1.54–4.36) for patients with CRP of 3.0–10.0 mg l⁻¹ vs <1.0 mg l⁻¹). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) for preoperative CRP as a predictor of postoperative AF was 0.68 (0.62–0.74) (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative CRP is independently associated with the occurrence of AF after isolated off-pump coronary bypass surgery.     

Effect of dexamethasone on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of preoperative dexamethasone (DEX) on the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-eight adult patients undergoing combined valve and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were randomized to receive either DEX or placebo. INTERVENTIONS: The DEX group received dexamethasone, 0.6 mg/kg, after induction of anesthesia, and the placebo group received an equal volume of normal saline. Interleukin (IL)-6, -8, and -10; tumor necrosis factor alpha; and endothelin (ET)-1 were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 2, and 3. Complement (C-4) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured preoperatively and on POD 2. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) was measured preoperatively, 15 minutes after aortic unclamping, and 1 hour after intensive care unit admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: No significant difference in the incidence of AF was found between the placebo (41%) and DEX groups (30%) (95% confidence interval [-11%, 34%); p = 0.31). DEX significantly reduced at least 1 postoperative level of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CRP, and exhaled NO. DEX did not affect ET-1 or C-4 levels. IL-10 on POD 3 was positively correlated with postoperative hospital length of stay (r = 0.30, p = 0.01). Increased levels of IL-8 and IL-10 on POD 1 were positively correlated with the intubation time (r = 0.31, p = 0.01; r = 0.30, p = 0.01, respectively). Conversely, C-4 on POD 2 was negatively correlated with the intubation time and intensive care unit length of stay (r = -0.32, p = 0.006; r = -0.30, p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DEX did not affect the incidence of AF in patients undergoing combined CABG and valve surgery. However, it did modulate the release of several inflammatory and acute-phase response mediators that are associated with adverse outcomes.     

A high quality of life is maintained late after Maze III surgery for atrial fibrillation

Background: Cox Maze surgery for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been found to have high efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm and has been shown to improve quality of life early after surgery, but reports on long-term effects in this respect are lacking. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effect of the Maze procedure on health-related quality of life in the long term. Methods: Patients with drug-refractory AF undergoing the ‘cut and sew’ Maze III procedure without any modification were assessed with the SF-36 Health Survey regarding quality of life at baseline and late after surgery. Totally 61 patients, mean age 55 years (range: 29–74 years), were evaluated. At the time of surgery, 34 patients (56%) had paroxysmal or persistent AF and the remainder had permanent AF. Results: At late follow-up, at a mean of 55 ± 12 months, 54 patients (89%) were free from AF recurrences and another five patients (8%) had experienced only one or a few AF episodes. All eight scales on the SF-36 Health Survey were significantly improved at long-term follow-up compared to baseline. The quality-of-life improvement was seen both in patients with paroxysmal/persistent AF and in those with permanent AF. At long-term follow-up, the quality-of-life scores were comparable with those of the general population. Conclusions: The Cox Maze III procedure has good long-term efficacy for rhythm control in patients with medically refractory AF, resulting in a quality-of-life improvement, which is maintained late after surgery.     

New onset postoperative atrial fibrillation and early anticoagulation after cardiac surgery

Objectives. New onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased risk for thromboembolic complications. Compliance with anticoagulation treatment is prerequisite for successful outcome after POAF. We hypothesized that a disciplined anticoagulation protocol initiated instantly after POAF secures a long-term outcome. Design. A total of 519 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Patients received anticoagulation using warfarin whenever POAF lasted longer than five min. Postoperative outcome including mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke were compared with patients on sinus rhythm (non-POAF). Results. Mean age of the study cohort was 64.3?±?9.0 years and median follow-up time was 76 months. There were 177 (34%) POAF and 342 (66%) non-POAF patients. At discharge, 144 (81%) POAF patients complied with warfarin, while 82 (24%) non-POAF patients received warfarin for non-rhythm causes (p?p?=?.03). After adjustment for comorbidities, major adverse clinical events (MACE)- including a combination of late cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and late atrial fibrillation- was independently associated with POAF (OR 2.73, 95%CI 1.69-4.45, p?Conclusions. POAF after cardiac surgery was associated with high risk of MACE. Early anticoagulation may be justified in POAF patients to secure a long-term outcome after cardiac surgery.