前列腺癌三维适形放疗中体位对靶区和正常组织体积及照射剂量的影响

目的对比研究仰、俯卧体位下前列腺癌三维适形放疗对靶区和周边重要器官体积改变和照射剂量变化。方法临床穿刺细胞学证实的分期为T1~T2N0M0期的前列腺癌8例,行对称六野三维适形放疗。定位前1 h排空膀胱,定位前1.0、0.5 h口服造影剂各400 ml,每例病例同一时间分别行前列腺癌仰、俯卧位CT定位扫描,定位后勾画靶区及盆腔重要器官结构,三维计划设计。分别评估CTV、PTV、直肠、膀胱、股骨头和盆腔小肠体积,CTV、PTV、直肠、膀胱、股骨头、盆腔小肠平均照射剂量,50 Gy膀胱、直肠和30 Gy股骨头受照体积及盆腔小肠最大照射剂量,对比仰、俯卧位各器官结构体积变化以及照射剂量差别。结果无论是仰卧位还是俯卧位,靶区均能得到均匀理想的剂量分布。直肠体积在不同体位下变化较大。仰、俯卧位各正常组织的平均体积分别为:膀胱(306±58)、(325±69)cm3,直肠(59±20)(、144±96)cm3,小肠(94±51)、(75±18)cm3。CTV、PTV、股骨头体积变化不明显。CTV、PTV、膀胱、股骨头、小肠平均照射剂量在不同治疗体位下差别不大。仰、俯卧位直肠平均照射剂量分别为(3364±995)(、2221±1176)cGy。DVH分析显示直肠在俯卧位保护最好,仰、俯卧位50 Gy直肠体积分别占总体积的39.5%±19.7%、19.8%±15.7%。俯、仰卧位小肠最大照射剂量分别为(234±143)(、275±220)cGy。结论前列腺癌俯卧位三维适形放疗使直肠体积明显增大,可因减少直肠照射而起一定保护作用。     

膀胱状态对宫颈癌调强放射治疗靶区及危及器官体积剂量影响研究

目的 膀胱是一个体积可变的器官,膀胱状态对宫颈癌体外放射治疗有重要影响.本研究比较膀胱充盈与空虚状态对宫颈癌调强放射治疗计划临床靶体积、计划靶体积、危及器官受照体积剂量变化的影响.方法 选取2014-12-01-2015-10-31昆明医科大学第三附属医院收治的自愿接受俯卧位调强放射治疗的21例初治ⅡB～ⅢB期宫颈癌患者为研究对象,比较膀胱充盈及排空状态下调强放射治疗计划临床靶体积(clinical target volume,CTV)、计划靶体积(planing target volume,PTV)及危及器官受照射体积剂量变化.结果 膀胱不同状态,CTV、PTV及小肠、直肠、股骨头体积差异均无统计学意义,P＞0.05.同一患者膀胱充盈较空虚状态,小肠平均受照射剂量降低,分别为(2 056.7±364.7)和(2 319.5±451.58)cGy,P＜0.001;而直肠平均受照射剂量增加,分别为(4 663.7±68.94)和(4 621.6±54.86) cGy,P=0.039.同一患者膀胱充盈时,小肠各剂量段受照射体积百分比较膀胱排空时低,P＜0.001;直肠45 Gy受照射体积的百分比(V45)较膀胱排空时高,P=0.023;有淋巴结转移时,膀胱充盈较排空状态,小肠V45降低(P＜0.001)而直肠V45升高(P=0.04),膀胱V45差异无统计学意义(P=0.053);无淋巴结转移时,膀胱充盈较排空状态,小肠和膀胱V45均降低(P值分别为0.002和0.01),直肠V45差异无统计学意义,P=0.275.结论 ⅡB～ⅢB宫颈鳞癌患者俯卧位行根治性调强放射治疗,膀胱充盈状态可减少小肠照射剂量,对小肠起一定保护作用.有盆腔淋巴结引流区照射时,膀胱充盈状态虽然可降低小肠受照剂量,但同时增加直肠受照剂量.     

膀胱充盈度对宫颈癌术后放疗靶区照射剂量的影响

目的探讨膀胱充盈度对宫颈癌术后放疗靶区照射剂量的影响。方法选择2013年6月至2014年6月间收治的宫颈癌术后需行调强放疗患者30例,在膀胱充盈状态和排空状态行计算机断层扫描(CT)检查,对膀胱不同状态下的临床靶体积(CTV)、计划靶体积(PTV)、膀胱、直肠、小肠及股骨头的体积变化及平均照射剂量进行比较。结果 (1)膀胱处于充盈状态的膀胱体积明显大于处于排空状态的体积,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而CTV、CPV、直肠、小肠及股骨头的体积相比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)膀胱处于充盈状态时对膀胱及小肠的照射剂量明显低于膀胱排空时,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而CTV、CPV、直肠及股骨头照射剂量在膀胱处于充盈状态与排空状态时的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在膀胱处于充盈状态下,对宫颈癌术后患者进行调强放疗,可明显减少膀胱及小肠的照射剂量,对膀胱及小肠产生一定的保护作用,有一定的临床应用价值。     

子宫颈癌术后盆腔不同体外照射方法的剂量学研究

目的 比较常规放疗(CRT)、三维适形放疗(3DCRT)及调强放疗(IMRT)方法在子宫颈癌靶体积剂量覆盖及危及器官(OAR)保护方面的差异,探讨子宫颈癌患者术后盆腔体外照射的合理方法.方法 对10例子宫颈癌术后患者进行模拟CT增强扫描,在计划系统内勾画临床靶体积(CTV),CTV均匀外扩1.0 cm生成计划靶体积(PTV),同时勾画小肠、直肠、膀胱、骨髓、卵巢及股骨头作为OAR.进而设计出CRT、3DCRT及IMRT的3种治疗计划,对CRT要求参考点达到处方剂量45 Gy,对3DCRT及IMRT要求95%的PTV达45 Gy.应用等剂量曲线及剂量体积直方图对3种计划的CTV及OAR的剂量分布进行比较.结果 CRT计划中CTV达45 Gy的平均体积显著低于3DCRT、IMRT计划(Q=8.27、8.37,P值均＜0.01),而3DCRT和IMRT计划之间相似(Q=0.10,P＞0.05).3DCRT和IMRT计划中小肠达30、45 Gy的体积明显低于CRT.IMRT计划中直肠、膀胱达30、45 Gy的体积均显著低于CRT,而3DCRT中仅直肠、膀胱达45 Gy的体积显著低于CRT.3DCRT和IMRT使骨髓达30、45 Gy剂量的体积明显低于CRT.4例卵巢移位者中2例在3DCRT及IMRT计划中,另2例在3种计划中卵巢平均受量全部超过300 cGy.结论 IMRT和3DCRT在提高靶体积内剂量及其均匀度,以及保护小肠、直肠和膀胱方面较CRT具备明显优势,以IMRT为最佳.在高剂量范围内,IMRT和3DCRT对骨髓的保护优势确定.对于移位悬吊的卵巢,IMRT、3DCRT及CRT均不能对其形成有效保护.     

前列腺癌调强放疗中直肠充盈状态对靶区及危及器官的影响

目的 探讨前列腺癌调强放疗（IMRT）中直肠充盈状态对靶区及危及器官（OAR）的影响。方法 选取15例局限期前列腺癌IMRT患者,在直肠充盈和排空状态下采集2次盆腔定位CT图像,由同一高年资放疗医师勾画靶区及OAR（如直肠、膀胱、股骨头）后,由同一高年资放疗物理师在相同处方剂量下行调强放疗计划设计。将2种直肠充盈状态下的靶区和OAR剂量学参数进行分析和配对t检验。结果 当定位和实际治疗时直肠体积一致（排空或充盈状态）,直肠不同体积状态对靶区、膀胱及股骨头剂量学参数无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。当出现本试验假设的CT定位时为直肠排空状态而实际治疗时为直肠充盈状态,放疗靶区的平均剂量、均匀指数、适形指数差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;直肠受照射剂量增加,直肠平均剂量、V50和V70增加56％、58％和288％（P＜0.05）;膀胱及股骨头剂量学参数则不受直肠状态的影响（P＞0.05）。结论 前列腺癌IMRT治疗期间直肠保持充盈状态一致能保证放疗计划得到很好的执行,反之当定位与放疗期间直肠充盈状态不一致时,放疗靶区及直肠剂量学将出现明显差异。     

前列腺癌IMRT中膀胱充盈状态对靶区及OAR影响

目的 研究前列腺癌IMRT中膀胱不同充盈状态对靶区及OAR的影响。方法 选取10例无严重合并症的局限期前列腺癌患者,CT定位时分别在膀胱不同充盈状态(排空、注入生理盐水150 ml及300 ml)进行3次全盆腔CT扫描,将获得的CT图像分别传输至TPS。由同一医生勾画靶区及直肠、膀胱、股骨头后,在同一处方条件下由物理师进行治疗计划设计。将3种膀胱不同充盈状态下获得的靶区及OAR剂量学参数进行分析和配对t检验。结果 在定位和实际照射时膀胱充盈状态一致情况下,膀胱不同充盈状态对靶区及股骨头剂量学参数无影响(P=0.077~0.998,0.219~0.969),对膀胱剂量学参数影响很大(P=0.000~0.562),对直肠部分剂量学参数会产生影响(P=0.000~0.645),而且膀胱充盈对保护膀胱和直肠有利。如果定位和实际治疗时膀胱充盈状态不一致,则会造成理论计算获得的PTV、膀胱及部分直肠剂量学参数与实际治疗结果存在差异(P=0.000~0.913)。结论 前列腺癌患者IMRT时建议采用膀胱充盈状态较好且要注意疗程中充盈程度一致性。     

膀胱不同充盈状态在宫颈癌调强放疗中的应用分析

目的:研究膀胱不同充盈状态在宫颈癌调强放疗中的临床应用,为提高宫颈癌调强放射治疗精确度提供临床依据。方法:选取2020年07月至2021年10月福建省肿瘤医院放射治疗中心收治的90例宫颈癌患者作为研究对象,根据膀胱充盈状态不同将其分为膀胱排空组、直接灌注组及自主憋尿组,每组30例。然后进行CT定位扫描及勾画靶区,对比分析三组间临床靶体积(CTV)、计划靶体积(PTV)和直肠、膀胱、小肠及股骨头体积变化。放射治疗实施过程中利用医科达容积成像系统每周进行一次CBCT扫描,采集三组病例的位移误差进行对比分析。结果:膀胱排空组中膀胱与小肠的体积分别为：(73.30±7.93)mL、(361.63±29.07)mL;直接灌注组中膀胱与小肠的体积分别为：(348.30±20.87)mL、(302.00±28.41)mL;自主憋尿组中膀胱与小肠的体积分别为：(307.73±74.65)mL、(328.23±59.35)mL。三组间膀胱与小肠体积变化有显著性统计学差异(P<0.01)。CTV、PTV、直肠、股骨体积变化无显著性统计学差异(P>0.05);三组间膀胱体积离散系数分别为10.8...     

宫颈癌调强适形放射治疗与三维适形放射治疗的剂量学比较

目的通过比较调强放射治疗（IMRT）与三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）两种不同照射技术,探讨宫颈癌根治性放射治疗采用调强放射治疗技术对危及器官的保护。方法10例常规体外和腔内放射治疗的Ⅱ_b～Ⅲ_b宫颈癌患者,放疗前行CT扫描并勾画靶区。临床靶区（CTV）包括子宫、宫颈、阴道等原发肿瘤区域及髂总、髂外、髂内、闭孔、骶前淋巴结等区域和其周围组织,计划靶区（PTV）以CTV为基础外放前向10 mm/余各向5 mm形成PTV,处方剂量分别为95%PTV 45Gy、54Gy和63Gy/1.8Gy×25、30和35次,通过DVH图比较两种治疗技术危及器官受照体积与剂量的变化。结果相同处方剂量不同照射技术比较,膀胱和小肠受照体积与剂量IMRT均小于3DCRT照射（P〈0.05）;而直肠处方剂量分别为45GY、54GY及63GY时,直肠接受剂量分别高于30Gy、40Gy及50Gy（P〈0.05）的体积,IMRT明显小于3DCRT。不同处方剂量相同照射技术比较,在3DCRT照射技术方面：当处方剂量为63Gy时,膀胱接受40Gy和50Gy剂量的体积分别为93.10±8.77%和81.00±12.81%,明显高于处方剂量为45Gy和54Gy的体积（P=0.000）;对于直肠,随着处方剂量的提高,其受照体积轻微增大（P〉0.05）;相对小肠而言,处方剂量为54Gy和63Gy时,受照体积变化不大（P〉0.05）,但处方剂量为45Gy时,小肠受照剂量高于30Gy的体积小于处方剂量为54Gy或63Gy时的照射体积（P〈0.05）。在IMRT照射技术方面：随着处方剂量的提高,膀胱和小肠受照体积及剂量随之增加（处方剂量为54Gy与63Gy时的V_（20）比较P〉0.05,其余均P〈0.05）;对于直肠接受剂量高于30Gy的体积随处方剂量的提高而增加（处方剂量为54Gy与63Gy时的V_（30）比较P=0.376,其余均P〈0.05）。结论随着计划靶区内照射剂量的提高,膀胱、直肠及小肠接受的剂量和体积均随之增高,对危及器官的保护IMRT均优于3DCRT。     

子宫内膜癌的调强放疗及对正常组织积分剂量的影响

目的:研究调强放射治疗是否增加子宫内膜癌患者的正常组织积分剂量.方法:选择10例子宫内膜癌术后患者,对每例患者分别设计其全盆腔三维适形和调强放射治疗计划.比较两组计划的靶区、危及器官和正常组织的剂量分布.结果:三维适形和调强放射治疗计划的PTV平均剂量是52.6和52.6Gy(P=0.72),平均均匀性指数是1.08和1.10(P=0.01),平均适形指数是0.61和0.87(P=0.00).与适形计划相比,调强计划的小肠+结肠、直肠、膀胱、盆腔骨平均积分剂量分别下降了1.8Gy-L(P=0.00)、0.5Gy-L(P=0.00)、4.7Gy-L(P=0.00)和4.1Gy-L(P=0.00).正常组织平均积分剂量也下降了19.2Gy-L(P=0.00),但正常组织V5、V10分别增加了9.0%(P=0.00)和4.0%(P=0.00).结论:与适形放疗相比,子宫内膜癌的术后全盆腔调强放疗剂量分布更加适形,降低了小肠和结肠、直肠、膀胱、盆腔骨积分剂量.调强放疗增加了正常组织接受低剂量照射的体积,但没有增加正常组织的积分剂量.     

膀胱充盈状态下IMRT联合ICBT治疗局部进展期宫颈癌融合剂量学分布的探讨

目的 调强放射治疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)联合腔内近距离治疗(intracavitary brachytheraPY,ICBT)是宫颈癌标准放疗技术.膀胱状态是影响靶区和危及器官(organs at risk,OARs)剂量分布常见因素.不同膀胱状态下,宫颈癌IMRT联合ICBT放疗融合剂量分布如何,尚不清楚.本研究主要分析不同膀胱状态下局部进展期宫颈癌(locally advanced cervical cancer,LACC) IMRT联合ICBT的放疗靶区和OARs融合剂量分布.方法 2015-01-01-2015-07 31西南医科大学附属医院肿瘤科治疗符合入选标准的LACC患者中,信封随机法选择20例,膀胱充盈及空虚状态下分别行磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)和计算机断层成像模拟定位(simulation computed tomography,Sim-CT)扫描,在Oncentra治疗计划系统(treatment planning system,TPS)对应融合MRI/CT图像.在MRI勾画大体肿瘤体积(gross tumor volume,GTV),Sim-CT勾画临床靶体积(clinical target volume,CTV)、计划靶体积(planning target volume,PTV)和OARs(小肠、膀胱、直肠和左右股骨头).设置7野IMRT计划和三维ICBT计划,放射源分别为6MVX射线和192 Ir.在IMRT和ICBT计划分别单独计算各自计划中靶区(D95％、D90％、D85％和D80％)和OARs(小肠D1cc和2cc膀胱D5％、10％和30％、直肠D1cc、2cc和5cc及股骨头D1％)剂量,相加为几何剂量.利用TPS计划叠加IMRT与ICBT计划形成融合计划,计算靶区和OARs剂量为融合剂量.分析不同膀胱状态下,靶区及OARs几何和融合剂量关系,并计算ICBT对靶区和OARs剂量贡献.结果 膀胱空虚时,D95％(uGTV=3.92,tCTV=11.28,tPTV=10.79)、D90％(uGTV、CTV=3.92,u PTV=3.25)、D85％(u=3.92)、D80％(u=3.92),靶区几何剂量低于融合剂量;膀胱充盈时,D9 5％(uGTV、PTV=3.92,tCTV=15.96)、D90％(uGTV=3.81,uCTV、PTV =3.92)、D85％(u=3.92)、D80％(uGTV=4.70,uCTV、PTV=3.92),靶区几何剂量低于融合剂量;均P值＜0.001.膀胱充盈GTV剂量差异率为0.17％～0.93％％,低于空的0.32％～1.07％;CTV和PTV与膀胱空虚相似,分别为1.10％～2.75％和1.22％～3.40％以及0.98％～2.29％％和0.94％～3.17％％.膀胱空虚时,OARs几何剂量(小肠D1.2…膀胱D5％、10％、30％、直肠D1cc、2cc、5cc和股骨头D1％)高于融合剂量,u小肠=3.92,t心1肠 =11.59;u膀胱分别为3.92、3.92和3.36;u直肠=3.92;t股骨头分别为4.77和6.06.膀胱充盈时,OARs几何剂量高于融合剂量,t小肠分别为10.27和8.84;t膀胱分别为10.69、11.77和4.91;u直肠分别为3.36、3.21和3.25,均P值＜0.005.膀胱D30％和直肠几何平均剂量差分别为1.90、1.01、0.87和0.86 Gy,均大于融合的1.86、0.95、0.79和0.59 Gy.左右股骨头D1％分别为0.76、0.41 Gy和0.26、0.73 Gy.膀胱空虚时,ICBT对靶区,D95％(uGTV=3.92,tCTV=11.40,tPTV=10.84)、D90％ (uGTV=3.92,uCTV=3.29,tPTV=6.00),D85％(uGTV=3.92,tCTV=17.29,tPTV=13.87),D80％(uGTV=3.92,tCTV=16.60,tPTV=15.41),几何剂量贡献率低于融合剂量贡献率;膀胱充盈时,ICBT对靶区,D95％(uGTV=9.87,uCTV=15.78,uPTV=10.65)、D90％(uGTV=3.81,tCTV=20.70,tPTV=17.64)、D85％ (tGTV=8.31,tCTV=23.27,tPTV=19.78)、D80％ (tGTV=4.68,uCTV=3.92,tPTV=19.90)几何剂量贡献率低于融合剂量贡献率;均P＜ 0.005.对GTV剂量贡献率最高,膀胱空虚与充盈几何及融合剂量贡献率分别为51.12％～63.89％、48.10％～60.80％和49.52％～63.35％、46.74％～60.52％;对CTV、PTV几何及融合剂量贡献率＜10.00％.膀胱空虚时,ICBT对OARs的几何剂量贡献率高于融合剂量贡献率,u小肠=3.92;u膀胱分别为3.92、3.92和3.36;u直肠=3.92;t股骨头=4.67和6.16.膀胱充盈时,ICBT对OARs的几何剂量贡献率高于融合剂量贡献率,t小肠分别为10.14和8.77;t膀胱分别为10.74、11.82和4.93;u直肠分别为3.25、3.21和3.21,均P值＜0.005.ICBT对直肠几何及融合剂量贡献率膀胱空虚分别为47.77％～59.45％和40.87％～52.40％,小于充盈的47.82％～58.78％和41.61％～52.00％;ICBT对膀胱几何及融合剂量贡献率膀胱空虚分别为27.60％～45.17％和26.04％～41.80％,大于充盈的23.36％～43.67％和21.89％～40.22％;小肠空虚分别为30.90％～36.90％和28.85％～34.79％,大于充盈的20.68％～25.13％和18.69％～22.88％;左右股骨头均＜10％.结论 膀胱状态会影响靶区和OARs剂量,单纯几何计算靶区和OARs剂量,有一定局限性,最好进行融合剂量学分析.膀胱充盈有利于OARs的保护,特别是小肠和膀胱,建议IMRT联合ICBT时,膀胱应保持一定容量.     

Clinicopathological study of carcinomas of the lip and the mucosa of the upper and lower lips

BACKGROUND: Lip carcinomas are rare oral tumors, and there have been few reports of lip carcinoma in Japan. METHODS: Of 914 patients with oral carcinomas treated between January 1980 and December 1998, 12 (1.3%) had lip carcinoma and 5 (0.5%) had lip mucosal carcinoma. We investigated the clinicopathological features of these 17 patients. RESULTS: Of the 12 patients with carcinoma of the lip, 10 had squamous cell carcinomas (9, external lower lip; 1 commissures) and 2 had mucoepidermoid carcinomas (external upper lip). Of the 5 patients with lip mucosal carcinoma, 3 had squamous cell carcinomas (2, mucosa of the lower lip; 1, mucosa of the upper lip), 1 had mucoepidermoid carcinoma (mucosa of the lower lip), and 1 had acinic cell carcinoma (mucosa of the lower lip). Of the 12 patients with lip carcinoma, 9 were classified as stage I, 2 as stage II, and 1 as stage III; all 5 of the patients with lip mucosal carcinoma were stage I. Five patients with lip carcinoma were treated by resection, 5 by a combination of resection and reconstruction, and 2 by radiotherapy alone. All patients with lip mucosal carcinoma were treated by resection. After the initial therapy, 3 patients without neck dissection had regional recurrences and received delayed neck dissection, and 2 died with neck regional recurrence after dissection. The 5-year cumulative survival rates of the patients with lip carcinoma and those with lip mucosal carcinoma were 82.5% and 80.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We suggest that early-stage carcinomas of the lip and of the mucosa of the upper and lower lips are frequent, and we found that the outcome of these patients was excellent. However, an aggressive therapeutic approach to the lip carcinoma patient with cervical metastasis appears warranted, in an attempt to improve locoregional control and ultimate survival.     

Experience in the treatment of synchronous and metachronous carcinoma of the oesophagus and the head and neck

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment of multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and oesophagus is controversial. The poor prognosis of these 2 types of carcinoma taken individually and their anatomic proximity complicate the therapeutic strategy and limit the treatment choices for each location. METHODS: From 1986 to 1998, 43 patients received curative treatment for multiple synchronous (n = 30) or metachronous (n = 13) primary neoplasms of the oesophagus and head and neck. For synchronous cancers, the therapeutic strategy consisted of first curing the head and neck cancer and then planning oesophagectomy according to the type of head and neck cancer therapy. RESULTS: Ten total oesopharyngolaryngectomies and 33 subtotal oesophagectomies were performed. The postoperative mortality rate was 9.3% (4/43). The rate of anastomotic leakage was 30% (13/43), and all such leaks were cervical. Pulmonary infection occurred in 19% of cases (8/43). A past history of cervical radiation therapy or cervicotomy did not appear to be a significant risk factor for anastomotic leakage or pulmonary complications. Oesophagectomy did not affect the functional results in the 31 patients whose larynx could be preserved. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophagectomy after head and neck cancer treatment is possible with a low mortality rate and acceptable morbidity.     

胆囊结石及胆囊切除与结直肠癌的关系探讨

目的 探讨胆囊结石及胆囊切除与结直肠癌的关系.方法 回顾性分析347例结直肠癌及608例其他消化道癌的临床资料.结果 结直肠癌患者胆囊结石发生率及既往胆囊切除率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 胆囊结石及胆囊切除可能是结直肠癌的高危因素.     

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ceftibuten and Cefaclor in the Treatment of Pneumonia and Bronchiectasis

Summary

In a multicentre, international study of 187 adult patients with bacterial pneumonia or bronchiectasis, the safety and efficacy of a regimen of 200 mg ceftibuten administered twice-daily was compared with cefaclor given in a dosage of 500 mg three times a day. Of the 94 evaluable patients, 66 received ceftibuten and 28 received cefaclor. The overall bacteriological response was similar in the two treatment groups with elimination of the original pathogen in 91% and 89% of the patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively. The overall clinical response mirrored the bacteriological results with a successful clinical outcome in 92% of ceftibuten-treated patients compared with 93% in patients receiving cefaclor. Adverse experiences were, in general, few and mild, being reported in 8% and 17% of patients receiving ceftibuten and cefaclor, respectively.     

The relation between the aging of the steroid generating system and the geneses of cancers of the stomach, the breast and the uterine cervix

The purpose of the present study is to test the validity of the steroid carcinogenesis hypothesis in humans by investigating the problem whether or not a cancer-specific change of the hormonal milieu emerges at a specified stage of life where the growth rate of cancer risk is at its zenith. A case-control study of 14 urinary steroid excretions was conducted for each of 3 human neoplasias. The identification and the size (in parenthesis) of the population units used in this study were,given as follows: a) the male gastric cancer group (421); b) the male control group (104); c) the female breast cancer group (245); d) the cervical cancer group (345); e) the female control group (127). Two kinds of steroid parameters were employed for the statistical analysis of hormonal data: a) the logarithm of a steroid excretion figure (mu g/day), as expressed by log x; b) the logarithm of a relative weight of a given steroid to tetrahydrocortisol, as expressed by log x/THF. The case-control difference for each parameter was expressed in terms of a t-value of Student's t-test. The steroid deviation profile was prepared for each neoplasia and for each of the log x data set and the log x/THF data set. The results obtained are as follows: a) the 2 steroid parameters (log x and log x/THF) for each of 14 urinary steroids were both subject to change with the progress of host age. The rate of age-dependent change was different for each steroid parameter and for each population unit. b) The above differential age dependency of the steroid parameters gave rise to a continual transition of the steroid deviation profile in the course of aging. c) The hormonal traits of male gastric cancer, female breast cancer and cervical cancer were described each as a complex of androgen depression and glucocorticoid stimulation (male gastric cancer), a sequential emergence of premenopausal progestin depression and postmenopausal predominance of glucocorticoid over androgen (female breast cancer), and a complex of androgen-glucocorticoid depression over progestin (cervical cancer). d) The emergence of the above cancer-specific steroid disorders chronologically coincided with the quasiexponential growth phase of cancer risk (and slow growth phase of cancer risk in postmenopausal breast cancer). e) The usefulness of the log x/THF type deviation profile for the assessment of the hormonal milieu of the host was verified by both theoretical approach to the problem and its application to the real data of a case-control study. f) The age dependent decline of androgens was generally much faster in their progressions than that of glucocorticoids - a finding to suggest the possibility that the production of a cancer-specific steroid deviation profile might have taken the form of the stress shift of Hans Selye, since both phenomena share depletion of gonadal steroids relative to glucocorticoid in common. The etiological relevancy of the 3 cancer-specific steroid changes to the geneses of 3 cancers:was discussed in the light of the experimental pathology studies in our laboratory as well as in other laboratories.     

Effect of freezing the helix and the rim or edge of the human and pig ear

We have studied the effect of increasing freeze times on the normal pig's ear and on a variety of lesions of the human ear. The clinical and laboratory data suggest that cartilage necrosis secondary to cryosurgery is a dose-related phenomenon and is uncommon with the freeze times used in clinical practice. Cryosurgery is an effective and cosmetically acceptable treatment for superficial skin lesions of the ear.     

Degree of manifestation of therapeutic pathomorphosis and the nature of the change in the estrogen and progesterone receptors after the radiation and chemotherapy of breast cancer

Estradiol and progesterone receptor levels were measured in 130 patients with stage III breast tumors before treatment and following preoperative radiation or chemotherapy. The data were evaluated versus the morphologic features of posttreatment pathomorphosis of tumor. Standard fractionated radiation (total dose of 70 Gy) was followed by pronounced postradiation pathomorphosis and a decrease in the level and incidence of steroid receptors in 72.7-87.5%. The essentially unchanged receptor profile of tumor following large-fraction (total dose-20 Gy) irradiation as well as presence of estradiol and progesterone receptors in the originally receptor-negative neoplasms after chemotherapy were matched by a slight degree of pathomorphosis.     

Social inequalities in the incidence and case fatality of cancers of the lung,the stomach,the bowels,and the breast

Objective  In order to examine health inequalities in terms of incidences and case fatalities in a German health insurance population. Lung cancer, stomach cancer, intestinal carcinoma, and breast cancer were considered. Social differentiation was depicted by income and occupational position in order to examine which one is more strongly associated with incidence and case fatality. Methods  Analyses were performed using data from a statutory health insurance (n = 170,848). Incomes were divided into quintiles, and subjects were grouped according to occupational status. Results  For lung cancer incidence a gradient between the highest and the lowest 20% of the income distribution emerged. The relative risk of the lowest category was RR = 7.03, for occupational position the figure was RR = 6.98. For stomach cancer the relative risks were RR = 5.33 for income and RR = 7.11 for occupational position. For intestinal carcinoma only income was significantly related with incidence (RR = 4.37 for the lowest 20% of the income distribution), and for breast cancer incidence no social inequalities were found. For case fatality increased relative risks emerged for lung cancer, but only for income. Conclusions  Income and occupational position were associated with cancer incidence with the exception of breast cancer. Apart from lung cancer, case fatalities were unrelated to measures of social differentiation.     

一氧化氮与肿瘤的发生、发展及转移相关的研究进展

一氧化氮（NO）作为一种自由基性质的气体分子,参与了肿瘤的发生、发展、转移等过程。NO一方面介导了巨噬细胞、内皮细胞的杀瘤作用,另一方面又通过促进血管生成、增加血流量肿瘤生成。对NO的深入研究,将为探索肿瘤的发生、发展和开辟新的治疗途径带来希望。     

Urbanization and the incidence of abnormalities of squamous and glandular epithelium of the cervix

BACKGROUND: The large data bases of the Dutch cervical screening program can be exploited to establish the relation between urbanization and the incidence of abnormalities of the squamous and glandular epithelium, including mild or greater changes of the squamous and glandular epithelium of the cervix. METHODS: Six cytology laboratories in the context of the Dutch cervical screening program screened over 190,000 cervical smears. Urbanization (place of residence) data were derived from postal codes. All smears were coded with the Dutch national coding system, the Dutch national classification system KOPAC, in which squamous abnormalities are coded S4-S9, and glandular cell changes are coded G4-G9. From the scores per 1000 screened women, the relative risk (RR) of living in a large city compared with living in rural areas was calculated. To investigate a trend in incidence in relation to urbanization, the Schaafsma method was used. RESULTS: Of the smears with positive cytology, mild squamous dysplasia (S4) had the highest incidence per 1000 screened women (4.32), and the lowest incidence was found for adenocarcinoma (in situ; G7/G9; RR, 0.07). The RR for urban women ranged from 1.73 for moderate squamous dysplasia (S5) to 7.55 for adenocarcinoma (in situ; G7/G9). For smears with positive cytology for both squamous and glandular abnormalities, the Schaafsma method indicated a significant positive trend. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of squamous and glandular abnormalities are maximal in women who live in a large city, which, in The Netherlands, is where there also is a population at high risk for human papillomavirus and bacterial vaginosis.