骨水泥加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对32例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果 30例获得随访,时间18～36个月。按Harris评分标准进行功能评定:优10例,良16例,可3例,差1例,优良率为86.7%。无人工关节脱位、假体关节感染、假体松动、下沉、钢丝断裂等并发症发生。结论骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折安全、有效。     

人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 23例高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者,6例行全髋关节置换,17例行人工双极股骨头置换.所有病例均使用人工加长柄型骨水泥假体.结果 23例均获随访,时间6～36个月,未发现假体松动、脱位、下沉及感染,髋关节功能接近伤前水平,基本能生活自理,其中3例类风湿性关节炎患者术后关节功能较术前明显改善.结论 人工髋关节置换治疗高龄非稳定性股骨转子间骨折是一种效果确切的治疗方法,可早期下地锻炼,减少并发症和病死率,提高老年人的生存质量.     

加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折

目的总结应用加长柄人工股骨头置换技术治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析海南省定安县人民医院创伤外科2006年8月至2012年2月,采用加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗70岁以上股骨转子间不稳定骨折31例,观察术后并发症、下地时间及髋关节功能等指标。结果本组31例术后无髋关节脱位,无深静脉血栓及褥疮等常见并发症,31例均获随访,平均随访11.3(5~24)个月,按Harris髋关节评分优良率达90.32%。结论加长柄双极人工股骨头置换术是有效治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折的方法之一,手术安全,术后恢复快,可早期负重,避免卧床并发症。     

加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的评价应用加长柄股骨头置换治疗高龄骨质疏松不稳定型转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对85例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折采用加长柄人工股骨头置换术,根据Harris髋关节评分评价临床疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间9~18个月。患者髋关节功能均恢复良好,术后3~6个月基本恢复生活能力。术后随访均未出现下肢深静脉血栓、关节脱位、人工假体松动、下沉或断裂、假体周围骨折等并发症。术后9个月根据髋关节Harris评分优良率达90.83%。结论加长柄人工股骨头置换是治疗高龄不稳定型转子间骨折安全、有效的方法,但远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的方法及临床疗效.方法 对46例老年股骨转子间骨折均采用骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术治疗.将分离的大转子骨片予以复位或用钢丝固定,如小转子粉碎严重无法固定,则内侧缺损的股骨矩用骨水泥填塞.所有病例均应用双极人工股骨头,其中有35例选择长柄假体.结果 46例均获随访,时间3～18个月,未发现假体松动、下沉及感染.髋关节功能Harris评分平均为94.6分;优25例,良18例,可3例,优良率为93.5%.结论 骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,手术并发症少,安全可靠,术后髋关节功能恢复良好, 是治疗老年转子间骨折较为理想的方法.     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定转子间骨折

目的探讨高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折行骨水泥型人工股骨头置换的近期疗效。方法对21例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者采用骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗。根据Harris评分和X线评估临床效果。结果 21例均获随访,时间12～36(24±3)个月。患者髋关节功能均恢复良好,未发现髋内翻、感染、松动、脱位者;1例下肢深静脉血栓形成,经保守治疗后好转。Harris髋关节功能评分由术前的27分±6分提高至术后1年的90分±2分,其中优9例,良10例,中2例。结论人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折,术后可早期负重,提高生活质量,近期疗效满意。     

加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法采用加长柄双极人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折22例。结果出院时所有患者均能扶助步器行走。髋关节屈曲均≥90°,其中屈曲近110°10例,总满意率100。结论应用加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折手术创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、术后下床活动早,患肢功能恢复快,全身并发症少,能明显提高患者的生存质量。     

加长柄人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨加长柄人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法用标准人工骨水泥、加长柄人工双极股骨头治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折病人41例。结果41例平均手术时间65min,平均输血600ml。术后3d下地12例,7d下地21例,14d下地8例。术后并发肺部感染、菌群失调2例,电解质代谢紊乱6例,低蛋白血症9例。随访3～41个月,按Har-ris评分标准:优良率达85.4%。无人工关节脱位、松动及假体下沉,无晚期感染病例。结论用加长柄人工双极股骨头治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折,是一种较好的治疗方法,可早期下地锻炼,减少并发症,提高生活质量。     

生物型加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对51例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生急性深静脉血栓2例,经积极治疗恢复正常。死亡2例,1例术后6个月死于心肌梗死,1例术后10个月死于肺部感染。49例获得随访,时间12~36个月。骨折愈合时间4~10个月,无人工关节脱位、假体周围感染、假体松动等并发症。术后12个月按Harris评分评定患髋关节功能:优18例,良25例,可5例,差1例,优良率87.8%。结论生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换是治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的一种安全有效方法。     

加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法采用加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头治疗62例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者。结果手术时间(92±27)min,输血(600±120)ml。术后5～7 d下地12例,7～10 d下地41例,10～14 d下地9例。术后并发症:肺部感染、菌群失调3例,电解质代谢紊乱6例,低蛋白血症19例。62例均获随访,时间6～48个月。按Harris评分标准:优18例,良33例,可11例,优良率达83.2%。无人工关节脱位、感染发生。结论用加长柄骨水泥人工双极股骨头治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折,可早期下地功能锻炼,减少并发症,提高生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.