Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 being challenged by virus variation and asymptomatic infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a pandemic for more than a year. With the expanding second wave of the pandemic in winter, the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has brought new issues, including the significance of virus mutations in infection and the detection of asymptomatic infection. In this review, we first introduced several major SARS-CoV-2 mutations since the COVID-19 outbreak and then mentioned the widely used molecular detection techniques to diagnose COVID-19, primarily focusing on their strengths and limitations. We further discussed the effects of viral genetic variation and asymptomatic infection on the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review finally summarized useful insights into the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 under the special situation being challenged by virus mutation and asymptomatic infection.     

从一对夫妻患者的诊治过程探讨2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疑似患者的管理

观察2例2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疑似患者诊断、治疗以及隔离管理的过程,结合文献分析COVID-19疑似患者的临床特征和管理重点。COVID-19是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染所致的疾病,SARS-CoV-2具有很强的传染性,甚至无症状感染者也可能传播病毒。SARS-CoV-2可通过接触传播、飞沫传播,并可能通过气溶胶传播。在临床发热门诊的患者管理中,准确识别并管理好疑似患者,采取严格的隔离措施,对院内感染的防控极为重要。     

湖南省新型冠状病毒感染肺炎麻醉科防控方案

新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染流行,该病毒具有人群易感性。WHO将其所致的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）,院内感染的防控成为医院抗击COVID-19疫情关键环节之一。麻醉医师承担患者手术麻醉、监护治疗、急救气管插管等临床工作,参与管理临床各科室门诊、急诊及住院患者。手术室环境特殊,是医院感染的易感科室。湖南省麻醉医疗质量控制中心以保护手术患者和医护人员为目的,经过湖南省麻醉科专家制定《湖南省新型冠状病毒感染肺炎麻醉科防控方案》,旨在加强防范措施,阻断围手术期和急救插管的医院传播途径。     

The latest research progress of COVID-19 mutant strain "Mu" virus strain

Novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Until now, the new crown pneumonia has caused hundreds of millions of people worldwide to be infected. Novel coronavirus pneumonia is still a high level of variation. Due to the high variability of COVID-19, there are already a large number of COVID-19 variant strains that are still at a high level of infection worldwide. Recently, WHO (WHO) released a new variant, "Mu" (μ, B.1.621) may be a high vaccine tolerance. This paper reviews the latest research progress of "Mu" virus strain in detail.     

SARS-CoV-2暴露剂量与COVID-19潜伏期及病情发展趋势的相关性研究

尽管SARS-CoV-2暴露剂量和暴露者机体抵抗力都是受多种因素影响难以确定的变量,但COVID-19的发生是SARS-CoV-2暴露剂量与暴露者机体抵抗力相互作用的结果。本文通过比较中国湖北内外发病情形、湖北之外其他省市不同日期COVID-19发病的潜伏期、以及散发病例与聚集性发病情形,发现SARS-CoV-2感染率高低与疫情时程及潜伏期均相关,显示SARS-CoV-2暴露剂量与是否发病、以及发病后的严重程度均可能具有相关性。从而提示COVID-19的治疗,需要对潜伏期偏短的患者提防其重症化和死亡风险。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的流行病学、临床治疗与疫情防控

本文系统介绍新型冠状病毒肺炎的病原学、流行病学、传播动力学、临床特征、治疗及防控等多个领域的最新研究进展,同时比较新型冠状病毒与严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒及H1N1流感病毒所致疫情特征的异同。新型冠状病毒的原始宿主可能为蝙蝠,患者和无症状感染者为传染源,可借助飞沫和接触途径进行人际传播,人群普遍易感。患者临床症状主要表现为发热和咳嗽,伴有白细胞和淋巴细胞减少,但目前尚无特效治疗药物。防控策略上,一方面应着力研发疫苗开展一级预防;另一方面继续贯彻对患者和密切接触者的隔离、佩戴口罩、及时进行公共场所消毒,同时大力研发快速检测试剂盒,实现对疾病的血清学监测,开展早发现、早诊断、早隔离、早治疗的二级防控策略。此外,应着力降低人群对疾病恐慌、加强防疫宣传与健康教育,共同防控疫情蔓延。     

多部位样本核酸检测持续阳性的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者1例分析

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）正在我国及世界其他国家流行,患者感染病毒后的临床症状不一,甚至呈现为无症状感染状态,这给整个疫情的防控提出了更高的要求。新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核酸检测作为COVID-19诊断的主要手段,在抗击疫情的过程中发挥着重要的作用,因此备受关注。本文报告一例无明显消化道症状,但粪便及肛拭子核酸检测持续阳性的COVID-19病例。患者为武汉某大学在校学生,在校期间即出现呼吸道症状,后放假回家,因病情加重而就诊入院,根据病情发展和诊疗需要,该患者进行了多次核酸检测,在症状明显好转,咽拭子核酸检测转阴后,其痰液、肛拭子及粪便样本的核酸检测仍持续阳性,由此,讨论多部位样本核酸检测对COVID-19诊疗的临床意义,并探讨疫情防控策略。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者围手术期处理策略与要点

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）已发展成全球大流行,对公共卫生安全造成严重威胁。由于其病原体严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）可通过飞沫、接触等途径在人与人之间传播,疑似或确诊COVID-19患者在手术室或ICU接受治疗时,如何在实施全面有效治疗的过程中避免病毒进一步播散成为医务人员关注的重点与难点。本文针对SARS-CoV-2的传播特征、围手术期特殊环境及特定操作下的疾病处理和感染控制措施展开讨论。     

The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: A review

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a pandemic in March 2020, and more than 117 million people worldwide have been confirmed to have been infected. Scientists, medical professionals, and other stakeholders are racing against time to find and develop effective medicines for COVID-19. However, no drug with high efficacy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection has been approved. With the increasing popularity of gene therapy, scientists have explored the utilization of small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutics. miRNAs are non-coding RNAs with high affinity for the 3′-UTRs of targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Interactions between host cells and viral genomes may induce the upregulation or downregulation of various miRNAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their functions will provide insights into potential miRNA-based therapies. This review systematically summarizes the potential targets of miRNA-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and examines the viability of possible transfection methods.     

Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Follow-up of Neutralizing Antibody Levels

ObjectiveTo investigate neutralizing antibody levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 6 and 10 months after disease onset.MethodsBlood samples were collected at three different time points from 27 asymptomatic individuals and 69 symptomatic patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Virus-neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 in both groups were measured and statistically analyzed.ResultsThe symptomatic and asymptomatic groups had higher neutralizing antibodies at 3 months and 1–2 months post polymerase chain reaction confirmation, respectively. However, neutralizing antibodies in both groups dropped significantly to lower levels at 6 months post-PCR confirmation.ConclusionContinued monitoring of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19 is key to controlling the infection.     

全球自然感染SARS-CoV-2人群的抗体水平研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）已蔓延至全球二百二十多个国家和地区,造成了全球大流行。通过SARS-CoV-2的特异性抗体的血清学检测可以估计人群感染的状况,有助于回顾性评估研究人群中疫情的规模或感染程度。本文对全球自然感染SARS-CoV-2一般人群和医务工作者、儿童、孕妇等特殊人群的血清抗体水平研究进行综述,以期更好地理解COVID-19流行期间人群的血清学特征和规律,对疾病的认识和后期疫情防控提供重要借鉴。综述发现全球范围内报告的自然感染SARS-CoV-2血清抗体阳性率在不同国家或地区有所不同,阳性率从低于0.1%到超过20%,其高低与不同血清学检测方法、检测时所处的疫情流行阶段有关。儿童的血清抗体阳性率低于其他年龄组,医务工作者、孕妇的血清抗体阳性率则与一般人群相似。未来有必要进一步持续监测血清抗体阳性水平,以评估COVID-19所致的疾病负担,为COVID-19疫情控制提供科学证据。     

Antiviral,immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant effects of quercetin and its derivatives: Potential role in prevention and management of COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a devastating health crisis worldwide. In this review, we have discussed that prophylactic phytochemical quercetin supplementation in the form of foods or nutraceuticals may help manage the COVID-19 pandemic. The following evidence supports our argument. First, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) agonists abrogate replication of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cells, and quercetin is a potent NRF2 agonist. Second, quercetin exerts antiviral activity against several zoonotic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, mainly by inhibiting the entry of virions into host cells. Third, inflammatory pathways activated by nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, and interleukin-6 signals elicit cytokine release syndrome that promotes acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19, and quercetin inhibits these pro-inflammatory signals. Fourth, patients with COVID-19 develop thrombosis, and quercetin mitigates coagulation abnormalities by inhibiting plasma protein disulfide isomerase. This review provides a strong rationale for testing quercetin for the management of COVID-19.     

营养支持在新型冠状病毒感染防治中的重要作用

新型冠状病毒（新冠病毒）感染导致了一场持续的全球大流行,适宜的营养支持有助于增强机体免疫力,提升高危人群对新冠病毒的防御能力,降低患病率,预防轻症感染者发展为重症,同时减少康复期不良症状的发生,是预防病毒感染、促进患者康复及改善预后的重要保障。以新冠病毒感染者病症特点为基础设计的全营养配方食品可提供配比适宜的全面营养支持,可有效改善患者营养状况、为提高生存质量提供有力技术支持。在当前新型冠状病毒防控的关键时期,需更加重视营养支持的核心作用,充分发挥营养支持的临床功效。     

成都市1例输入性新型冠状病毒肺炎病例诊治及两次复阳过程探讨

总结成都市一例输入型新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）病例的临床特点及出院后2次新冠病毒核酸检测阳性的过程,为临床管理此类病例提供经验。回顾性分析成都市一例输入型COVID-19病例的诊疗过程及出院15 d后复诊时的临床症状及检查结果。调查结果显示,病例于2020年3月7日在泰国查SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性,2020年3月10日抵蓉,由机场送入成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心隔离治疗。3月11日鼻咽拭子新型冠状病毒核酸检测可疑阳性,肛拭子查新型冠状病毒核酸阳性。体格检查无阳性体征,以“新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染者”收入院治疗,伴有细胞免疫功能下降,在住院22 d（病程第25天）后转为确诊病例。出院后15 d复查新冠病毒核酸复阳,再次治疗出院后病毒核酸第二次复阳。病例在第二次核酸复阳时伴有神经系统症状,完善检查后排除颅内感染及占位病变,诊断为焦虑抑郁状态,予精神科药物治疗后症状缓解。COVID-19无症状感染者可转为确诊病例,核酸复阳不代表患者病情复发或加重。COVID-19患者可出现心理障碍,医务人员需及时发现并予以心理干预及必要的药物治疗。     

新型冠状病毒对循环系统影响的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的,以发热、咳嗽及呼吸困难为主要临床症状的一种可在人群中广泛传播的疾病。截至目前,2019新型冠状病毒已在全球范围内造成大流行,随着国内疫情防治工作的有效开展,以及对于新型冠状病毒肺炎的认识与研究不断加深,发现很多新冠肺炎患者出现以循环系统损害症状为首发或继发的临床症状。SARS-CoV-2可直接通过血管紧张素转换酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)受体损伤心肌细胞,也可以通过异常激活免疫系统、释放大量细胞因子从而导致急、慢性的心肌损伤。当心功能受损严重时,可能会通过RAS系统影响到肾脏功能,从而导致患者同时出现心脏和肾脏损害的临床表现。此外,对于COVID-19患者来说,还存在着动、静脉血栓栓塞的风险。本文结合近日来公布的新冠肺炎病例的资料和各团队最新的研究发现,对新型冠状病毒对于循环系统影响的研究进展做一简要概述,以期为进一步了解新型冠状病毒感染对循环系统的损害提供帮助。      

南宁市50例新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例临床分析

目的 收集疑似和确诊的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者病历资料,分析患者相关病例特点,为疫情防控提供相关临床依据。 方法 本研究回顾性收集2020年1月24日—2月11日在南宁市第四人民医院就诊,符合新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例诊断标准的患者50例的临床资料,根据咽拭子进行SARS-CoV-2实时逆转录聚合酶链反应检测结果,确诊或除外SARS-CoV-2感染,分析其一般情况、流行病学、临床表现等方面特征。 结果 本研究疑似患者共50例,男22例,女28例,平均年龄（36±16）岁,各年龄段人群均有分布;大部分为输入性病例,86%患者为武汉相关人员。最终有13例确诊为SARS-CoV-2感染者,7例经2次及其以上咽拭子核酸检测方可确诊,1例合并甲型HIN1。37例为非SARS-CoV-2感染患者,其中26例细菌性肺炎,6例为单纯性甲型HIN1,5例乙型流感病毒感染;最常见的症状是发热（32/50）和咳嗽（24/50）,周身症状以乏力多见（12/50）,消化道症状少见。94%的患者白细胞计数正常/降低,30%的淋巴细胞计数减少,无心肝肾功能损害表现,86%患者胸部CT提示肺炎表现,以毛磨玻璃影（60%）和斑片状影（56%）为主,胸腔积液少见。 结论 流行病学史是筛查新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例的重要条件之一,诊断需注意警惕同流感病毒的鉴别及混合叠加感染;疑似病例的早期发现及隔离诊治对疫情防控有重要影响。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究现状以及仿生纳米疫苗研究前景

新型冠状病毒传染病(COVID-19)呈全球流行。接种疫苗是预防新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的重要手段。不同类型的疫苗或疫苗加强针需要被开发以应对COVID-19疫情。本文综述了新型冠状病毒疫苗的现状以及重点探讨了仿生纳米疫苗的研发前景,希望对后续新冠疫苗的研发提供有益借鉴。     

新型冠状病毒IgM-IgG抗体检测试剂盒的制备及对15例患者临床应用初试

目的 开发一种快速检测SARS-CoV-2病毒的IgM-IgG抗体的胶体金免疫层析检测试剂盒,并优化研发及应用策略,分析IgM-IgG抗体联合检测在新冠病毒检测中的临床应用价值。 方法 表达纯化SARS-CoV-2病毒S蛋白的RBD和NTD结构域,通过胶体金制备工艺包被抗原及多克隆抗体,制备IgM-IgG抗体检测试剂盒;收集15例阳性患者的血清进行抗体检测分析,计算试剂盒检测的阳性率,分析SARS-CoV-2抗体IgM-IgG对病毒响应的过程。 结果 在15例核酸RT-PCR检测阳性的患者血清样本中,IgM-IgG联合抗体检测的阳性率为73.33%,其中IgM阳性占总标本数的53.33%,IgG阳性占总标本数的60.00%;5例境外人员中有3例为抗体阳性;对患者的流行病学分析发现,病毒感染1周以上的患者共7例,抗体检测全部为阳性;抗体检测试剂盒的灵敏度73.33%,特异性95.00%。 结论 IgM-IgG联合抗体检测法具有快速、方便、易操作等特点,可以作为核酸检测的辅助手段对疑似患者(尤其是境外人员及无症状患者)进行初筛;且IgM-IgG的检测结果可以作为推测患者病毒感染过程的依据;快速检测IgM-IgG抗体将为COVID-19疾病的诊断和治疗提供帮助。     

Association between 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and the Risk of COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic[1]. Primary prevention, which is aimed at delaying disease onset by modulating modifiable risk factors, has been proposed to address the global challenge posed by COVID-19. Vitamin D plays a critical role in the immune system, and vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for several adverse health outcomes, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Some studies have shown that low 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations are associated with a high risk of COVID-19[2], but other studies have found no association[3]. Therefore, the association between 25OHD concentrations and the risk of COVID-19 has not been established. The above studies were observational, and traditional epidemiological studies are vulnerable to reverse causality and residual confounding.     

新型冠状病毒感染相关心肌损伤、心肌炎和感染后状态管理专家共识（第二版）

新型冠状病毒感染（COVID-19）已被证实可累及全身多个系统，其中心血管系统受累很常见。为帮助临床医师合理诊治COVID-19相关心血管问题，共识组建议：（1）对于因COVID-19住院或伴有心脏相关症状的患者，应常规检测心肌肌钙蛋白，以评估心肌损伤，判断有无心脏并发症；非心脏原因所致心肌损伤的患者预后较差；（2）COVID-19相关急性心肌炎较为罕见，对怀疑心肌炎的患者应根据危险分层进行诊治；（3）COVID-19可增加心血管事件风险，所有感染者应更加严格遵循健康生活方式，接受规范的心血管疾病一级或二级预防；（4）COVID-19后3个月时有持续心脏相关症状或新发相关症状，且至少持续2个月，但心血管相关检查未见异常，可考虑为“COVID-19后状态”，此类患者应以康复治疗为主。