Relationship between intra- and postoperative oxygen transport and prolonged intensive care after cardiac surgery: a prospective study

Background: Prolonged intensive care is a rare but serious complication of cardiac surgery. It is required in less than 10% of operated patients but they use more than 30% of all the intensive care resources needed for cardiac surgery. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical course of the patients who need prolonged intensive care following cardiac surgery and to assess whether the intra- and postoperative oxygen transport variables are different in these patients as compared to patients with an uncomplicated course.
Methods: The study patients were divided into two groups according to the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) after the operation: Group I, n=241, ICU-stay 5 days and Group II, n=20, ICU-stay≥5 days. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport data were prospectively obtained intra- and postoperatively and postoperative organ dysfunctions were recorded.
Results: The patients in the prolonged intensive care group tended to be older, have lower ejection fraction and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time. Postoperatively, this group had significantly increased oxygen extraction rate ( P =0.035, repeated measures for ANOVA). In the logistic regression analysis, in creased oxygen extraction (31% in Group I vs. 36% in Group II, P < 0.005) at 6 hours after arrival at the intensive care unit had the strongest independent association with the need for prolonged intensive care.
Conclusions: There was no significant relationship between the factors conventionally assumed to be risk factors for prolonged intensive care. Instead, an increase in whole body oygen extraction, reflecting a mismatch between the whole body oxygen demand and supply, was associated with the need for prolonged intensive care. Oxygen extraction increased to compensate for the reduced oxygen delivery, which in turn was caused by a lower arterial oxygen content.     

基于互联网的延续性护理在尿道下裂修复术后的临床应用

目的探讨基于互联网的延续性护理在尿道下裂修复术后的临床应用疗效。方法回顾分析2016年1月至2017年12月期间在本院治疗的104例尿道下裂患者。根据护理方式的不同将患者分为两组:对照组给予常规护理,观察组进行延续性护理,每组各52例。对比分析两组患者的临床护理效果,包括疼痛程度、并发症、切口愈合情况及术后留置导尿时间。结果与对照组相比,观察组疼痛程度、并发症发生率、术后留置导尿时间均显著降低(P<0.05),而切口愈合率更高(P<0.05)。结论基于互联网的延续性护理应用于尿道下裂修复术后,能够取得显著的护理效果,应该在临床中推广使用。     

Effects of minimal dose aprotinin on blood loss and fibrinolytic system-complement activation in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

BACKGROUND: To determine whether 500,000 KIU aprotinin is effective to reduce blood loss in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and to evaluate the effects of this regimen on hematologic parameters. METHODS: Forty-four patients scheduled for primary CABG were randomly assigned to the aprotinin (n = 24) or control group (n = 20). In aprotinin group, aprotinin was administered in two equal doses (before skin incision and added to the pump prime). Ventilation time, intensive care unit stay, mediastinal tube drainage, hospitalization, transfusion requirements, and postoperative morbidities and mortality were noted. Hematologic markers of fibrinolytic activity and complement activation were also measured pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Although less mediastinal drainage occurred in aprotinin group, the difference was not statistically significant. Other postoperative variables like transfusion requirements, morbidities, and mortality were also found to be similar between groups. Among hematologic parameters, only postoperative levels of alpha2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly higher in aprotinin group. CONCLUSIONS: Although plasmin inhibitors begin to rise at this very low aprotinin dosage, it is not advisable to use this aprotinin regimen in CABG patients.     

The Catecholamine, Cortisol, and Hemodynamic Responses to Mild Perioperative Hypothermia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Unintended hypothermia occurs frequently during surgery and may have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Although the mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular manifestations of hypothermia are unclear, it is possible that they are sympathetically mediated. In this prospective study, relationships between body temperature, the neuroendocrine response, and hemodynamic changes in the perioperative period were examined.

Methods: Seventy-four elderly patients, undergoing abdominal, thoracic, or lower extremity vascular surgical procedures, were randomly assigned to either "routine care" (n = 37) or "forced-air warming" (n = 37) groups. Throughout the intraoperative and early postoperative periods, the routine care group received standard thermal care, and the forced-air warming group received forced-air skin-surface warming. Core temperature, forearm minus fingertip skin-surface temperature gradient, and plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol were measured throughout the perioperative period, and the two groups were compared. In addition, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were compared between groups.

Results: The routine care and forced-air warming groups did not differ with regard to age, sex, type of surgical procedures, anesthetic techniques, or postoperative analgesia. Mean core temperature was lower in the routine care group on admission to the postanesthetic care unit (routine care, 35.3 plus/minus 0.1 degree Celsius; forced-air warming, 36.7 plus/minus 0.1 degree Celsius; P = 0.0001) and remained lower during the early postoperative period. Forearm minus fingertip skin-surface temperature gradient (an index of peripheral vasoconstriction) was greater in the routine care group in the early postoperative period. The mean norepinephrine concentration (pcg/ml) was greater in the routine care group immediately after surgery (480 plus/minus 70 vs. 330 plus/minus 30, P = 0.02) and at 60 min (530 plus/minus 50 vs. 340 plus/minus 30, P = 0.002) and 180 min (500 plus/minus 80 vs. 320 plus/minus 30, P = 0.004) postoperatively. Mean epinephrine concentrations were not significantly different between groups. Mean cortisol concentrations were increased in both groups during the early postoperative period (P < 0.01), but the differences between groups were not significant. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures were significantly higher in the routine care group.     

Which may be effective to reduce blood loss after cardiac operations in cyanotic children: tranexamic acid,aprotinin or a combination?

BACKGROUND: Children with cyanotic heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used are at increased risk of postoperative bleeding. In this study, the authors investigated the possibility of reducing postoperative blood loss by using aprotinin and tranexamic acid alone or a combination of these two agents. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, blind study, 100 children undergoing cardiac surgery were investigated. In group 1 (n = 25) patients acted as the control and did not receive either study drugs. In group 2 (n = 25) patients received aprotinin (30.000 KIU.kg(-1) after induction of anesthesia, 30.000 KIU.kg(-1) in the pump prime and 30.000 KIU.kg(-1) after weaning from bypass). In group 3 (n = 25) patients received tranexamic acid (100 mg.kg(-1) after induction of anesthesia, 100 mg.kg(-1) in the pump prime and 100 mg.kg(-1) after weaning from bypass). In group 4 (n = 25) patients received a combination of the two agents in the same manner. Total blood loss and transfusion requirements during the period from protamine administration until 24 h after admission to the intensive care unit were recorded. In addition, hemoglobin, platelet counts and coagulation studies were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperative blood loss was significantly higher in the control group (group 1) compared with children in other groups who were treated with aprotinin, tranexamic acid or a combination of the two agents (groups 2, 3 and 4) during the first 24 h after admission to cardiac intensive care unit (40 +/- 18 ml.kg(-1).24 h(-1), aprotinin; 35 +/- 16 ml.kg(-1).24 h(-1), tranexamic acid; 34 +/- 19 ml.kg(-1).24 h(-1), combination; 35 +/- 15 ml.kg(-1).24 h(-1)). The total transfusion requirements were also significantly less in the all treatment groups. Time taken for sternal closure was longer in the control group (68 +/- 11 min) compared with treatment groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively (40 +/- 18, 42 +/- 11, 42 +/- 13 min, P < 0.05). The coagulation parameters were not found to be significantly different between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that both agents were effective to reduce postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. However, the combination of aprotinin and tranexamic acid did not seem more effective than either of the two drugs alone.     

腹腔镜肝切除术中两种选择性入肝血流阻断方法的比较

目的:比较腹腔镜肝切除术(LH)中两种选择性入肝血流阻断方法的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2005年5月—2011年6月28例行LH患者的临床资料。根据不同的选择性入肝血流阻断方式将患者分为A组(14例,经Glisson鞘阻断)和B组(14例,打开Glisson鞘分离血管并阻断)。比较两组手术时间、术中出血及输血量,术后肝功能及血常规,术后住院天数、并发症及肝癌复发率、生存率。结果:手术时间、术中出血及输血量两组间无统计学差异(均P>0.05);术后各时间点的肝功能及血常规以及术后住院天数、并发症等两组间均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。肝癌术后随访结果 1,2年复发率及2,3年生存率两组间亦无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论:经Glisson鞘阻断和打开Glisson鞘分离血管并阻断的两种方法在阻断入肝血流及保护剩余肝脏功能上无明显差异,方法的选择可由手术者习惯及手术方式决定。     

Elective intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

The beneficial effects of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been reported. However, the benefits of insertion of IABP electively in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) have not been established. Six hundred and twenty-five patients who underwent OPCAB form the study group. High-risk patients fulfilling two or more of the following: left main stem stenosis >70%, unstable angina, and poor left ventricular function, who had elective insertion of IABP preoperatively by the open technique (group I; n = 20) were compared with a similar high-risk group that did not (group II; n = 25). There were no significant differences in risk factors between the two groups (Euroscore 5.68). The mean number of grafts was similar. Postoperatively, there were no significant differences in the need for inotropes, duration of ventilation, arrhythmias, cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, and infective complications (p = NS). There were no IABP-related complications. Acute renal failure requiring hemofiltration was higher in group II (n = 5; p < 0.05). Four patients (16%) in group II required postoperative IABP. Although intensive care stay was longer in group I (27.6 +/- 15.3 vs. 18.6 +/- 9.1 hours; p < 0.05), patients in group I were discharged earlier from hospital. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups (n = 1 in each group). In high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB, routine preoperative insertion of IABP electively reduces the incidence of acute renal failure. In addition it avoids the need for emergency insertion postoperatively and may result in earlier discharge.     

Effects of postoperative sedation with propofol and midazolam on pancreatic function assessed by pancreatitis-associated protein

This prospective randomised controlled study evaluated the effects of postoperative sedation with propofol and midazolam on pancreatic function. We studied 42 intensive care unit patients undergoing elective major surgery who were expected to be sedated postoperatively. Patients were randomly assigned to a propofol group (n = 21) or a midazolam group (n = 21). To assess pancreatic function, the following parameters were measured: pancreatitis-associated protein, amylase, lipase, cholesterol and triglyceride prior to start of sedation on the intensive care unit, 4 h after the sedation was started and at the first postoperative day. Patients in the propofol group received on average (SD) 1292 (430) mg propofol and were sedated for 9.03 (4.26) h. The midazolam group received 92 (36) mg midazolam and were sedated for 8.81 (4.68) h. Plasma cholesterol concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Triglyceride plasma levels 4 h after the start of infusion were significantly higher in the propofol group (140 (54) mg.dl(-1)) than the midazolam-treated patients (81 (29) mg.dl(-1)), but were within normal limits. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding amylase, lipase and pancreatitis-associated protein plasma concentrations at any time. No markers of pancreatic dysfunction were outside the normal range. We conclude that postoperative sedation with propofol induced a significant increase of serum triglyceride levels but that pancreatic function is unchanged with standard doses of propofol.     

超前镇痛护理理念用于食管癌患者术后镇痛

目的探讨超前镇痛护理理念对食管癌患者术后疼痛控制的影响。方法随机将188例食管癌手术患者分为常规镇痛组(n=93)和超前镇痛组(n=95)。常规镇痛组实施常规镇痛护理,即术前行疼痛知识宣教,术后应用Prince-Henry评分法定时评估患者疼痛,根据评分行针对性镇痛护理;超前镇痛组实施超前镇痛护理,即在前者基础上增加术前超前镇痛知识宣教,术后在执行各临床操作前行预见性疼痛评估,根据评分行预见性镇痛处理。比较两组患者术后24h、48h、72h疼痛评分,术后首次下床活动时间,肺部并发症发生率。结果两组术后24h、48h、72h疼痛评分比较,干预主效应P<0.05;超前镇痛组下床活动时间较常规镇痛组显著提前,肺部并发症发生率显著低于常规镇痛组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论超前镇痛护理理念对食管癌患者术后疼痛控制有积极的作用,有利于患者早日康复。     

2型糖尿病患者胆道术后的胰岛素强化治疗

目的：探讨胰岛素强化治疗对2型糖尿病患者胆道术后的临床疗效。方法：72例胆道术后合并2型糖尿病患者随机分为强化治疗组和对照组各36例。强化治疗组给予强化胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在4.4～6.1mmol/L;对照组给予常规胰岛素治疗,使血糖控制在10.0～11.1mmol/L。比较两组空腹血糖（FBG）、炎性指标及预后等。结果：强化治疗组FBG、体温、WBC明显低于对照组,抗生素使用天数、院内感染发生率、重症监护天数及术后并发症明显少于对照组,但低血糖发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：糖尿病患者胆道术后强化胰岛素治疗,可降低炎性反应,并减少抗生素用量及重症监护天数,降低术后并发症,但低血糖发生率较高。     

早期训练对髋关节与股骨头置换术后病人功能恢复的影响

目的探讨早期功能训练对髋关节与股骨头置换术后功能恢复的影响.方法将45例行髋关节和股骨头置换手术的病人随机分为两组,观察组23例采用早期系统训练指导方法,时照组22例采用常规护理方法.结果术后2周及3个月观察组病人关节活动及功能恢复均优于对照组(均P＜0.01),并发症的发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论早期功能训练能改善关节功能,减少术后并发症,促进康复.     

快速康复外科模式在腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的：评价快速康复外科（FTS）在接受择期手术的腹腔镜胃癌根治术（D2根治）患者中的安全性和有效性。方法：将68例拟接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者分为快速康复组和传统治疗组,每组34例。快速康复组围手术期接受快速康复方案处理,传统治疗组接受传统的围手术期处理。观察术后首次排气时间、术后住院时间、住院总费用及术后并发症等。结果：两组病人均痊愈出院。快速康复组患者与传统手术相比,首次排气时间提前、术后的住院时间缩短、住院总费用减少（P〈0．05）。术后并发症发生率没有增加（P〉0．05）。结论：快速康复外科模式在接受择期腹腔镜手术的胃癌患者中安全可行,加快了患者术后康复,缩短了术后住院时间,降低了医疗费用。     

快速康复理念在腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术患者术后恢复中的应用

目的分析快速康复理念在腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术患者术后恢复中的应用。 方法选取泸州市中医医院自2017年2月至2018年2月行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的患者102例,随机分为对照组（51例）和研究组（51例）。对照组术后给予常规护理,研究组术后给予快速康复护理,2组均护理至患者出院。观察2组术后胃肠功能恢复时间、疼痛持续时间及疼痛程度,统计患者出院时的护理满意率。 结果研究组肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门首次排气时间、首次进食时间和疼痛持续时间均显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;研究组的视觉模拟（VAS）评分显著小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;研究组护理满意率（88.24%）显著高于对照组（72.55%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论快速康复理念应用可有效促进腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术患者术后胃肠功能的恢复,降低术后疼痛程度,促进患者术后恢复并提高护理满意率,效果优于常规护理。     

结直肠外科快速康复模式加速直肠癌术后康复的临床研究

目的评价结直肠外科快速康复模式（FT）对加速直肠癌手术患者术后康复的作用。方法将83例直肠癌择期手术病例随机分为2组，围手术期管理分别接受快速康复模式（即简化肠道准备、手术前夜允许进普通饮食、术后不待肛门排气即拔除胃管并恢复饮食、术后强制早期活动、不常规放置引流管及早期拔除尿管等；FT组，44例）和传统模式（对照组，39例），记录两组患者的术后住院时间、30d内手术并发症和再入院率并作统计学分析。结果两组患者性别、术式、合并症、肿瘤TNM分期等变量的构成比及年龄、手术时间、失血量等计量资料比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。FT组术后平均住院时间（4．7±2．6）d，较对照组的（8．9±2．8）d显著缩短（P〈0．01）；其术后30d内并发症发生率也明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；再入院率两组比较P=0．326．FT组未见升高。结论结直肠外科快速康复模式用于择期直肠癌围手术期临床管理，可加速患者的康复。     

Epidural sufentanil during paediatric cardiac surgery: effects on metabolic response and postoperative outcome

The metabolic and neuroendocrine effects of caudal epidural analgesia were studied during paediatric cardiac surgery. Combined epidural and general anaesthesia (EPI group; n=12) was compared with deep opioid anaesthesia (DOA group; n=12). During anaesthesia and surgery, haemodynamic stability was similar in the two groups. There was no significant difference between groups concerning the metabolic response to surgery but circulating catecholamines were significantly lower in the EPI group during and after surgery. Perioperative release of IL-6 was higher in the EPI group possibly reflecting a longer aortic clamp time. Incidence of postoperative life-threatening dysrhythmias was very low in the two groups. No significant reduction of postoperative mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit or hospital stays was reported with epidural analgesia. The incidence of postoperative infections was higher than expected in the two groups because of the poor properative clinical status of most of the children included in the study.     

护理干预对髋部骨折患者术后疼痛及护理满意度的影响

目的探讨护理干预在减轻髋部骨折患者术后疼痛及提高护理满意度中的作用。 方法选取广州医科大学附属第一医院骨外科2015年1月至2016年9月期间髋部骨折手术患者100例,影像学确诊为髋部骨折,均知情同意且能正常沟通,无手术禁忌症及术后严重并发症,按数字表随机法分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上实施综合护理干预,比较两组患者的术后疼痛程度及护理满意度,计量资料(年龄、疼痛评分)采用成组t检验,计数资料(性别、骨折类型、护理满意度)比较采用卡方检验。 结果两组比较,观察组术后24 h、48 h、72 h视觉模拟评分法评分(VAS)明显降低(t ＝4.378、2.627、2.587,P<0.05),护理满意度显著提高(χ²＝13.829,P<0.05)。 结论实施护理干预,能有效减轻髋部骨折患者术后疼痛,明显提高护理服务质量和护理服务满意度。     

Prospective comparison of minimally invasive and standard techniques for aortic valve replacement: initial experience in the first hundred patients

BACKGROUND: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) can be performed through a partial upper sternotomy. In this study we compared the early postoperative outcome in two groups of patients who underwent AVR with a minimally invasive procedure (n = 30) or with a conventional approach (n = 70). The predicted operative mortality (Parsonnet Index) was slightly higher in the conventional group (17.69 +/- 0.85 versus 12.7 +/- 1.02), reflecting the greater mean age of the patients (70.96 +/- 1.17 versus 64.20 +/- 2.57). RESULTS: The distribution of the different etiologies of aortic valve pathology did not differ between groups. There was no postoperative death in the mini-invasive group. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was longer in the mini-invasive group, but the other operative parameters did not differ between groups. Postoperative morbidity regarding the need for blood transfusion, the duration of assisted ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and abnormalities of cardiac rhythm and conduction was slightly but not significantly reduced in the mini-invasive group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that a partial upper sternotomy is a safe and effective technique for AVR. Postoperative morbidity is not significantly reduced in patients undergoing AVR by this approach. Further studies in a larger patient population are necessary to assess whether postoperative morbidity is significantly reduced.     

Reasons for relaparotomies following operations on the biliary tract in nontumorous lesions

According to the authors' data the incidence of relaparotomies after 1500 operations for non-tumor diseases of bile ducts was 2.5%. Causes of relaparotomies at early and late terms of the postoperative period were different. The dependence of results of the treatment on the amount of relaparotomies and the presence of such complications as jaundice, cholangitis and pancreatitis has been established. In such complications and increased amount of relaparotomies lethality was considerably higher. General lethality after relaparotomies was 49%. Complex of prophylactic and curative measures of the complications resulting in relaparotomies has been developed.     

3D打印钛网预成形联合术后严密护理对眼眶爆裂骨折患者预后的影响

目的:探讨3D打印钛网预成形联合术后严密护理对眼眶爆裂骨折患者预后情况的影响。方法:选取笔者医院收治的眼眶爆裂性骨折患者122例,随机分为对照组和观察组,分别62例和60例。对照组患者予以常规钛网置入术,观察组患者予以3D打印钛网预成形,术后均予以视力监测、眼肌运动训练等严密护理。观察并比较两组患者钛网贴合度,复视、眼球运动及眼球突出等症状的改善情况。结果:观察组患者CT矢状位上修复眼眶底的钛网呈S形,对照组患者呈弯向眼眶内的弧形。术后3个月、6个月,观察组患者复视、眼球运动受限情况治愈率均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后,两组患者患眼眼球突出度差值均降低,观察组显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:3D打印钛网预成形与眼眶爆裂性骨折患者眶底契合度更高,联合术后严密护理对复视、眼球运动受限及眼球突出等症状的改善作用更好,患者预后更好。     

Warmed humidified inspired oxygen accelerates postoperative rewarming

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of warmed, humidified inspired oxygen (O(2)) for the treatment of mildly hypothermic postoperative patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, unblinded clinical trial. SETTING: Postanesthesia care unit in a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: 30 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients following intraabdominal surgical procedures were randomly assigned to receive either routine O(2) therapy (control group, n = 15), or warmed (42 degrees C) humidified O(2) (treatment group, n = 15) for the initial 90 postoperative minutes. MEASUREMENTS: Core (tympanic) temperature, dry mouth score and shivering score. MAIN RESULTS: Tympanic temperature was similar in both groups on admission ( approximately 35.8 degrees C). Rewarming rate in the first postoperative hour was greater in the treatment group (0.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C. hr(-1)) compared to the control group (0.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C. hr(-1)) (p = 0.03). Patients receiving the warmed, humidified O(2) had a lower incidence of dry mouth compared to the control group (p = 0.03). The incidence of shivering was low and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Warming and humidifying inspired O(2) hastens recovery from hypothermia in postoperative patients.