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1.
AIM: To evaluate the graft rejection and visual outcomes after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in the presence of various congenital corneal opacities in children.
METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, children who underwent PK were then followed for 5y. The patient’s medical records were collected from June 2014 until June 2019 and analyzed in December 2019. All patients were children under three years old with congenital corneal opacities with or without microcornea who came to a pediatric ophthalmologist and underwent PK in Jakarta Eye Center (JEC). Beforehand, all children have participated in a thorough evaluation for PK. In the case of severe microcornea was not advised to undergo surgery. The visual outcomes and graft survival rate were described in percentages. The graft survival plot was presented with Kaplan-Meier, while the visual acuity was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
RESULTS: Sixteen eyes from eleven patients (seven girls and four boys) underwent PK. The graft survival rate of the first 6, 12, and 18 mo later of keratoplasty was 100%, 83.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. The overall mean survival time is 22mo (standard error 2.419), and no significant difference between the patients underwent PK before and after 36mo of their age (P=0.52). The graft failure was 50%, and post-surgery complications included cataract 43.7%, band keratopathy 12.5%, and scleromalasia 6.25%. Wilcoxon test analysis of visual acuity post keratoplasty was not statistically significant (P=0.34), while overall showed 44% improvements of visual outcome for 5y of follow-up. With a good survival at one year up to 22mo (83.3%), the visual acuity could be achieved (63%), and showed improvements (44%) during follow-up.
CONCLUSION: The complications are frequent for pediatric PK. Thus, corneal surgery on infants requires careful case selection, adequate pre-operative evaluation, skilled surgery (optical correction), very close cooperation family–physician, intensive post-operation care, and amblyopia management in the future. 相似文献
2.
Motion coherence thresholds in random-dot patterns have been widely adopted as a measure of performance in visual motion processing. However, there has been diversity in the type of “noise” in which a coherent motion signal has to be detected. Here we compare coherence thresholds for three ways of creating motion noise: dots replotted in random positions in each new frame; dots with a set displacement but following a random walk from frame to frame; or dots moving in random directions which remain constant for a given dot over a sequence of displacements. In each case, the signal dots may either remain the same throughout the display sequence, or the signal dots may be re-selected afresh on each frame (“different”).With our display (3 deg square, 120 msec exposure, velocity = 5 or 10 deg sec −1), all these different noise conditions yielded similar thresholds around 5–8%. There were some small but systematic differences between conditions. Thresholds in random-direction displays were consistently higher than those in random-walk or random-position displays, especially at the lower velocity. However, this effect is much smaller than would be expected from the increased standard error of the noise mean in random direction, perhaps because the motion system integrates information most effectively over a local region of space and/or time. Subjects” performance could not be explained by a strategy of identifying individual signal dots with extended trajectories. The similarity between random-walk and random-position thresholds implies that subjects do not exploit the marked differences in speed distribution between signal and noise dots in the latter case.The practical message for the design and interpretation of experiments using coherence thresholds is that the results are not much affected by the choice of noise, at least within the range of stimuli tested here. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Albino ferrets contrary to their pigmented conspecifics show no optokinetic nystagmus. Therefore, in this study motion perception was compared between pigmented and albino ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) trained to discriminate between coherently moving random dot patterns and dynamic noise stimuli in a two-alternative forced choice task. Fully coherently versus incoherently moving patterns could be distinguished by ferrets of both phenotypes. Motion coherence thresholds, however, were significantly higher in albinos. These results indicate that albino ferrets are not motion blind as could be expected from their total lack of optokinetic reactions. However, they are severely impaired in global motion perception. 相似文献
4.
We determined how much motion coherence was needed to detect a target group of four moving dots in a dynamic visual noise (DVN) background. The lifetimes of the trajectories of the target and that of the noise dots were the same. In addition to parallel trajectories and collinear dot arrangements, divergent, convergent, or crossing trajectories and non-collinear dot arrangements were also tested. Performance saturated at a lifetime of approximately 600 ms. It was best for parallel trajectories and collinear dots, and worse for crossed trajectories with non-collinear dots, where it approached performance in a no-motion, form-only control experiment. Results illustrate the importance of common fate in motion perception in DVN, when other factors are equated. 相似文献
5.
目的:探究20~24岁成人和6~15岁儿童整体运动觉功能的性别差异。 方法:本研究共纳入46名20~24岁的成人及227名6~15岁的儿童(按年龄分为5组:6~7岁,8~9岁,10~11岁,12~13岁和14~15岁)。整体运动觉功能应用随机点图法进行检测,包括具有相同运动方向(向上或向下/向左或向右)随机点,其运动速度为1.0及5.0度/秒,本研究共检测4种情况下的整体运动觉功能。检查过程遵循“三下一上”的阶梯法心理物理学检查方法,被检者可以分辨具有相同运动方向的信号点的最小比例为整体运动觉阈值,每种情况下连续测量5次并取均值作为其最终阈值。应用两因素方差分析探讨年龄及性别对整体运动觉功能的影响。 结果:信号点以1.0度/秒在垂直方向运动时,性别和年龄均可影响整体运动觉(性别:F=10.533, P=0.001; 年龄:F=8.599,P<0.001),成人女性及14~15岁女孩的整体运动觉阈值高于成人男性(P=0.013)及14~15岁男孩(P=0.030)。信号点以1.0度/秒在水平方向运动时,性别和年龄亦可影响整体运动觉(性别:F=12.073,P=0.001; 年龄:F=8.724,P<0.001),成人女性及14~15岁女孩的整体运动觉阈值高于成人男性(P=0.004)及14~15岁男孩(P=0.009)。信号点以5.0度/秒在垂直方向运动时,性别可影响整体运动觉(F=6.826,P=0.010),但是成人及儿童间无统计学差异(F=1.085,P=0.369),成人女性阈值高于成人男性(P=0.002)。信号点以5.0度/秒在水平方向运动时,性别和年龄对整体运动觉的影响与同速度垂直方向相似(性别:F=7.775,P=0.006; 年龄:F=1.794,P=0.114),成人女性及14~15岁女孩的整体运动觉阈值高于成人男性(P=0.001)及14~15岁男孩(P=0.017)。 结论:整体运动觉功能的性别差异仅存在于成人及大于14岁的儿童。 相似文献
6.
Several different directional anisotropies have been found in global motion perception. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the motion sensitive cortical area V5/MT+ in directional anisotropies for translational flow fields. Experiments 1 and 2 tested direction discrimination and detection of moving random dot patterns. When the speed of motion was 8 deg/s, lower coherence thresholds were found for centripetal relative to centrifugal hemifield motion. When the speed of motion was 1 deg/s, coherence thresholds were similar in all directions. Experiment 3 used fMRI to measure the BOLD response to different directions of motion at speeds of 1 and 8 deg/s. Greater activity was found in V5/MT+ for centripetal motion than for centrifugal motion at both speeds. These results suggest that V5/MT+ does play a role in directional motion anisotropies. This role is discussed with respect to visually-guided reaching and locomotion. 相似文献
7.
We conducted four experiments on the development of motion perception in a total of 109 3- to 5-month-old infants using motion stimuli consisting of opposite-moving dots. A psychophysical study showed that adult subjects perceived two global planes with opposite-moving dots, but this global perception collapsed when paired opposite-moving dots were located within 0.4 deg of one another (Qian, Andersen, & Adelson, 1994). We used this paired-dot stimulus as a non-target and the opponent motion stimulus as a target and examined target preference using methods based on forced-choice-preferential looking (Teller, 1979). In Experiment 1, we used 90 moving dots as stimuli. The results showed that 5-month-old infants had a significant preference for the targets but 4- and 3-month-olds did not. In Experiment 2, we used a small number of dots, and the results showed that 5-month-old infants did not prefer the target significantly. These results suggest that the preference for a target decreases according to the number of dots. In Experiment 3, we used opponent motion with long traveling length of the dots, and the results showed that all age groups, including 3-month-olds, had a preference for the moving targets. We showed that the preference observed in Experiment 3 was dependent not on local traveling length but on the global opponency. These results suggest that the perception of motion opponency based on a global motion cue emerges at 5 months of age (Experiments 1 and 2) and that the traveling length of the dots promote this perception (Experiments 3 and 4). 相似文献
8.
We measured the effects of coherent motion of one set of dots on the perceived location of Gaussian envelopes formed by luminance modulation of a second set of dots. Perceived shifts in envelope location in the direction of coherent motion were obtained even when the dots forming the envelopes did not physically move in the direction of coherent motion. In such cases, perceived shifts coincided with stimulus configurations that permitted motion integration of the envelope dots with the coherently moving dots, for example, when envelope dots moved in random directions as opposed to being static. In subsequent experiments we explored the type of motion integration underlying the positional shifts obtained. We discounted the possibility that the visual system incorrectly attributes motion signals associated with coherently moving dots to envelope dots by demonstrating that positional shifts could be obtained even when the coherent dots were laterally displaced to either side of the envelope dots such that the regions occupied by the dots did not overlap. We also discounted spatio-temporal summation within the receptive fields of low-spatial-frequency motion-sensitive mechanisms by demonstrating that positional shifts persisted even when the dot displays were high-pass filtered. These results, coupled with the observation that the proportion of coherently moving dots required to produce positional shifts correlated well with global motion thresholds measured for the same dot configurations, suggests that visual processes which underlie motion-dependent positional shifts are based at least in part on cooperative interactions of the type implicated in global motion. 相似文献
9.
We present here a series of experiments exploring a special class of visual completion that is strictly tied to the perception of apparent motion. The stimuli consist of sparse random-dot arrays, in which dots remain in place. Changes of luminance or color of the dots at leading and trailing edges of an apparently moving region are integrated over space and time to produce the perception of well-defined contours, shapes, and color. We test how Vernier acuity of apparent motion-defined illusory bars depends on speed, density, and stimulus configurations. We found that higher speed of apparent motion reduces the Vernier acuity thresholds. These thresholds also decrease with increasing density of dots, whose luminance changes provide the apparent motion signal required for the perception of illusory contours. In subsequent experiments, we showed that luminance-defined flankers could seamlessly integrate with and improve the perception of apparent motion-defined contours, reducing their Vernier thresholds. 相似文献
10.
The extent to which local speeds at different depths are averaged to determine global speed was determined using a version of the Global Dot Motion (GDM) stimulus. Judgments of the apparent speed of fast moving dots (4.05-10.53 deg/s) in the presence of slow moving dots (4.05 deg/s) were measured using GDM stimuli which simulated radially expanding motion, and which confined slow and fast speed dots exclusively to alternating wedge shaped sectors. The presence of slow moving dots in the stimulus reduced the apparent speed of high-speed dots in a manner consistent with speed averaging. However with increases in depth, produced by a difference in binocular disparity between dots in alternating sectors, speed averaging became less effective, and the relationship between speed and disparity resembled a tuning function. We discuss our results in light of research that clarifies the functional properties of global motion mechanisms in the primate cortex. 相似文献
11.
Motion transparency requires that the visual system distinguish different motion vectors and selectively integrate similar motion vectors over space into the perception of multiple surfaces moving through or over each other. Using large-field (7 degrees x 7 degrees) displays containing two populations of random-dots moving in the same (horizontal) direction but at different speeds, we examined speed-based segmentation by measuring the speed difference above which observers can perceive two moving surfaces. We systematically investigated this 'speed-segmentation' threshold as a function of speed and stimulus duration, and found that it increases sharply for speeds above approximately 8 degrees/s. In addition, speed-segmentation thresholds decrease with stimulus duration out to approximately 200 ms. In contrast, under matched conditions, speed-discrimination thresholds stay low at least out to 16 degrees/s and decrease with increasing stimulus duration at a faster rate than for speed segmentation. Thus, motion segmentation and motion discrimination exhibit different speed selectivity and different temporal integration characteristics. Results are discussed in terms of the speed preferences of different neuronal populations within the primate visual cortex. 相似文献
12.
A primary task of the visual system is to extract the direction and speed of animate objects from the retinal image. We examined global speed processing by determining how local speeds are integrated and whether integration occurs across all speeds or within fixed speed ranges. The first experiment addressed how local motion signals are combined to determine the speed of an object in motion. Observers judged the speed of a moving cloud of dots that took a random walk in direction while the dots inside the cloud moved somewhat independently of the cloud itself. The apparent speed of the cloud of dots is found to change in proportion with the dot speed and is well predicted by calculating the average speed resulting from nearest neighbour matches across stimulus frames. The second experiment addressed whether local speeds are combined across all speeds or within fixed speed ranges for the detection of global motion. Global dot motion (GDM) stimuli that moved in a radial or rotational directions moving at a low speed of 1.2 degrees /s or a high speed of 9.6 degrees /s were used to measure the thresholds for detecting structured motion as a function of the speed of noise dots (0 degrees /s-10.8 degrees /s) added to the stimulus. With low-speed targets, only additional noise dots moving at low speeds interfered with signal detection. High-speed targets were only interfered with by dots moving at high speeds. This finding established the existence of at least two independent speed tuned systems in the range of speeds tested. Experiment 3 investigated how speed signals are combined within a system to determine the global speed. Using sectored radial GDM stimuli the perceived speed of the fastest dots was measured as a function of whether the speed of the dots in alternate sectors either activated the high or low-speed systems. Averaging only occurred when dots were all within the sensitivity range of the high-speed system, however, if alternate sectors activated separate speed systems, averaging did not occur. Thus local speeds are averaged, independent of direction, to derive a global speed estimate, but averaging only occurs within, and not across, speed tuned mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
This study investigated the relation between the perception of motion in depth and ocular vergence movements for a single foveally viewed dot, and for a 30 deg X 30 deg pattern of many dots. When the target's disparity was changed, it appeared to move in depth relative to stationary reference marks, but removing the reference marks completely abolished the sensation of motion in depth for the multi-dot target and left only a weak sensation of motion in depth for the single dot target. However, it is not the case that motion-in-depth sensation per se depends on the presence of reference marks; motion in depth generated by changing-size stimulation was unaffected by removing reference marks. Possible explanations for the loss of motion-in-depth sensation include ocular vergence exactly tracked stimulus motion; vergence changes and disparity changes, though unequal, produced equal and opposite motion-in-depth signals; vergence changes, though producing no motion-in-depth signals, suppressed the signals produced by disparity changes; motion-in-depth sensation requires relative motion. Explanation is rejected because vergence tracking errors were large. Explanation is rejected because vergence changes do not in themselves induce a sensation of motion in depth. Explanation is rejected because motion-in-depth threshold is not affected by vergence changes. Conclusions are as follows. For a single-dot target, visual sensitivity to motion in depth is much higher for changes in relative retinal disparity than for changes in absolute retinal disparity, while for a multi-dot target any residual sensitivity is abolished by an interaction between neighboring coherently moving dots. The authors suggest that the relative velocity elements proposed to explain sensitivity to changing size feed the stereomotion mechanism also. 相似文献
14.
Previous research indicates that the maximum number of motion signals that can be simultaneously perceived is 2, if they are defined only by direction differences, or 3 if they also differ in speed or depth (Greenwood & Edwards, 2006b). Those previous studies used transparent, spatially-sparse stimuli. Here we investigate this motion-number perception limit using spatially-localised stimuli that drive either the standard or form-specific motion systems (Edwards, 2009). Each motion signal was defined by four signal-dots that were arranged in either a square pattern (Square Condition), to drive the form-specific system, or a random pattern (Random Condition), to drive the standard motion-system. A temporal 2AFC procedure was used with each interval (150 ms duration) containing n or n + 1 signals. The observer had to identify the interval containing the highest number of signals. The total number of dots in each interval was kept constant by varying the number of noise dots (dots that started off in the same spatial arrangement as the signal dots but then each of those dots moved in different directions). A mask was used at the end of each motion sequence to prohibit the use of iconic memory. In the Square Condition, up to five directions could be simultaneously perceived, and only 1 in the Variable condition. Decreasing the number of noise dots improved performance for the Variable condition, and increasing it decreased performance in the Square Condition. These results show that the previously observed limit of 3 is not a universal limit for motion perception and further, that signal-to-noise limits are a fundamental factor in determining the number of directions that can be simultaneously perceived. Hence the greater sensitivity to motion of the form-specific system makes it well suited to extracting the motion of multiple moving objects. 相似文献
15.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dot speed and dot density on the development of global motion perception by comparing the performance of adults and children (5–6 years old) on a direction-discrimination task. Motion coherence thresholds were measured at two dot speeds (1 and 4 deg/s) and three dot densities (1, 15, 30 dots/deg 2). Adult coherence thresholds were constant at approximately 9%, regardless of speed or density. Child coherence thresholds were significantly higher across conditions, and were most immature at the slow speed and at the sparse density. Thus, the development of global motion perception depends heavily on stimulus parameters. This finding can account for some of the discrepancy in the current developmental literature. Our results, however, caution against making general claims about motion deficits in clinical populations based on only a single measurement at a specific combination of speed and density. 相似文献
16.
This study examined the influence of lateral target motion on the stereothresholds for bright vertical lines at a range of velocities. Stimuli were presented for 200 ms with horizontal velocities from 0 to 12 deg/s. Observers' horizontal eye movements were recorded on additional trials, and confirmed that the velocity of retinal image motion closely matched the velocity of the stimulus. In three auxiliary experiments, stereothresholds were measured (1) after equating the detectability of targets that moved at different velocities, (2) for moving and stationary stimuli with durations between 20 and 200 ms, and (3) for stationary stimuli presented at eccentricities of 0.6 and 1.2 deg. The results indicate that stereothresholds are unaffected by velocities up to approximately 2 deg/s, but worsen in proportion to the velocity at higher speeds. The results of our auxiliary experiments demonstrate that the increase in stereothresholds during image motion cannot be attributed primarily to a reduction in the detectability of the stimulus, a decrease in the effective exposure duration, or non-foveal viewing. We conclude that the elevation of stereo thresholds during lateral motion is consistent with a shift in the sensitivity of the visual system toward lower spatial frequencies as a result of motion blur. 相似文献
17.
The ability to integrate local second-order motion signals over space and time was examined using random-dot-kinematograms (RDKs) in which the dots were defined by spatial variation in the contrast, rather than luminance, of a random noise field. When either the speeds or the directions of the individual dots were selected at random from a range of possible values, globally the stimulus appeared to drift either in a single direction or at a single speed in a manner analogous to that reported previously for first-order (luminance-defined) RDKs. To quantify the precision with which observers could extract the global stimulus motion, speed- and direction-discrimination thresholds were measured using pairs of RDKs, one of which (the comparison) comprised dots whose speeds or directions were assigned stochastically and the other (the standard) comprised dots that all had the same drift direction and speed. Speed-discrimination thresholds were of the order of 8% and changed little as the range of dot speeds (bandwidth) of the comparison increased, in that performance was almost as good when the individual dot speeds were selected at random from a range spanning 3.84 deg/s as when all the dots moved at the same speed. There was a tendency for the perceived global speed of the comparison RDK to decrease as the speed bandwidth was increased and perceived speed tended to coincide with the geometric mean speed of the dots rather than the arithmetic mean speed. Direction-discrimination thresholds were lowest (approximately 4 degrees) when the range of dot directions was less than 90 degrees but increased markedly thereafter. Observers were able to perform both discrimination tasks when the lifetimes of the dots comprising the RDKs was reduced from 25 to 2 frames, a manipulation that prevented observers from determining the overall speed or direction of image motion from the extended trajectories of individual dots within the display. Thresholds under these conditions were somewhat higher but were otherwise comparable to those obtained with a dot lifetime of 25 frames. The similarities between the present results and those of previous studies that have employed first-order RDKs suggest that the extraction of the global speed and direction of each type of motion is likely to be based on computationally similar principles. 相似文献
18.
Currently there is considerable debate as to the nature of the pathways that are responsible for the perception and motor performance. We have studied the relationship between perceived speed, which is the experiential representation of a moving stimulus, and the speed of smooth pursuit eye movements, the motor action. We determined psychophysical thresholds for detecting small perturbations in the speed of moving patterns, and then by an ideal observer analysis computed analogous "oculometric" thresholds from the eye movement traces elicited by the same stimuli on the same trials. Our results confirm those of previous studies that show a remarkable agreement between perceptual judgments for speed discrimination and the fine gradations in eye movement speed. We analyzed the initial pursuit period of long duration (1000 ms) and short (200 ms) duration perturbations. When we compared the errors for perception and pursuit on a trial-by-trial basis there was no correlation between perceptual errors and eye movement errors. The observation that both oculometric and psychometric performance were similar, with Weber fractions in the normal range, but that there is no correlation in the errors suggests that the motor system and perception share the same constraints in their analysis of motion signals, but act independently and have different noise sources. We simulated noise in two models of perceptual and eye movement performance. In the first model we postulate an initial common source for the perceptual and eye movement signals. In that case about ten times the observed noise is required to produce no correlation in trial-by-trial performance. In the second model we postulate that the perceptual signal is a combination of a reafferent eye velocity signal plus the perturbation signal while the pursuit signal is derived from the oculomotor plant plus the perturbation signal. In this model about three times the noise level in the independent signals will mask any correlation due to the common perturbation signal. 相似文献
19.
The visual system is able to infer three-dimensional (3D) shape from the surface shading-gradient of objects. Using Global Dot Motion (GDM) stimuli, we investigated the influence of shape from shading on the perception of coherent local and global motion. In Experiment 1, we report that the visual system is unable to detect the local motion of dots that undergo a change in 3D shape (convex to concave shape) from frame to frame. For this condition, GDM detection thresholds were approximately four times higher than when dots do not change shape. However, when shaded dots were perceptually two-dimensional (as with bipartite and horizontally shaded dots) GDM the visual system was able to detect the global motion regardless of a change in shading direction. Finally in Experiment 3, we demonstrated that the addition of noise dots interferes with the detection of global motion only when they have same 3D shape as signal dots. GDM detection thresholds were unaffected if additional noise dots were of the opposite 3D shape. The findings of the present study demonstrate that 3D shape from shading information impacts of GDM detection, particularly, that this depth form-cue is used as a basis for independent motion analysis at both local and global levels of processing. 相似文献
20.
When common movement is superimposed on relative movement (changes in separation between two dots), relative movement thresholds increase nonlinearly as a function of initial dot separation. For large separation (greater than 2.0 deg), thresholds increase gradually with increased separation. It is shown that this reflects judgments based on perceived relative motion. For small separations (less than 2.0 deg), thresholds increase sharply with increased separation. It is shown that this reflects judgments based on perceived changes in relative position. Evidence is presented that superimposed common movement reduces sensitivity to relative movement by reducing sensitivity to relative motion. This provides a "window", in the range of small dot separations, for relative movement judgements to be based on the perception of changes in relative position, even though motion is perceived for individual dots. 相似文献
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