三硝基甲苯作业工人职业性损伤调查

对 2 5 5名三硝基甲苯 (TNT)作业工人职业性损伤调查显示 ,其主要职业损伤为白内障 ,饮酒是白内障重要促发因素 ;目前防护条件下 ,中毒性肝病已少见 ;TNT对脂类代谢有明显毒作用     

Occupational Exposure to Streptococcus suis among US Swine Workers

Despite numerous cases of human infection with Streptococcus suis worldwide, human disease is rarely diagnosed in North America. We studied 73 swine-exposed and 67 non–swine-exposed US adults for antibodies to S. suis serotype 2. Serologic data suggest that human infection with S. suis occurs more frequently than currently documented.     

Occupational Injuries of Aquaculture Workers: Washington State

Objective: To characterize occupational injuries of aquaculture workers in Washington State.

Methods: We reviewed accepted Washington State workers’ compensation claims from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2014. Trends in employment, worker demographics (including age, sex, and body mass index), claim rate, and injury characteristics were summarized for accepted claims in the Washington State risk classes that include aquaculture workers.

Results: During the nine-year study period, there were 1,180 accepted claims, 836 (65.1%) were medical-aid only and 344 (26.8%) were compensable. Most commonly reported injury types included being struck by/against an object (n = 420) and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (n = 310). Over the study period, there was no statistically significant change in claim rates in aquaculture (p = 0.77), though they were elevated compared to claim rates for all WA industries combined. A significant upward trend (p = 0.003) in aquaculture employment was observed during our study period.

Conclusions: Given the growth in aquaculture production, and that aquaculture workers in Washington are experiencing higher occupational injury rates compared to other workers in the state, our study suggests that the industry should devote greater attention to prevention of work-related injuries, especially those resulting in being struck by/against objects or work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Enhanced occupational safety and health programs for this industry could help reduce injuries, as well as the cost of workers’ compensation claims.     

铁路职工职业伤害危险因素的病例-对照研究

[目的]了解铁路行业工人职业伤害的危险因素。[方法]采用病例-对照研究方法,对132名受伤职工,264名未受伤职工进行问卷调查,比较铁路行业受伤职工和未受伤职工各种特征的差异。[结果]文化程度较低、工龄较短、吸烟、安全意识不强、违规操作、机器异常均可使职业伤害发生的危险性增高。[结论]铁路行业工人的上述危险因素与职业伤害的发生有关,需进一步加强安全教育、保护高危人群,以减少职业伤害的发生。     

农民工职业伤害影响因素的病例对照研究

[目的]研究农民工职业伤害及其影响因素。[方法]2005年3～10月期间,采用统一调查问卷对437名农民工进行调查,其中最近3年里发生非致死性职业伤害的农民工217人作为研究组,未曾发生过职业伤害的农民工220人作为对照组。调查内容包括一般情况和职业伤害情况等。采用单因素和Logistic回归分析方法,分析不同因素对农民工职业伤害的影响。[结果]单因素分析显示：研究组和对照组的文化程度、工作胜任程度、每周工作时间、收入满意程度和健康满意程度差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示：文化程度较低、每周工作时间较长、工作胜任程度较低者的职业伤害危险性增高。[结论]农民工职业伤害的发生与个人背景因素有关,应保护农民工中的高危人群,以减少职业伤害发生。     

三氯乙烯作业工人潜在职业伤害的社会因素分析

目的分析影响三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene,TCE)职业伤害的社会因素,为制定正确有效的TCE防护措施提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究的方法,以是否出现DNA损伤作为判断TCE潜在伤害发生的依据,以发生DNA损伤的工人为病例组,没有DNA损伤的工人为对照组,按1∶3的方式进行匹配。结果单因素Logistic回归分析显示,病例组与对照组在文化程度、接触时间、是否有岗前培训、是否进行在岗期间职业健康检查,以及个人防护用品的使用情况方面差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,文化程度小学及以下、工龄大于1.5年、未进行岗前培训以及偶尔使用个人防护用品的职工发生TCE潜在伤害的危险性会增加,调整后的OR值分别为:1.75,4.21,1.95,3.67。结论在实际工作中,应以低文化程度和工龄相对较长的工人为重点防护人群,并加强上岗前体检和培训,同时提高个人防护用品的使用情况,以控制TCE潜在职业伤害的发生。     

Stuck at the Bottom Rung: Occupational Characteristics of Workers with Disabilities

Introduction The proportion of workers reporting disabilities varies tremendously across occupations. Although differences in the occupational distributions may partly explain the large disparities in earnings and job security between workers with and without disabilities, little is known about the reasons that workers with disabilities are underrepresented in certain occupations and overrepresented in others. Methods Using a large, national survey of the US population combined with official data on the skill and experience requirements and occupational risks of 269 occupations, a multilevel regression analysis was performed to identify occupational and individual factors that influence the representation of workers with disabilities across occupations. Models of overall, sensory, mobility, and cognitive disability were constructed for working-age labor force participants, as were models of overall disability for younger, in-between, and older workers. Results At the occupational level, reported disability is negatively associated with occupational requirements for information and communication skills and with the amount of prior work experience that is required, after controlling for individual factors such as age and educational attainment. Little relationship is found between disability status and a set of occupational risk factors. These findings generally hold true across disability types and age groups. Conclusions Even after taking into account their lower average educational attainment, workers with disabilities appear to be disproportionately relegated to entry-level occupations that do not emphasize the better-remunerated job skills. Underemployment results in lower wages and less job security and stability. Possible reasons include employer discrimination, low expectations, deficits in relevant skills or experience, and work disincentives.     

煤矿工伤发生地点分布规律及对策

目的：探讨煤矿职工工伤发生地点的分布规律及原因,为把工伤发生降到最低限度提供科学依据。方法：选择平顶山矿务局具有代表性的甲、乙、丙3矿,进行10年工伤事故（1987．1．1－1998．12．31）回顾性调查,对工伤发生地点分矿分类统计,同时对与其有关的受伤程度、原因、工种予以分析。结果：3个矿职工年均人数为19949人,发生工伤共1463人次,工伤发生地点以井下采面、机巷、风巷为主,受伤程度以轻伤为主,占工伤总数的90％以上,工伤原因以操作不当、安全意识差、摔倒、意外和违章作业较多见,工种以掘进工和采煤工居多。结论：煤矿职工工伤发生地点多见于井下采面、机巷、风巷等,故应采取综合预防措施,减少工伤发生。     

柳州市皮肤性病科医护人员职业损伤调查及防护对策

目的了解皮肤性病科医护人员职业损伤特点及分布规律,制定科学有效的防护措施,减少或防止职业损伤的发生,提高医护人员健康水平。方法对柳州市不同等级医院548名从事皮肤性病工作的医护人员和221名行政后勤人员进行问卷调查,利用SPSS11.5对所得资料进行分析。结果医生和护士的职业损伤率分别为61.13%和65.37%,医护人员损伤率显著高于行政后勤人员(14.93%);三级医院医护人员职业损伤率高于一、二级医院(χ2=6.44,P0.05);心理损伤和物理损伤居职业损伤的前2位;护理人员为职业损伤的高危人群。结论柳州市皮肤性病科医护人员职业损伤率很高。加强职业安全教育,提高防护意识,是减少职业损伤的关键;合理安排资源配置,加强高危人群防护,是减少职业损伤的必要措施。     

铁路工伤危险因素的控制及评价

[目的]预防和控制铁路运输工伤事故。[方法]运用流行病学调查方法和SPSS FOR WINDOWS 12．0软件，分析工伤事故发生原因，建立事前预防控制体系并在试点区实施干预。[结果]铁路运输工伤事故发生率为23．68／10万，违章操作是其主要原因（61．3％）。文化程度较低、工龄较短、吸烟、安全意识不强、违规操作、机器异常均可使职业伤害发生的危险性增高。实施干预后工伤事故发生率有所下降。[结论]工伤是可以预防和控制的。只要领导重视，以人为本，采取有效的工伤事故预防控制体系，完全可以减少工伤事故发生率，从而达到保护职工健康、推动运输经济可持续发展的目的。     

铝作业工人职业性慢性肌肉骨骼损伤危险因素分析

目的 了解电解铝厂工人职业性慢性肌肉骨胳损伤（ＣＭＩ）患者病情况及其危险因素。方法 采用横断面现况调查问卷与临床检查相结合的方法对各有关危险因素进行逐一询问及ＣＭＩ诊断。结果 电解铝厂工人总体ＣＭＩ患病主继６２．５％,各车间不同工种工人ＣＭＩ串病率差异无显著意义,但均高于对照组（２８．５％）。多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归提示,ＣＭＩ患病与性别、年龄、身高、文化程度、婚姻状况、子女数、工作紧张度、工作     

2006-2007年深圳市南山区部分企业工人职业伤害发生情况调查

[目的]了解深圳市南山区部分企业工人职业伤害发生情况,为今后制订有针对性地预防职业伤害措施提供科学依据。[方法]2007年8～12月,在深圳市南山区随机抽取10家企业,对全部2544名工人进行问卷调查。[结果]调查2544人,过去1年内发生职业伤害的307例,年发生率为12．07％。职业伤害发生率,男性为16．04％,女性为10．06％（P〈0．01）;16～25岁为21．63％,26～30岁为4．55％,31～35岁为2．70％,36～40岁为3．68％,41～49岁为0%（P〈0．01）;工龄不足5年者为17．30％,5～9年者为0．61％,10～23年者为2．37％（P〈0．01）。307例职业伤害中,上肢损伤占74．92％,下肢损伤占14．33％,头面部损伤占7．17％,躯干损伤占3．58％;前3位伤害类型为机械伤害（占45．93％）、烫伤（占16．61％）、物体打击伤害（占15．64％）;受伤原因最多的是操作不熟练（占18．57％）,违反操作规程（占16．29％）,注意力不集中（占15．64％）。[结论]应加强安全意识教育,制定有效的预防措施,降低职业伤害发生率。     

Epidemiology of Occupational Injuries Among Insured Workers in Saudi Arabia Between 2004 and 2016

This is a retrospective analysis of annual reports on occupational injuries issued by the national social insurance agency of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for the years 2004 through 2016. For each criterion we calculated an index based on the equation N_Y/N_ref x100, where N_Y is the number of occupational injuries by a specific criterion in a specific year Y, and N_ref is the number of injuries in the corresponding criterion in the reference year, i.e. 2004. We also calculated the number of injuries to number of workers ratio (N_i/N_w) for different occupations and economic sectors to get a clearer idea of the injury trends per worker. In terms of occupational injury rates (with respect to 2004), we observed increases in construction, financing & real estate (economic sectors), among engineers and technicians (occupations), in infections and secondary contusions (injury type), for upper and lower limbs (affected body parts), over falls and “other” causes. Most injuries occurred on Fridays, which is a weekend day in Saudi Arabia. We also observed increased recovery without disability (injury status). However, if we look at the number of occupational injuries per worker, we can see a decreasing trend over time for all occupations and economic sectors, most likely thanks to improved labour law and safety at work practices for insured workers. Our findings are similar to reports from other Persian Gulf countries and reflect current labour health and safety issues in the area.Key words: construction workers, contusions, engineers, General Organization for Social Insurance, infections, labour, Persian Gulf countries, technicians     

Occupational and Nonoccupational Correlates of Alcohol Consumption in Urban Transit Operators

Background. The influence of occupation and the worksite has emerged as an important area of study in research on alcohol consumption. Occupational and nonoccupational factors were studied in relation to alcohol consumption using data from a 1983-1985 cross-sectional study of transit operators. Methods. A total of 1,853 operators underwent a medical examination for driver′s license renewal (including information on age, ethnicity, gender, education). Of these operators, 1,448 completed a questionnaire about occupational (e.g., time of shift, job stressors) and nonoccupational (e.g., personality, life stressors) factors. From either the medical examination or the questionnaire, weekly alcohol consumption was available for 1,820 operators. Variables related to alcohol consumption in previous studies, or theoretically linked to consumption, were analyzed in relation to heavy (≥15 drinks/week) and average weekly consumption. Results. Heavy and average consumption were both related to several nonoccupational variables, including demographic (age, ethnicity, gender, marital status), personality (depression, anger expression), and life stress variables (i.e., life events). Heavy and average consumption were also related to several occupational variables, including job history (number of years driving, specific worksite) and job stressors. Neither measure was related to subjective job content (job demand, decision latitude). Conclusions. Variability in consumption by demographic factors among this population reflects that seen in society as a whole. However, occupational factors may influence consumption, since consumption was strongly related to (a) specific worksite and time of shift and (b) reported job stressors. Clarifying the exact influence of occupational and worksite factors on alcohol consumption will depend on the convergence of findings from different research designs (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal, ethnographic).     

The Therapeutic Use of Computers in Occupational Therapy With Patients With Closed Head Injuries

Occupational therapists in various settings were surveyed to obtain information on their use of computers with closed head injured patients. The majority of therapists use micro-computers for cognitive rehabilitation followed by vocational rehabilitation. Respondents indicated that an efficient means of distributing information does not yet exist resulting in a high incidence of trial and error learning on the part of the therapist.     

某钢铁企业职工工伤多因素回归分析

为了探讨钢铁企业工伤的发生情况以及影响因素 ,调查了某钢铁企业 1 5年工伤发生情况 ,并对该企业 1 996年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1 2月 5年的钢铁工人 (工龄 >1a) 2 5 2 3人 ,采用logistic多因素回归分析方法进行工伤发病因素的分析。结果表明 ,工伤发生率与文化程度、工龄、年龄及性别等因素有关。提示 ,采取相应防范措施 ,对降低工伤发生率可起重要作用     

Occupational Injuries in Ghana

Abstract

Household interviews were used to survey 21,105 persons living in 431 urban and rural sites in Ghana, to determine the nature and extent of their occupational injuries. Annual occupational injury rates were 11.5 injuries/1,000 persons in the urban areas and 44.9/1,000 in the rural areas. Occupational injuries had higher mortality, longer disability, and higher treatment costs than non-occupational injuries. There were substantial occupational injury rates among children, especially in rural areas. In the urban areas, the largest numbers of injuries were to drivers (12.7% of urban occupational injuries) and traders (19.4%), most of which were road-traffic-related. In the rural areas, most injuries (71.6%) were to farm workers. Occupational injuries are a substantial burden in Ghana. Priorities include improving road safety and improving the prevention and treatment of injuries from nonmechanized farming.     

Medical Expenditures Associated with Nonfatal Occupational Injuries among Immigrant and U.S.-born Workers

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: No national study has investigated whether immigrant workers are less likely than U.S.-workers to seek medical treatment after occupational injuries and whether the payment source differs between two groups. METHODS: Using the 2004-2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data, we estimated the annual incidence rate of nonfatal occupational injuries per 100 workers. Logistic regression models were fitted to test whether injured immigrant workers were less likely than U.S.-born workers to seek professional medical treatment after occupational injuries. We also estimated the average mean medical expenditures per injured worker during the 2 year MEPS reference period using linear regression analysis, adjusting for gender, age, race, marital status, education, poverty level, and insurance. Types of service and sources of payment were compared between U.S.-born and immigrant workers. RESULTS: A total of 1,909 injured U.S.-born workers reported 2,176 occupational injury events and 508 injured immigrant workers reported 560 occupational injury events. The annual nonfatal incidence rate per 100 workers was 4.0% (95% CI: 3.8%-4.3%) for U.S.-born workers and 3.0% (95% CI: 2.6%-3.3%) for immigrant workers. Medical treatment was sought after 77.3% (95% CI: 75.1%-79.4%) of the occupational injuries suffered by U.S.-born workers and 75.6% (95% CI: 69.8%-80.7%) of the occupational injuries suffered by immigrant workers. The average medical expenditure per injured worker in the 2 year MEPS reference period was $2357 for the U.S.-born workers and $2,351 for immigrant workers (in 2009 U.S. dollars, P=0.99). Workers' compensation paid 57.0% (95% CI: 49.4%-63.6%) of the total expenditures for U.S.-born workers and 43.2% (95% CI: 33.0%-53.7%) for immigrant workers. U.S.-born workers paid 6.7% (95% CI: 5.5%-8.3%) and immigrant workers paid 7.1% (95% CI: 5.2%-9.6%) out-of-pocket. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant workers had a statistically significant lower incidence rate of nonfatal occupational injuries than U.S.-born workers. There was no significant difference in seeking medical treatment and in the mean expenditures per injured worker between the two groups. The proportion of total expenditures paid by workers' compensation was smaller (marginally significant) for immigrant workers than for U.S.-born workers.     

1997～2003年某铁路局职工工伤流行病学调查

[目的]研究某铁路局工伤的分布特点、发生原因及规律。[方法]对某铁路局所属4个分局1997年至2003年间发生的工伤事故进行回顾性调查，资料用Access 2000建立数据库，使用SPSS 11．5 for Windows统计分析。[结果]工伤粗发生率为23．68／10万，致死工伤粗发生率为3．17／10万。伤害的月份分布中以5月（13．4％）较高，1月份（4．2％）最低。不同时间段的工伤发生率以8：00～10：00最高（28．8％），其次为13：00～15：00（23．0％），有集中于上班后0～1h的倾向。工伤以车辆伤害（31．0％）和高处坠落（16．9％）为主，而违章操作（61.3％）是其主要原因。在调查的10个工种中，工伤在调车工人和机车车辆钳工中的发生率较高，分别为61／10万、59．8／10万。[结论]应加强生产安全教育和管理，采取切实可行的措施控制和减少工伤事故的发生。