老年腹膜透析患者相关危险因素的分析

目的：探讨老年腹膜透析患者的相关危险因素。方法：通过观察分析危险因素：性别、原发病情况（糖尿病、高血压）、营养状态指标、贫血指标、腹膜透析充分性指标、钙磷代谢情况,并分析腹膜透析患者相关性感染及其心脑血管并发症情况。结果：高血糖、腹膜透析充分性（总Kt/V和总Ccr）及血浆白蛋白（Alb）成为腹膜透析患者老年组独立影响危险因素;另外,31例患者中有2例患者出现腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎情况,1例患者出现严重的脑血管并发症。结论：积极控制老年腹膜透析患者的血糖,并改善患者血清白蛋白及正确评估老年腹膜透析患者的透析充分性,这对于提高老年腹膜透析的生存质量具有重要作用。     

终末期肾病患者睡眠障碍发生机制研究进展

终末期肾病（end—stagerenaldisease,ERsD）患者中睡眠障碍（sleepdisorder,SD）较为常见,其表现形式主要包括失眠、日间嗜睡、不宁腿综合征（restlesslegssyndrome,RLS）、周期性肢体运动障碍和睡眠呼吸暂停等。这些表现不单降低患者的生活质量,而且还会增加ESRD患者心血管疾病（cardiovasculardisease,CVD）的发生率,进而影响ESRD患者的长期生存。大量研究已经证实,透析充分性、透析方式、年龄、贫血、细胞因子等可能影响CVD）事件的因素同样参与了ESRD患者睡眠障碍发生的病理生理过程。据此,本文拟针对ESRD患者睡眠障碍发生的危险因素及发生机制进行综述。     

小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病患者的疗效

目的　研究小剂量日间非卧床腹膜透析（DAPD）和小剂量持续非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）对残肾功能较好的糖尿病终末期肾病（ESRD）患者的疗效。 方法 病情稳定、残肾功能较好（rGFR≥5 ml/min,且尿量≥750 ml/d）的40例糖尿病ESRD患者入选。按数字随机法分为小剂量DAPD组20例和小剂量CAPD组20例。DAPD组透析处方为1.5 L或2 L,3次/d,每次留腹3～4 h,夜间干腹。CAPD组透析处方为1.5～2 Ｌ,3次/d,或1.5 L,4次/d,夜间留腹。在研究开始及6个月后,分别计算两组腹膜尿素氮清除率（Kt/V）、残肾Kt/V、每周总Ｋt/V、Ccr、rGFR等指标;测定24 h尿蛋白量、24 h腹透液蛋白、血清白蛋白、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及胰岛素剂量;用改良主观综合性营养评估法（SGA）评估患者营养状况。 结果 共35例患者完成研究。两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数、透析龄、透析液肌酐/血肌酐（D/Pcr）等基线值差异无统计学意义。6个月后,CAPD组胰岛素剂量和24 h腹透液丢失蛋白明显高于DAPD组,分别为（33.6±10.9） U/d 比（20.6±6.2） U/d（P < 0.05）和（11.13±4.95） g比（5.66±2.88） g（P < 0.01）,而血清白蛋白明显低于DAPD组[（29.7±4.2） 比（36.5±3.9） g/L,P < 0.05]。DAPD组与CAPD组相比,24 h净超滤量为（554±187） ml比（309±177） ml,24 h尿量为（1090±361） ml比（750±258） ml,rGFR为（8.21±2.40） ml/min比（4.88±2.11） ml/min,DAPD组均显著高于CAPD组（均P < 0.05）。 结论 对于残肾功能较好的糖尿病ESRD患者,小剂量DAPD较小剂量CAPD能更好地控制血糖,改善营养状态及保护残肾功能。     

不同腹膜通透性对CAPD患者左心室结构的影响

目的：探讨不同腹膜通透性对持续不卧床腹膜透析患者左心室结构的影响。方法：收集2013年~2014年间在山西医科大学第一医院维持性腹膜透析患者45例,根据腹膜平衡试验（PET）分为两组：腹膜高通透性组和腹膜低通透性组。随访1年,监测患者生化指标、KT/V,采用心脏超声测量室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、左心室舒张末内径（LVDd）,并根据Reichek公式计算左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）,最后进行统计学分析。结果：（1）腹膜透析患者随访12月后LVMI与CRP及腹膜通透性呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与Hb、Alb、RRF、KT/V呈负相关（P〈0.05）;（2）与腹膜低通透性的患者比较,腹膜高通透性的患者血红蛋白、白蛋白、RRF、KT/V明显降低（P〈0.05）,CRP、LVMI明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论：高通透性的腹膜透析患者LVMI高于低通透性的腹膜透析患者,可能与营养不良、微炎症、透析不充分、残余肾功能下降有关系,提示我们应该对腹膜高通透性患者进行早期干预。     

容量超负荷状态对持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者血清白蛋白水平的影响

目的：探讨容量超负荷状态对持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者血清白蛋白（Alb）水平的影响。方法：对2009年6月在北京大学附属第三医院肾内科接受持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者进行横断面调查。采用BCM系统测定患者体成份,并以OH（overhydration）作为容量状态的评估指标;同时收集空腹血、24 h尿液及透析引流液用于透析充分性评估、Alb及其他生化检测。采用均数比较及多因素分析等统计学方法探讨容量状态与Alb之间的关系。结果：共有129例符合条件的患者入选本研究。根据总体Alb平均水平将患者分为两组,即Alb≥39 g/L和Alb〈39 g/L。结果显示前者OH及年龄平均水平均明显小于后者[OH,（1.75±1.60）vs（3.16±1.88）L,P〈0.05;年龄,（58.1±14.2）vs（67.8±12.3）岁,P〈0.05];多因素分析提示,在矫正性别、糖尿病后,OH与年龄是影响患者血清白蛋白水平的独立危险因素（R2=0.301,P〈0.05）。结论：本研究表明容量超负荷是影响腹膜透析患者低白蛋白血症发生的独立危险因素,并且OH也许是评估腹膜透析人群容量状况的良好指标。     

腹膜透析患者左室肥厚的相关因素分析

目的探讨腹膜透析患者左心室肥厚的发生情况及相关影响因素。 方法选取2012年9月至2013年9月在广西医科大学第一附属医院腹膜透析中心随访的腹膜透析患者89人,规律腹膜透析6个月以上。排除标准：近一个月有腹膜炎或其他部位感染史,合并有急性心衰、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、恶性肿瘤、急性心脑血管病变、风湿性心脏病、严重肝功能不全及近3个月内使用糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂的患者。采集入选病例临床资料,并予心脏彩超检查,通过测量室间隔厚度(LVST)、左心室厚度(LVPWT)、左室舒张内径(LVEDD)计算左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)。左室肥厚定义为LVMI男性≥115 g/m²,女性≥95 g/m²。分析患者的横断面资料,并将患者分为左室肥厚组及非左室肥厚组进行比较。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析。两变量相关分析用Pearson(正态资料)或Spearman(非正态资料)相关分析。左室肥厚的独立危险因素分析用二分类Logistic回归分析,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。 结果89例患者中,男女比为1.47∶1,年龄(48.49±12.27)岁,腹膜透析龄(25.35±24.30)个月。病因：慢性肾小球肾炎61例(68.54%)、高血压肾病16例(17.98%)、糖尿病肾病2例(2.25%)、其他病因10例(11.24%)。左心室肥厚66例(74.16%)。将左心室肥厚组与非左心室肥厚组的相关指标进行比较。两组患者的血脑利钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、腹膜透析液肌酐与血中清肌酐比值(D/P)、血白蛋白、左室射血分数(LVEF)、LVEDD、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左房内径(LAD)、LVPWT及LVST等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。左心室肥厚与NT-proBNP、D/P值、LVEDD、LVST、LAD、LVESD及LVPWT呈正相关(P<0.05),与LVEF呈负相关(r＝－0.222,P＝0.036)。NT-proBNP水平是左室肥厚的独立危险因素(B偏回归系数0.001,SE值：0.000,Wals值：13.45,95%CI为1.000～1.001, P<0.001)。 结论腹膜透析患者较易发生左心室肥厚,其左心室肥厚与营养状态、容量负荷及腹膜转运类型等相关,NT-proBNP水平有望成为腹膜透析患者左室肥厚的评估预测生物标志物。     

血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸与慢性肾脏疾病非透析患者心血管并发症的关系

目的 探讨不对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）与慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）非透析患者心血管并发症（CVD）的关系。 方法 高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测76例患者的血浆ADMA水平，分析其与颈动脉超声、心脏超声等相关指标及既往CVD病史的关系。 结果 CKD非透析患者的血浆ADMA水平较健康对照组显著升高[(41.56±12.76) 比 (17.12±7.09) mg/L, P < 0.01]。逐步多元回归分析显示ADMA是颈总动脉内-中膜厚度（β = 0.544, P < 0.01）和左室心肌重量指数（β = 2.521, P < 0.01）的独立危险因素。既往有CVD史者其血浆ADMA水平较既往无CVD史者显著升高[(47.60±15.14)比 (36.93±8.10) mg/L，P < 0.01]。Logistic回归分析显示血浆ADMA（β = 1.117，95%CI：1.013~1.232, P < 0.05）是CKD非透析患者CVD的独立危险因素。 结论 CKD患者普遍存在CVD，ADMA可能参与了CKD非透析患者CVD的发生发展。     

腹透前后及不同透析龄患者心超改变的相关分析

目的：采用超声心动图观察维持性腹膜透析对ESRD患者腹透前后及不同透析龄患者心脏结构和功能的影响,并探讨其相关影响因素。方法：选取2005年～2011年间尿毒症透析前已行心超检查的CAPD患者60例,透析1—6年后行心超检查,比较透析前后心脏结构及功能的改变。同时收集所有患者的基本信息、生化指标进行多元线性回归分析。并按透析龄将患者分为PD≤3年和PD〉3年两组,分析比较两组阃一般情况及透析后心脏结构及功能。结果：（1）透析后患者的BUN、血磷、PTH显著低于透析前（P〈0．01）,SBP低于透析前（P〈0．05）;而Hb、Alb、Scr、血钙显著高于透析前（P〈0．01）,TC高于透析前（P〈0．05）;（2）透析后LAD、LVDd显著低于透析前（P〈0．01）,LVDs较透析前下降（P〈0．05）;按透析龄分组,PD〉3年患者的LAD、IVST低于PD≤3年患者（P〈0．05）;（3）相关分析：透析前SBP与LAD、IVST呈正相关,体重与LAD、LVDd、IVsT、LV风呵呈显著正相关,Hb与LAD、LVDd、IVST呈负相关,Alb与LVDd呈负相关,PrrH与IVsT、LVPwT呈负相关。结论：腹膜透析可通过清除毒素,改善ESRD患者高血容量状态、高血压、贫血和营养不良,从而减轻其心肌病变,PD〉3年较PD≤3年的患者心脏结构得到更好的改善,提示长期PD合并有效的干预可以减少和延缓患者心血管事件的发生、发展。     

胰岛素样生长因子—1与腹膜透析患者营养状况

目的　（１）探讨胰岛素样生长因子１（ＩＧＦ１） 与腹膜透析营养状况的关系。（２） 探讨透析充分性、腹膜转运特性、残余肾功能对腹膜透析患者营养状况和血胰岛素样生长因子１ 水平的影响。方法　收集３６ 例持续性不卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）患者,采血测ＢＵＮ、Ｃｒ、白蛋白、补体、转铁蛋白、ＩＧＦ１,并纪录身高、体重对患者进行营养评估。测定残余肾功能、２４ 小时透析液肌酐与血肌酐浓度比值（Ｄ／Ｐ） 、总肌酐清除率（Ｔｃｒ）、尿素清除指数（Ｋｔ／Ｖ）。结果　（１） 患者血ＩＧＦ１ 水平与白蛋白、转铁蛋白、补体密切相关,血白蛋白高者ＩＧＦ１ 水平亦高。（２）Ｔｃｒ≥６０ Ｌ·周－１·（１．７３ｍ２）－１ 组ＩＧＦ１、转铁蛋白、白蛋白显著高于Ｔｃｒ＜６０ Ｌ·周－１·（１－７３ｍ２） －１组。Ｄ／Ｐ≥０－８１ 组白蛋白显著低于０－６５≤Ｄ／Ｐ＜ ０－８１、Ｄ／Ｐ＜ ０－６５ 组。残余肾功能高于２ ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ 组ＩＧＦ１、白蛋白水平显著高于残余肾功能小于２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ 组。结论　（１）ＩＧＦ１ 是评价腹膜透析营养状况的早期敏感指标。（２） 透析充分性、腹膜转运特性、残余肾功能是影响腹膜透析患者营养状况的重要因素。     

终末期肾病血管钙化机制

终末期肾病(ESRD)患者血管钙化十分普遍,可导致心肌缺血、梗死等严重症状及死亡。深入研究其发生机制将有助于对其防治,减少ESRD患者心血管疾病(CVD)的发生,提高生存率。一、ESRD血管钙化的概述1998年美国ESRD患者的病死率为20%,其中透析患者的CVD病死率较普通人群高10～20倍犤1犦。CVD是ESRD患者的主要死因。Savage等犤2犦发现71%(17/24)患者存在明确的颈动脉和股动脉的钙化斑块。Goodman等犤3犦发现年轻透析患者(20～30岁)中,14(14/16)例存在冠状动脉钙化,其中9例在(20±3)个月后钙化积分平均增长近两倍;而正常人群中,仅3(3/…     

Acute dialysis-associated peritonitis in children with D+ hemolytic uremic syndrome

Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred therapy for renal replacement in children with post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS), but peritonitis remains a frequent complication of this procedure. We reviewed data from 149 patients with D+ HUS who had undergone acute PD with the aim of determining the prevalence and risk factors for the development of peritonitis. A total of 36 patients (24.2%) presented peritonitis. The median onset of peritonitis manifestations was 6 (range 2–18) days after the initiation of dialysis treatment, and Gram-positive microorganisms were the predominant bacterial type isolated (15/36 patients). The patients were divided into two groups: with or without peritonitis, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that a longer duration of the oligoanuric period, more days of dialysis, catheter replacement, stay in the intensive care unit, and hypoalbuminemia were significantly associated to the development of peritonitis. The multivariate analysis, controlled by duration of PD, identified the following independent risk factors for peritonitis: catheter replacement [p = 0.037, odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.73], stay in intensive care unit (p = 0.0001, OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.65–4.19), and hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.0076, OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.10–1.91). Based on these findings, we conclude that the optimization of the aseptic technique during catheter manipulation and early nutritional support are targets for the prevention of peritonitis, especially in critically ill patients.     

Free air on CT and the risk of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a retrospective study

Background: Intra-abdominal free air is found frequently in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Some studies have investigated an association between intra-abdominal free air and peritonitis in PD patients. However, most used chest X-rays, which are of limited sensitivity, and the association was not made clear. We conducted a retrospective study of the association between peritonitis and intra-abdominal free air using computed tomography. Methods: The presence and volume of free air, and its relationship with other variables, were assessed on review of routine examinations in 108 patients. Correlations between the presence of free air and age, duration of PD, continuous ambulatory versus automated PD, presence or absence of a person who assisted in bag changes, exit-site infection, tunnel infection and peritonitis were assessed. Results: Free air was detected in 29 patients (27.1%). The prevalence of peritonitis was higher in the free air (+) group than in the free air (?) group: 1/40.2 patient-months for free air (+) versus 1/96.9 patient-months for free air (?). The risk ratio of free air for peritonitis was 2.41 (95% confidence interval: 2.28–2.55) and was similar when corrected for age, gender, albumin, diabetes mellitus and body mass index. Conclusion: Free air is an independent risk factor for peritonitis in PD patients. This suggests that bag change procedures should be re-evaluated, and patients re-educated, when necessary.     

Risk factors for encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in patients who have experienced peritoneal dialysis treatment

Background The present study was conducted to clarify the clinical risk factors related to the development of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), which is one of the most serious complications in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD).Methods The records of 78 patients with a history of PD treatment, including 18 with EPS, were retrospectively analyzed (male/female, 51:27; age, 51.8 ± 11.0 years; PD treatment, 94.1 ± 42.7 months). The inclusion criteria were: duration of PD more than 24 months; 36-month follow up after discontinuation of PD; available data for dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio (D/P Cr), by fast peritoneal equilibration test within 3 months before PD discontinuation; and absence of EPS at PD discontinuation. Analytical parameters included age, sex, underlying renal disease, duration of PD, membrane transport state (higher transporter or lower transporter: D/P cr ratio more than or less than 0.75), number of episodes of peritonitis during PD treatment, performance of peritoneal lavage after PD discontinuation, and reasons for PD withdrawal (ultrafiltration failure, acute peritonitis, social matters).Results Significant differences were noted regarding the PD duration, D/P cr, higher membrane transport state, and number of peritonitis episodes during PD. On receiver operating characteristic curves, the cutoff points for EPS were: D/P cr ratio, 0.74; number of peritonitis episodes, 2; and PD duration (months), 115.2. Multivariate analysis, employing the factors age, PD duration, higher membrane transport state, and number of peritonitis episodes, which were selected by stepwise analysis, identified the latter two factors as significant for the development of EPS (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; P = 0.046 and OR, 12.0; P = 0.049, respectively).Conclusions A higher transporter membrane state and the number of peritonitis episodes are factors contributing to the occurrence of EPS in patients who have experienced PD treatment.     

Peritoneal dialysis catheter infections and peritonitis in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study

Peritonitis and catheter-related infections remain the two most-common causes of peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment failure. To define the frequency and risks associated with exit site/tunnel infections (ESI/TI), as well as peritonitis, in pediatric patients on PD, we undertook a retrospective cohort study of patients initiated on PD in the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). We examined demographic data and PD catheter characteristics of 1,258 patients, aged <21 years, initiated on PD from 1992 to 1997. We examined the frequency and complications of ESI/TI occurring within 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year of follow-up. For peritonitis episodes, we examined patient risk factors for peritonitis. Almost 11% of patients had an ESI/TI at 30 days, 26% between 30 days and 6 months, and 30% between 6 months and 1 year of follow-up. There was no increased risk of ESI/TI associated with patient age, race, or catheter characteristics. Peritonitis occurred in dialysis patients at a rate of 1 episode per 13.2 patient months. Proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated that black race, single-cuffed catheters, and upward pointing exit sites were independent risk factors for peritonitis in the pediatric PD population. Patients with ESI/TI had twice the risk of those without these infections of developing peritonitis or needing access revision, and an almost threefold increased risk of hospitalization for access complications/malfunction. ESI/TI occurs commonly in pediatric PD patients. These infections cause significant morbidity, through risk of peritonitis, access revision, and hospitalization for catheter complications. Further study of potentially modifiable risk factors for ESI/TI in pediatric end-stage renal disease patients is warranted. Received: 22 November 1999 / Revised: 7 June 2000 / Accepted: 9 June 2000     

Fungal peritonitis in children on peritoneal dialysis

Fungal peritonitis is a rare but serious complication in children on peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, risk factors were evaluated, and therapeutic measures were reviewed. A retrospective, multi-centre study was performed in 159 Dutch paediatric PD patients, between 1980 and 2005 (3,573 months). All peritonitis episodes were reviewed. Fungal peritonitis episodes were evaluated based on possible risk factors and treatment strategy. A total of 321 episodes of peritonitis occurred, with 9 cases of fungal peritonitis (2.9%). Candida peritonitis occurred most frequently (78%). Seven patients (78%) had used antibiotics in the prior month. Fungal peritonitis patients had a higher previous bacterial peritonitis rate compared to the total study population (0.13 versus 0.09 episodes/patient*month), with twice as many gram negative organisms. In all fungal peritonitis patients, the PD catheter was removed. In four patients restart on PD was possible. Fungal peritonitis is a rare complication of PD in children, but is associated with high technique failure. The most important risk factors are a high bacterial peritonitis rate, prior use of antibiotics, and previous bacterial peritonitis with gram negative organisms. The PD catheter should be removed early, but in children, peritoneal lavage with fluconazole before removal may be useful to prevent technique failure.     

Risk factors of severe peritoneal sclerosis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) offers the healthiest way for starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) in End Stage Renal Disease patients, however exposes long-term PD patients to a dangerous complication named encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). In this study, we searched for possible risk factors of EPS. Data were collected from two PD centers covering period 1995–2012 and comprised 464 patients. Control group defined as PD patients stayed on PD >42 month (n?=?122), and case group was 12 confirmed EPS patients. Associations were analyzed using linear regression analysis. Prevalence and incidence of EPS were 2.59% and 8.9% with an incidence of 0.7% patient-years, respectively. The age at start of PD in EPS patients (32.75?±?10.8 year) was significantly lower compared with control group (49.61?±?16.18 year, p?=?.0001). The mean duration of PD in EPS and control group were 2494.4?±?940.9 and 1890.2?±?598.8 days (p?=?.002). Control group had 145 episodes of peritonitis during total duration of 7686 patient months (peritonitis rate of 1/53). This was 1/26 with a total 38 episodes of peritonitis during the total duration of 997 patient months (p?=?.01) for EPS group. In regression analysis, PD duration, age at PD start and duration of Ultrafiltration failure (UFF) were associated with EPS. Longer time being on PD, younger age, and higher UFF duration were the risk factors for EPS development.     

Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods The patients who underwent regular peritoneal dialysis at Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between November 2016 and March 2018 were enrolled. Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured to assess muscle strength. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) was applied to measure the lean tissue index (LTI). Reduced LTI plus decreased HGS was defined as sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia in PD patients was evaluated. According to the presence or absence of sarcopenia, they were divided into the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group, and the differences in clinical indicators between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Results A total of 207 patients were enrolled in the study with age of (55.3±13.7) years and a median PD duration of 22.9(7.3, 60.9) months. Of them, 122 patients (58.9%) were male, 45 patients (21.7%) had diabetics and 32 patients (15.5%) suffered from cardiovascular diseases. There were 27 patients (13.0%) diagnosed with sarcopenia. These patients presented with longer PD duration, more prevalent diabetics, lower residual renal function (RRF) and serum pre-albumin, greater ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water (ECW/ICW) and high sensitive C-reactive protein in contrast with those in the non-sarcopenia group (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that male (OR=3.94，95%CI 1.35-11.50，P=0.012), longer PD duration (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.02，P=0.029) and higher ECW/ICW (OR=1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.14，P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Conclusions Sarcopenia is common in PD patients. Male, longer PD duration and higher ECW/ICW were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients.     

Reduced residual renal function is a risk of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Loss of residual renal function (RRF) contributes to anaemia, inflammation and malnutrition and is also a strong predictor of mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. However, the role of RRF on peritonitis is not yet clearly established. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RRF on the development of peritonitis. METHODS: Study subjects were 204 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who started PD from January 2000 to December 2005. Biochemical and clinical data within 1 month of PD commencement were considered as baseline. To determine risk factors for peritonitis, multivariate Cox regression was performed. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to examine the difference of peritonitis-free period according to the presence of diabetes and RRF. RESULTS: On univariate analysis based on baseline data in first peritonitis, diabetes was less prevalent and RRF (6.7+/-2.6 vs 4.0+/-2.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, P<0.01), haemoglobin (10.9+/-1.2 vs 10.6+/-1.2 g/dl, P<0.05) and serum albumin level (3.6+/-0.4 vs 3.4+/-0.4 g/dl, P<0.01) were significantly higher in the peritonitis-free group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that time to first PD peritonitis episode was significantly longer in the non-diabetic patients (P<0.001) and in patients with higher residual GFR (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes [hazard ratio(HR) 1.64, P<0.05] and RRF (per 1 ml/min/1.73 m2 increase, HR 0.81, P<0.01) were independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that RRF and diabetes were risk factors for peritonitis. These results suggest that preservation of RRF should be viewed as a protective strategy to reduce peritonitis.