七氟醚预处理延迟相对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨七氟醚预处理延迟相对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的保护作用.[方法]将18只健康成年雄性大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和七氟醚组(S组).C组仅开胸并分离冠状动脉左前降支,但不阻断血流150 min;IR组行冠状动脉左前降支阻断30 min,再灌注120 min; S组予以吸入...     

吗啡延迟预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤细胞色素C氧化酶的影响

[目的]探讨吗啡延迟预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.[方法]40只大鼠随机分成4组：假手术组（C组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）、吗啡预处理组（M组）,吗啡预处理＋阿片类受体阻断剂组（N组）,每组10只.C组仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断150 min;I/R组行左冠脉阻断30 min,再灌注120 min;M组静注吗啡0.3mg/kg,24 h后处理同I/R组;N组在静注吗啡前10 min,静注阿片类受体阻断剂纳洛酮6mg/kg,其余处理同I/R组.再灌注120min后,免疫印记法测心肌细胞色素C氧化酶（cytochrome c oxidase,CcO）表达水平,同时测心梗面积.[结果]与C组相比,I/R组、M组和N组CcO表达水平均降低;与I/R组比,M组CcO表达水平增高,心肌梗死面积减少,且差异有显著性（P＜0.05）.[结论]吗啡延迟预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用可能与促进心肌CcO表达有关.     

银杏叶提取物后处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)后处理对兔心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用.[方法]24只兔随机分为假手术组(C组,开胸后仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组,行左冠状动脉前降支阻断40 min,再灌注120 min)和EGb761后处理组(E组,开放左冠状动脉即刻1 min内予以静推EGb761 100 mg/kg,再灌注120 min).各组分别于左冠前降支阻断前20 min(T1)、阻断后20 min(T2)、阻断后40 min(T3)、再灌注1 h(T4)、再灌注2 h(T5)五个时点取颈内动脉血测定血清中肌钙蛋白(cTnI)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量.再灌注结束后用伊文思蓝和TTC双染色法测心梗面积并进行比较.[结果]与C组比,IR组与E组cTnI、IL-10和TNF-α含量均升高,且差异有显著性( P <0.05),但与IR组比,E组IL-10 升高( P <0.05),心肌梗死面积减少( P <0.05),cTnI和TNF-α降低,且差异有显著性( P <0.05).[结论]银杏叶提取物后处理有心肌保护作用,其机制可能与调控炎症细胞因子平衡有关.     

腺苷A1受体激动剂预处理兔心肌蛋白质组双向凝胶电泳分析

目的研究腺苷A1受体激动剂预处理对缺血再灌注心肌保护的相关蛋白的变化。方法将8只新西兰大白兔随机分为两组（每组4只）：心肌缺血再灌注对照组（C组）和腺苷A1受体激动剂2-氯环戊腺苷（CCPA）预处理组（A组）。两组均接受左冠状动脉前降支阻断40min,开放再灌注120min。在缺血前24h,C组静脉注射生理盐水（1ml/kg）,A组静脉注射CCPA（100μg/kg）。分别取各组缺血区心肌进行二维凝胶电泳,利用ImageMaster2D软件分析实验结果。结果A组和C组对比,有55个蛋白表达发生了显著变化,其中表达增强的有25个蛋白,表达降低的有16个蛋白,表达不匹配（仅在A组出现）的有14个蛋白点。结论这些差异表达的蛋白可能在腺苷A1受体激动剂对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护中发挥作用。     

硫化氢延迟预处理抑制大鼠心肌损伤的机制研究

[目的]探讨硫化氢预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.[方法]健康成年S-D雄性大鼠30只,随机分成三组,每组10只.假手术组(S组)仅开胸并分离冠状动脉左前降支,但不阻断血流;缺血再灌注组(IR组)行冠状动脉左前降支阻断30 min,再灌注120 min;硫化氢组(H组)予以静脉注射硫氢化钠0.05 mg/kg,给药后24 h同IR组处理.再灌注结束后检测血清IL-6和IL-10水平,免疫印迹法检测心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)水平并比较.[结果]与S组比较,IR组和H组在缺血再灌注后血清IL-6和IL-10水平升高(P＜0.05);但与IR组比较,H组IL-10水平升高,IL-6水平下降(P＜0.05);与S组比较,IR组和H组PPAR-γ表达下降(P＜0.05);但与IR组比较,H组PPAR-γ表达升高(P＜0.05).[结论]硫化氢预处理抑制大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用,可能与促进心肌PPAR-γ表达有关.     

缺血后处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤过程中内质网应激的影响

目的探讨缺血后处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,MIRI)中细胞凋亡及特异性内质网应激损伤相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶12(cysterine protease-12,caspase-12)表达水平的影响和意义。方法 Wistar大鼠24只随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组和缺血后处理组,每组8只。采用改良Pferfer MA推管法制备大鼠缺血再灌注模型,假手术组于左冠状动脉前降支下穿线、套管,不结扎,旷置220min;缺血再灌注组结扎左冠状动脉40min后完全开放,再灌注180min;缺血后处理组结扎左冠状动脉40min后,再灌注缺血开始前连续实施3个循环的30s/30s的缺血再灌注后处理,随后完全开放左冠状动脉再灌注180min。采用Evans blue与TTC双染法测定心肌梗死面积百分比和缺血区面积百分比,采用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数,采用Western blot法检测心肌组织caspase-12、GRP78蛋白表达水平。结果假手术组心肌缺血区面积百分比(0)和梗死区面积百分比(0)明显低于缺血后处理组[(46.46±2.13)%、(41.02±2.93)%]和缺血再灌注组[(53.31±3.87)%、(52.19±3.44)%](P0.01),心肌细胞凋亡指数[(6.70±2.25)%]、心肌组织caspase-12蛋白(0.11±0.01)和GRP78蛋白(0.13±0.03)表达水平明显低于缺血后处理组[(20.54±3.05)%、0.35±0.06、1.17±0.14]和缺血再灌注组[(26.92±1.91)%、0.41±0.06、1.04±0.16](P0.01);缺血后处理组心肌缺血区面积百分比、梗死区面积百分比、心肌凋亡指数、心肌组织caspase-12蛋白表达水平低于缺血再灌注组(P0.01),心肌组织GRP78蛋白表达水平高于缺血再灌注组(P0.05)。结论缺血后处理可减轻心肌细胞凋亡,而内质网应激激活参与了大鼠MIRI过程,推测缺血后处理在大鼠MIRI过程中可能通过调节内质网应激途径抑制细胞凋亡,改善MIRI。     

兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型制备的心肌声学造影研究

目的探讨简单有效的兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型制备方法,并利用心肌声学造影评价兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤。方法将70只日本大耳白兔随机分为2组:35只心肌缺血/再灌注组(I/R)和35只假手术组(SH)。I/R组阻断冠状动脉左前降支90min,再灌注60、120、180min及1周;SH组开胸后同一部位只穿线不阻断。观察两组兔术前及术后各时段心肌声学造影的变化,最后行HE及MASSON染色。结果成功制备兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型30只,I/R组缺血90min至再灌注180min兔损伤节段造影剂视频强度超声均值对比术前及SH组均有不同程度减低,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。I/R组兔术后HE及MASSON染色均证实有心肌损伤病理表现,随着早期再灌注时间的延长损伤程度逐渐加重。结论通过阻断兔冠状动脉左前降支90min后解除阻断使其再灌注可成功建立心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,心肌声学造影可以有效评价心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

七氟醚预处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌线粒体蛋白质组学双向凝胶电泳分析

[目的]研究七氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注心肌保护的线粒体相关蛋白的变化.[方法]采用双向凝胶电泳技术对七氟醚预处理（S组）与对照组（C组）大鼠心肌线粒体蛋白质进行分离和比较分析.[结果]S组与C组相比,有21个蛋白质表达发生了改变,其中表达增强的有17个蛋白,表达降低的有4个蛋白.[结论]这些差异表达的蛋白质可能参与了七氟醚预处理对心肌的保护作用.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症对急性心肌缺血再灌注后梗死心肌的影响

[目的]探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症对急性心肌缺血再灌注后梗死心肌的影响.[方法]将20只SD大鼠,随机分为两组:缺血再灌注组(A组)、高同型半胱氨酸处理组(B组),每组10只.连续给药10周后结扎冠状动脉左室降支60 min后松开结扎线再灌注心肌,观察QRS合值、肌酸激酶(CK)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的变化情况.[结果]结...     

异氟醚预处理延迟相对兔心肌缺血-再灌注损伤核因子-κB的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚预处理延迟相对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护机制.方法 雄性新西兰兔30只,体质量2.0～2.5 ks.随机分成3组(n=10):假手术组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、2.0%异氟醚预处理组(S组).C组吸入100%氧气2 h,24 h后仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min,I/R组吸入100%氧气2 h,24 h后行左冠状动脉前降支阻断40 min,再灌注120 min;S组吸入2.0%异氟醚+100%氧气2 h,24 h后处理同I/R组.各组分别于左冠前降支阻断前20 min(TI)、左冠前降支阻断20 min(T2)、左冠前降支阻断40 min(T3)、心肌再灌注1 h(T4)、心肌冉灌注2 h(T5)五个时点抽取颈内动脉血ELISA法测血清IL-10和TNF-α水平.再灌注结束后观察心肌细胞超微结构的变化,免疫印记法测心肌核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性水平,同时用伊文思蓝和TTC染色法测心梗面积.计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行分析,组间采用方差分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义.结果 与I/R组比,S组IL-10明显升高(P<0.05),TNF-α明显降低(P<0.05),NF-κB表达降低(P<0.05),心肌梗死面积减少(P<0.05).结论 异氟醚预处理延迟相通过抑制心肌NF-κB的活性,调控炎性细胞因子平衡来减轻心肌缺血-再灌注损伤发挥保护作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.