脑静脉血栓的影像诊断

脑静脉血栓（cerebral venous thrombosis,CVT）是一类累及脑静脉及静脉窦的少见卒 中,临床诊断困难,延误诊断易导致不良预后。神经影像是早期诊断CVT的关键。颅脑磁共振成像 （magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）联合磁共振静脉血管成像（magnetic resonance venography,MRV）是 临床最常用、最敏感的影像诊断技术。颅脑MRI的T1、T2、T2 *序列可发现CVT导致的继发脑实质损害 （间接征象）或静脉部位的血栓信号（直接征象）,再进一步通过MRV显示的静脉血栓信号（直接征 象）证实诊断,若仍不能做出诊断,可考虑进行数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA） 以明确诊断。CVT的影像诊断过程中也存在许多陷阱或误区,掌握一定的脑静脉解剖及变异的知识 对快速准确做出CVT的诊断非常重要。     

Recanalisation and outcome cerebral venous thrombosis

Little is known of the natural history and rate of sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Although acute anticoagulation is effective, the duration of therapy remains speculative. We aimed to determine the relationship between sinus recanalisation and clinical outcome. We studied 12 consecutive patients with aseptic CVT with evidence of sinus thrombosis on initial magnetic resonance imaging, followed up 5-68 months after onset, using 15 repeat magnetic resonance scans in 9 of the patients to assess recanalisation. All patients initially had one or more thrombosed sinuses and were treated with anticoagulants for at least 6 months, including 3 with haemorrhagic infarction. Residual neurological deficits were present in only one patient. No patient had a recurrent thrombosis. Recanalisations was incomplete in 6 of the 9 cases. Sinus recanalisation after cerebral venous thrombosis does not correlate with clinical outcome. Although empirical, the general recommendation of 6 months anticoagulant therapy is appropriate.     

Significance of recanalization of sinuses and resolution of parenchymal lesion in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

In cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), the degree of recanalization may determine resolution of parenchymal lesion and clinical outcome. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship of recanalization with resolution of MRI lesion and clinical outcome.The patients with CVST diagnosed on the basis of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) were included prospectively. Risk factors, clinical features, and MRI and MRV findings were noted. MRI and MRV were repeated at 6 months and the change in parenchymal lesion and grade of recanalization (I, II, III) were noted. Patients were evaluated clinically at three and six months. Complete recovery was considered if modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 0.Thirty-three CVST patients were included, 12 (36.4%) of whom were females. Recanalization occurred in 29 (87.9%), which was complete (grade III) in 6 (21%). Sigmoid sinus (52%) recanalized more frequently. Resolution of parenchymal lesion on repeat MRI occurred in 13.3% (4/30) patients, and they had no sequelae. Degree of recanalization was not related to resolution of neurological sequelae, MRI lesion at follow up and burden of thrombosis at baseline.Varying degree of recanalization occurred in 87.9% patients with CVST, and resolution of parenchymal lesion occurred in 13.3%. Clinical outcome however was not related to recanalization.     

磁共振血管成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断和疗效评价

目的 探讨MR脑血管成像在脑静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的诊断和疗效评价中的作用. 方法 回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院影像中心自2001年8月至2007年1月期间收治的12例CVST患者的影像学资料,所有病例均作常规SE序列和2D-TOF静脉成像(MRV),10例患者做DSA,8例患者做3D-TOF动脉成像(MRA).比较不同成像方法对CVST病变的显示情况. 结果 12例患者共显示34个CVST.SE序列显示9例17个,表现为静脉窦正常流空信号消失,出现异常信号.MRV显示11例32个,表现为正常静脉窦高信号消失或其内充盈缺损.DSA显示10例30个.MRA显示2例(2/8)脑动脉血管减少.MRV显示的病变静脉窦数日明显高于SE序列,病变检出的阳性率为93.3%(相对DSA).MRV示6例经导管内注药溶柃治疗后随访的患者大部分病变静脉窦恢复正常高信号,溶栓前MRA所示脑动脉血管减少的2例患者则显示动脉血管明显增多. 结论 MR脑血管成像在CVST的诊断和疗效评价中能发挥重要作用.     

颅脑静脉窦内血栓磁共振弥散加权成像对溶栓治疗的价值

目的 探讨颅脑静脉窦内血栓磁共振弥散加权成像(DWl)的特征以及DWI表现与溶栓治疗后血管再通的关系.方法 回顾性分析14例颅脑静脉窦内血栓患者的MRI表现,包括常规MRJ、FLAIR、DWI及MRV,统计静脉窦内出现DWI高信号的部位、数量;以溶栓治疗后1～3个月的MRV确定原栓塞静脉窦是否再通;探讨溶栓前静脉窦内血栓T1WI、FLAIR、DWI表现与溶栓治疗后血管再通的关系.结果 14例颅脑静脉窦内血栓患者中9例出现21个部位的血栓DWI高信号.首诊MRI血栓内有DWI高信号的静脉窦的血管完全再通的几率较低(19.0%),血栓内无DWI高信号的静脉窦冉通率较高(68.2%),比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.005).结论 颅脑静脉窦内血栓患者血栓DWI信号可能与血栓的进展有关,首诊MRI发现静脉窦内血栓DWI呈高信号能预测溶栓治疗1～3个月后血管再通率较低.     

外伤性脑静脉窦血栓的临床诊治

目的 探讨外伤性脑静脉窦血栓的诊治方法。方法 对近两年来临床工作中发现的27例外伤性脑静脉窦血栓患者资料进行回顾性分析。所有病例均采用核磁共振成像（MRV）证实，行尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗，首齐20万U，每日增加5万U。最大剂量达100万U。结果 19例再通，7例建立侧支循环，1例死亡。结论 对临床工作中出现的腰穿颅内压大于300mm H20的病例、跨窦骨折的病例、病情平稳后又出现反复（如头痛加剧、呕吐等）而复查头颅CT无异常的病例，应高度怀疑脑静脉窦或深静脉血栓形成。MRV成像是脑静脉安或深静脉血栓诊断的首选方法。     

脑深静脉血栓形成12例临床及影像分析

目的 探讨脑深静脉血栓形成（deep cerebral venous thrombosis,DCVT）的临床及影像学特点。
方法 回顾性分析2004年12月～2013年5月在北京协和医院神经内科住院的经数字减影血管造影
（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）或者磁共振静脉成像（magnetic resonance venography,MRV）确诊
的12例DCVT患者的临床表现、影像学特征、治疗及预后情况。
结果 12例DCVT患者中男性7例,女性5例,年龄24.5（19.75,33.5）岁。临床表现：头痛11例［11/12
（92%）］;不同程度意识障碍5例［5/12（42%）］,其中1例为昏迷;抽搐发作5例［5/12（42%）］;其
他局灶体征（单侧肢体无力）2例［2/12（17%）］。影像表现：累及直窦和大脑大静脉最多见,分别为
11例［11/12（92%）］及8例［8/12（67%）］,累及大脑内静脉3例［3/12（25%）］,基底静脉1例［1/12
（8%）］,所有患者均合并其他静脉窦受累。8例患者行头颅计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）
和（或）磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检查,其中丘脑病灶4例［4/8（50%）］,基
底节区病灶2例［2/8（25%）］,额或顶叶病灶3例［3/8（38%）］,其中病灶内合并出血者2例［2/8
（25%）］。治疗预后：12例患者中除1例因感染性休克死亡,未能接受抗凝治疗外,其余11例均给予抗
凝治疗,最终症状体征基本消失,复查影像学病灶明显好转或消失。
结论 意识障碍及双侧丘脑病变是DCVT的常见临床及影像表现,需注意识别;大脑大静脉及直窦为
常见受累深静脉（窦）,且常并存其他静脉窦受累;DCVT虽急性期症状凶险,如及早诊断及治疗,预后
可相对较好。     

Cerebral cortical and deep venous thrombosis without sinus thrombosis: clinical MRI correlates

BACKGROUND: Cortical and/or deep vein thrombosis (CDVT) without dural sinus involvement is uncommon and presents diagnostic difficulty for many reasons. Our aim is to determine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinical findings in patients with CDVT. METHODS: Forty-six patients with venous stroke proved on MRI included in our Registry, corresponding to 0.1% of 4650 patients with stroke, were studied. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed in all patients, and 18 of them had follow-up MRA. Outcome was evaluated by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at the time of discharge and during follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients presented cortical venous stroke; 21 of them had involvement of the dorsomedial venous system, six had a defect in the posteroinferior venous group, and five had a defect in the anteroinferior venous group. Thirteen patients presented simultaneous involvement of the superficial and deep venous system; seven with a defect in the parietal and internal cerebral veins (three with involvement of vein of Gallen), four with a defect in the temporooccipital (vein of Labbé) and basal vein of Rosenthal, two with a deficit in the anterior frontotemporal and uncal-pterygoid venous system. One patient had deep venous thrombosis primarily localized to the thalami bilaterally and the basal ganglia on the right because of occlusion of the thalamostriate veins. The main presenting symptoms of CDVT were headache, focal neurologic signs, partial complex or secondary generalized seizures, and consciousness disturbances in those with deep venous thrombosis, presented alone or in combination at onset. CDVT was more than twofold more frequent in women than in men. Pregnancy, puerperium, oral contraceptive use, and infections were the most common predisposing factors. CONCLUSION: Computerized tomography, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging showing ischemic and/or hemorrhagic lesion that does not follow the boundary of classical arterial boundaries without signs of sinus thrombosis, and partial or generalized seizures followed by focal neurologic signs may predict CDVT. The outcome of patients with cortical venous stroke was good, but not in those with cortical plus deep venous infarction.     

MRI和MRV在脑静脉和静脉窦血栓诊断中的价值

目的探讨MRI和MRV对脑静脉和静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析16例CVST患者的临床和影像学资料。结果受累的脑静脉和静脉窦有上矢状窦9例,横窦5例,直窦3例,乙状窦2例,大脑大静脉合并大脑内静脉2例。常规MRI可见受累静脉窦流空信号消失,静脉窦内信号高低不一,11例脑实质内出现静脉性脑梗死表现,其中4例合并出血。增强扫描15例静脉窦内出现充盈缺损及静脉窦壁强化表现,9例脑实质内出现脑回样强化。MRV表现为受累静脉窦部分或广泛高血流信号缺失、狭窄。结论MRI和MRV是诊断和随访CVST形成的最佳检查方法。     

Impact of anticoagulation status on recanalization and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis

Effective anticoagulation status may determine the recanalization and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). We report impact of anticoagulation status on recanalization and outcome of CVT. This is a retrospective study on 126 patients with CVT diagnosed on magnetic resonance venography (MRV). Their clinical features and risk factors were noted. The data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained registry, and international normalized ratio (INR) was noted after discharge till 3 months. All the patients were on acenocoumarol. Based on INR value, patients were categorized as Group A (effective anticoagulation INR within the therapeutic range or above) and Group B (ineffective anticoagulation INR > 50% below the therapeutic range). A repeat MRV at 3 months was done for recanalization. Outcome at 3 months was evaluated using modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and categorized as good (mRS ≤ 2) and poor (mRS 2 or more) 101(80.2%) patients were in group A and 25(19.8%) in group B. Their demographic, risk factors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRV findings were comparable. On repeat MRV, recanalization occurred in 22/24(91.7%); 15(88%) in group A and 7(100%) in group B. Recanalization was independent of coagulation status. Seven (5.6%) patients died and 107(84.9%) had good outcome; 85(84.2%) in group A and 22(88%) in group B. Kaplan Meier analysis also did not reveal survival or good outcome benefits between the groups. In CVT, outcome and recanalization at 3 months are not dependent on coagulation status. Further prospective studies are needed regarding duration of anticoagulant and its impact on recanalization and outcome.     

Sensitivity and specificity for screening of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency using a multimodal non-invasive imaging approach in patients with multiple sclerosis

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combination of Doppler sonography (DS) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) on 3T MRI increases specificity for detection of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in 171 (113 relapsing-remitting, 47 secondary-progressive, 11 primary progressive) patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 79 age- and sex matched healthy controls (HCs). One hundred ten (64.3%) MS patients and 30 (38%) HCs presented ≥2 venous hemodynamic CCSVI criteria (p<.0001). Both DS and MRV showed relatively high specificity but lower sensitivity for determining a CCSVI diagnosis in patients with MS vs HCs and between MS subgroups. In MS patients this diagnostic specificity increased to over 90% by combining internal jugular vein and vertebral vein abnormal DS and MRV findings, reflux in deep cerebral veins and MRV findings of >1 collateral veins. This study suggests that a multimodal non-invasive approach (DS and MRV) increases the specificity for a diagnosis of CCSVI in patients with MS.     

Bithalamic infarcts: embolism of the top of basilar artery or deep cerebral venous thrombosis?

Bithalamic infarcts are usually attributed to thromboembolism of the top of the basilar artery. However, in some cases, deep cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombosis of cerebral venous sinuses was proved to be the cause. The case of a 47-year-old female with ischemic thalamic and mesencephalic lesions is reported, that was attributed to thrombosis of internal cerebral veins. In cases of bithalamic infarcts, apart from the top of the basilar artery syndrome, deep cerebral venous thrombosis should be taken into consideration. Neuroimaging findings such as generalized cerebral edema, multiple infarcts or hemorrhages, hyperdense appearance of cerebral sinuses or veins and filling defects in the cerebral venous sinuses in contrast-CCT, can lead to the proper diagnosis.     

Comparative evaluation of 2D time-of-flight and 3D elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR venography in patients with presumptive cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis

We retrospectively evaluated an elliptic centric ordered 3D (ec 3D) magnetic resonance venography (MRV) technique in comparison to 2D time-of-flight (2D TOF) MRV in patients with presumptive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Twenty-five patients (mean age 40.6 ± 16.5 years) with presumptive CVST underwent cerebral MRI including 2D TOF and ec 3D MRV. Radiologic findings and clinical outcome were correlated. MRV studies were evaluated by two neuroradiologists in a blinded manner for image quality, assessment of various sinus, internal cerebral veins (ICV), vein of Labbé and Galen (VL/VG) as well as for additional imaging procedures required. Sensitivity/specificity of ec 3D MRV amounted to 85.7%/97.2% as compared with 2D TOF 71.4%/55.6 %. Ec 3D MRV performed superior in terms of image quality as well as assessment of all sinus and veins except for the straight sinus. Additional imaging procedures were less often required in ec 3D MRV studies (28% vs. 66% for 2D TOF MRV; P  < 0.001). Interobserver agreement was significantly increased by using ec 3D MRV (93.1% vs. 70.9% of readings). The results of our study provide additional evidence for the superiority of ec 3D compared with 2D TOF MR venography for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute CVST in daily clinical practice.     

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis: an illustrative case with reversible diencephalic dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Isolated thrombosis of the deep cerebral veins is rare and its diagnosis can be difficult. Mortality is often high and little is known about the long-term prognosis. CASE REPORT: We report a 24-year-old woman with akinetic mutism and extensive bilateral thalamic lesions. CT and MRI allowed early diagnosis by demonstrating thrombosis within the internal cerebral veins, without the need for angiography. Heparin treatment was used safely despite the presence of thalamic and intraventricular hemorrhage. After five weeks, the patient recovered rapidly and remains well at 18 months. Serial MRI showed dramatic resolution of the imaging abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical features and characteristic neuroimaging appearance of deep cerebral venous thrombosis should be recognized by physicians caring for stroke patients. Deep cerebral venous thrombosis can produce extensive venous congestion and vasogenic edema without early infarction. Excellent clinical recovery is possible even after severe and prolonged neurological deficits.     

Arterial contamination: a useful indirect sign of cerebral sino-venous thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Various imaging findings of cerebral sino-venous thrombosis (CSVT) have been described on magnetic resonance venography (MRV). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of visualization of the arterial system on cerebral MRV, also described as arterial contamination, as an indirect sign of CSVT. METHODS: Forty patients with a clinical suspicion of venous sinus thrombosis underwent MR imaging of the brain, followed by MRV sequence, based on 2D time of flight technique in the coronal oblique plane. Patient's clinical symptoms and signs were noted with particular interest for papilloedema. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed to have cerebral venous thrombosis on MRV, and of these, arterial contamination was visualized in 16 patients. In the remaining 13 cases, in which there was no evidence of venous sinus thrombosis, arterial contamination was absent. The sensitivity of this finding was 59.25% (n = 16/27), specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100% and negative predictive value was 54.2%. Of these 16 patients with arterial contamination, 12 patients had evidence of increased intracranial pressure in the form of papilloedema. CONCLUSION: Visualization of the arterial system is a useful indirect sign of CSVT, and may be an indicator of increased intracranial pressure in these patients.     

Diagnostic value of combined conventional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in sinus venous thrombosis

25 patients are presented, who were diagnosed with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis by a combination of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) and conventional Spin-Echo sequences. An angiography in DSA technique was carried out additionally in 12 cases. In 24 patients MR-angiographic control examinations were conducted. In seven cases MRA revealed an isolated thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) whereas in eleven patients there was an additional occlusion of other sinuses or cerebral veins. The transverse sinus (ST) was the second most affected. DSA essentially confirmed the MR-imaging data. Despite anticoagulation follow up MRA's showed complete recanalisation in only 7 patients, in 8 cases partial recanalisation was observed and in 9 cases a complete occlusion persisted. In contrast to these findings neurological examinations during the follow up period were unremarkable in 16 patients and the remainder revealed only mild residual symptoms. In general no further morphological alterations of the cerebral sinus system were detectable by MRA after 6 months. Follow up imaging beyond 6 months therefore appears unnecessary, unless a relapse is suspected.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（9例临床报道）

目的:探讨脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床特点与影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析本院9例CVT的临床及影像学资料。结果:①临床表现:头痛(77%)、癫样抽搐(66%)、局灶性神经功能缺失(66%)、视乳头水肿(44%)、不同程度意识障碍(22%)。②影像学资料及治疗转归:1例头颅CT示弥漫性脑水肿,蛛网膜下隙出血合并多发出血性脑梗死,因颅内压持续增高,予外科手术行去骨板减压术,见大脑表面浅静脉怒张呈绳索状并多数点片状出血灶。8例行头颅MRI和MRV,显示直接征像8例、间接征像6例。其中2例同时行DSA,均显示多个静脉和静脉窦充盈缺损。静脉血栓部位:上矢状窦合并浅静脉血栓1例,上矢状窦合并侧窦及多处静脉受累7例,直窦血栓1例。7例行肝素抗凝等对症治疗、1例行血管内局部溶栓、1例行矢状窦手术取栓并抗凝治疗。症状缓解至痊愈7例,病死2例。结论:首诊时诊断不明确,可先作头颅CT,排除颅内非CVT性病变,临床已拟诊CVT时,应首选MRI+MRV,进行综合判断是目前诊断和随访CVT的最好方法,婴幼儿CVT常表现为癫发作起病,提示CVT是婴幼儿重要的未被识别的性发作原因之一。     

脑静脉(窦)血栓的影像学特点与血管内治疗

目的探讨脑静脉(窦)血栓的影像学特点和经血管内治疗的疗效。方法对139例以顽固性头痛、头闷和颅内出血为主要症状的患者,采用头部MR和脑血管造影检查确立诊断,并施行经颈内动脉、静脉窦内接触性溶栓或静脉窦内支架血管成形术并协同长期抗凝治疗。结果治疗前MR检查显示颅内出血和静脉(窦)内血栓形成;脑血管造影检查可见脑静脉明显扩张、瘀滞,脑动脉至静脉窦间的血液循环时间显著延长(>11s),尤其静脉期(>5s)。治疗后130例患者临床症状迅速改善,治疗有效率达93.5%(130/139);并发症发生率0.7%(1/139);病死率2.2%(3/139)。对92例患者随访3个月～7年,1例死亡,91例疗效稳定,无明显复发。结论脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的主要病理表现为静脉回流障碍和血流动力学改变,通过脑血管造影检查可确定诊断;连续应用纤溶药物和长期抗凝治疗可获显著效果。     

48例脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊治

目的 对脑静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST）的发病特点进行综合分析并评估其治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析北京天坛医院和青岛即墨市人民医院神经内科收治的脑静脉窦血栓患者的临床资料。结果 2006～2010年两院共收治确诊的脑静脉窦血栓患者48例,24例（50.0%）患者为亚急性起病,主要表现为高颅压综合征,8例（16.7%）患者伴肢体活动障碍或肢体抽搐,8例（16.7%）患者有意识障碍。颅脑磁共振静脉血管成像（magnetic resonance venography,MRV）均表现为不同程度的脑静脉窦闭塞。治疗以病因治疗、抗凝治疗、对症支持治疗为主,部分患者联合介入溶栓治疗。痊愈15例（占31.3%）,好转30例（占62.5%）,无效3例（占6.25%）。结论 CVST临床表现缺乏特异性,及时行颅脑磁共振检查是正确诊断和及时治疗的关键,抗凝治疗是CVST的主要治疗方法,治疗后该病预后相对良好。     

Cerebral sinus thrombosis diagnosed by MRI and MR venography in cancer patients

OBJECTIVE: To report the characteristics of cerebral sinus thrombosis (CST) in cancer patients diagnosed by MRI and MR venography (MRV). BACKGROUND: CST is a complication of cancer with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms at presentation. Most reports in cancer patients were before the use of MRI and MRV, which has simplified the diagnosis of CST. METHODS: The neurology database at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was used to identify cancer patients with a diagnosis of CST between January 1994 and April 1998. RESULTS: Twenty patients were identified. Nine had hematologic malignancies (HMs) and 11 had solid tumors (STs). The median interval from cancer diagnosis to presentation was 4 months for HMs and 20 months for STs. The most common symptom was headache. MRI and MRV correlated in all but three patients, and MRV was more sensitive in four patients. The most frequently involved cerebral sinus was the superior sagittal sinus. Multiple sinuses were affected in 8 of 19 patients. Five patients had a cerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage and three had infarction. Disorders of coagulation were the most frequent etiology in patients with HM; compression or invasion of the cerebral sinus from dural/calvarial metastasis was the main cause in those with ST. Treatment was directed at the underlying cause. Ten of 20 patients improved clinically and 3 of 6 patients improved radiologically. CONCLUSION: MRI and MRV can diagnose CST accurately in cancer patients. Causes of CST depend on cancer type, and treatment varies with etiology. Most patients have a good outcome.