粉防己碱舒张离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌的机制研究

目的观察粉防己碱(tetrandrine,Tet)对阴茎海绵体平滑肌胞内钙释放和胞外钙内流的影响,初步探讨其舒张作用的机制。方法采用离体阴茎海绵体平滑肌肌条张力记录法,观察Tet对去氧肾上腺素(phenylephrine,PE)和氯化钾(KCI)诱导收缩的肌条的影响；采用无Ca~(2 )-复Ca~(2 )实验法,观察Tet对PE诱导的依赖细胞内钙和细胞外钙的肌条收缩反应的影响。结果Tet对PE或kcl诱导的肌条收缩均具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用。100μmol/L Tet可抑制20μmol/L PE引起的依赖细胞内钙和细胞外钙的肌条收缩(P＜0．05)；结论Tet可通过阻滞电压依赖性钙通道、受体依赖性钙通道和抑制细胞内钙库释放,从而介导其对海绵体平滑肌的舒张作用。     

粉防己碱松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体作用的研究

目的 :探讨粉防己碱 (Tet)对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用。　方法 :采用离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法 ,观察Tet对氯化钾 (KCl)和去氧肾上腺素 (PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的松弛作用 ;L 硝基精氨酸 (L NNA)和亚甲蓝处理后 ,Tet对PE诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条松弛的作用。　结果 :10 μmol/L及3 0 μmol/L的Tet使KCl诱导的最大收缩反应分别降低为 ( 73 .0± 3 .8) %和 ( 41.5± 3 .4) % ,降低程度与Tet的浓度呈正比 (P <0 .0 1)。Tet对 10 μmol/LPE诱导的肌条收缩具有浓度依赖性松弛作用 ,1、10、3 0、10 0 μmol/L的Tet对PE诱导的阴茎海绵体肌条收缩的松弛效应分别为 ( 6.0± 1.4) %、( 2 1.3± 2 .2 ) %、( 47.4± 3 .3 ) %和 ( 68.1±3 .6) % (P <0 .0 1) ;而L NNA及亚甲蓝对Tet的松弛作用没有影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :Tet能浓度依耐性地松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体 ,其作用机制可能是通过阻滞钙通道 ,而与一氧化氮 环鸟苷酸 (NO cGMP)通路无关     

6种中药提取物对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用

目的:比较6种中药提取物(甲基莲心碱、粉防己碱、葛根素、灯盏花乙素、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1)松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的作用。方法:采用离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法,观察6种中药提取物对去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的松弛作用。结果:在(10-8~10-3)mol/L,甲基莲心碱、粉防己碱、葛根素和灯盏花乙素对PE诱导收缩的肌条具有浓度依赖性松弛作用,其IC50分别为4.60×10-6、3.73×10-5、8.03×10-4和3.33×10-3mol/L。而人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1对PE诱导收缩的肌条松弛作用较弱,终浓度为10-3mol/L时,仅分别松弛(16.32±13.36)%和(11.21±7.59)%。结论:6种中药提取物对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用,甲基莲心碱最强。     

维拉帕米对离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌舒张作用的实验研究

目的　初步探讨维拉帕米 (VP)对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张作用及其机制。方法　离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条实验方法 ,观察VP对阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张效应。结果　VP可舒张去氧肾上腺素 (PE)诱导的阴茎海绵体平滑肌收缩作用 ,最大舒张效应为 (4 6 .3± 2 .1) % (P <0 .0 1) ,且呈浓度依赖性。 10 -6mol·L-1,10 -5mol·L-1和 10 -4mol·L-1VP均可使PE引起的浓度 -效应曲线右移 ,最大收缩反应降低 ,10 -4mol·L-1VP拮抗作用更显著。结论　VP有明显的舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用 ,并呈浓度依赖性。     

川芎嗪舒张离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用及其机制的初步研究

目的 :探讨川芎嗪 (Chuanxiongzine ,Ligustrazine)对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条的舒张效应及其作用机制。　方法 :采用离体家兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法 ,观察川芎嗪对去氧肾上腺素 (phenylephrine,PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的舒张作用 ;应用亚硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME)、ODQ预处理和去除内皮 ,分别记录川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体肌的舒张作用。采用放射免疫法测定川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体平滑肌肌条中cGMP和cAMP含量的影响。　结果 :川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体平滑肌具有浓度依赖性舒张作用 ,其EC50 为 1 .5 8× 1 0 -4mol/L ,ODQ可部分抑制川芎嗪对肌条的舒张效应 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而L NAME预处理和去除内皮对川芎嗪舒张肌条的效应没有影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。川芎嗪处理组阴茎海绵体平滑肌肌条中的cGMP和cAMP含量分别是对照组的 1 .5和 2 .3倍 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体平滑肌具有浓度依赖性的舒张效应 ,其舒张作用机制与增加cGMP、cAMP浓度有关     

川芎嗪对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条收缩的影响

目的 初步探讨川芎嗪(Ligustrazine)对离体兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌条的舒张作用及其机制。方法 离体家兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌实验方法,观察川芎嗪对阴茎海绵体平滑肌的舒张效应,测定去氧肾上腺素(PE)和氯化钾(Ka)的浓度-效应曲线。结果 川芎嗪浓度依赖性地舒张PE诱发的阴茎海绵体平滑肌收缩作用,最大舒张效应为(74.1±6.2)％[对照组为(21.9±5.6)％,P<0.01]。不同浓度的川芎嗪可使PE和KCL的浓度-效应曲线右移,最大收缩反应降低,高浓度(0.8g/L)时抑制收缩作用更显著。结论 川芎嗪有明显的舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用,并呈剂量依赖性。川芎嗪舒张阴茎海绵体平滑肌机制可能与抑制细胞外钙内流有关。     

粉防己碱(Tet)对兔子阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞质中自由钙离子浓度的影响(英文)

目的:探讨粉防己碱(tetrandrine,Tet)松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用机制。方法:体外培养新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞,经钙荧光指示剂 Fluo-2/AM 负载后,用荧光离子数字成像系统观察 Tet 对平滑肌细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i 的影响。结果:Tet(1,10,100μmol/L)对平滑肌细胞内静息[Ca~(2 )]_i无明显影响(P>0.05)。当细胞外钙离子浓度为2.5 mmol/L 时,Tet(1μmol/L,10 μmol/L,100 μmol/L)抑制了高钾和去氧肾上腺素(PE)导致的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i 升高(P<0.05),这种抑制作用具有浓度依赖性。在无细胞外钙时,1 μmol/L和10μmol/L Tet 对 PE 引起的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i 升高无明显影响(P>0.05);而100 μmol/L Tet 能明显抑制 PE 引起的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i 升高(P<0.05)。结论:Tet 通过阻滞电压依赖性钙通道、α_1受体依赖性钙通道和抑制细胞内钙库释放,降低阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i 水平,这是 Tet 松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用机制之一。     

粉防己碱对新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度的影响

目的探讨粉防己碱(Tet)松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用机制。方法体外培养的第3～4代新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞,经钙荧光指示剂Fluo-2/AM负载后,用荧光离子数字成像系统观察Tet对平滑肌细胞内[Ca~(2 )]i的影响。结果Tet对平滑肌细胞内静息[Ca~(2 )]i无明显影响(P>0.05)。在细胞外钙浓度为2.5 mmol/L时,1、10和100μmol/LTet对高钾和去氧肾上腺素(PE)引起的细胞内[ca~(2 )]i升高有浓度依赖性地抑制作用。对40 mmol/L KCl引起的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]i升高的抑制率分别为22.0%、41.0%和73.0%(P<0.05)。对10μmol/L PE引起的细胞内[ca~(2 )]i升高的抑制率分别为15.0%、26.4%和46.6%(P<0.05)。在无细胞外钙时,1μmol/L和10μmol/L Tet对PE引起的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]i升高,无明显影响(P>0.05);而100μmol/L Tet能明显抑制PE引起的细胞内[ca~(2 )]i升高,抑制率为28.2%(P<0.05)。结论Tet可能通过阻滞电压依赖性钙通道、α1受体依赖性钙通道和抑制细胞内钙库释放,降低阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞内[Ca~(2 )]i水平,这是Tet松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用机制之一。     

乙醇对离体家兔阴茎海绵体的松弛效应及其作用机制

目的:观察乙醇对离体家兔阴茎海绵体的效应并探讨其可能机制。方法:台式生理记录仪测定海绵体张力,放射免疫测定法测定阴茎海绵体cAMP和cGMP含量。结果:①1.25%(V/V)的乙醇能明显增强异丙肾上腺素(10-9～10-5mol/L)对海绵体肌条的舒张效应。②100、300μmol/L的腺苷酸环化酶抑制剂SQ22536能使乙醇(0.25%～3.5%,V/V)对去氧肾上腺素诱导收缩的肌条的舒张曲线右移,100、300μmol/LSQ22536分别使最大舒张效应由(105.12±3.39)%降低到(97.00±2.57)%和(91.09±2.42)%,EC50由(1.18±0.09)%分别增加到(1.36±0.10)%和(1.68±0.13)%(P均<0.05)。③乙醇可浓度依赖性增加家兔阴茎海绵体cAMP含量,而对cGMP含量无影响。④对于提取的兔离体海绵体组织细胞膜碎片上的腺苷酸环化酶,乙醇可浓度依赖性地增强其活性。结论:乙醇可舒张离体家兔海绵体平滑肌,其作用可能是通过cAMP信号转导通路实现的。     

不同月龄大鼠阴茎组织中血红素氧合酶2和一氧化碳含量的比较研究

目的:比较不同月龄大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中血红素氧合酶2(HO-2)及一氧化碳(CO)的含量,探讨HO-2/CO系统与年龄的相关性。方法:应用SABC免疫组化染色法观察8、16、24月龄(每组10只)大鼠阴茎组织中的HO-2并用图像分析法测定其含量;通过碳氧血红素曲线法测定阴茎组织中CO的含量。结果:阴茎海绵体组织中普遍存在HO-2,特别是在阴茎动脉外膜层周围及血窦内皮细胞系统中的含量较多,并且随着月龄的增长,阴茎海绵体组织中HO-2的含量逐步下降,高月龄组(16、24月龄)大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中HO-2含量明显低于低月龄组(8月龄)大鼠(P<0.05);阴茎海绵体组织中CO水平也随着大鼠月龄的增长显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:阴茎海绵体组织中因HO-2含量降低而导致CO含量下降且与年龄增长相关。     

Experimental study of verapamil on the relaxation of isolated human corpus cavernosum tissues

Aim： To evaluate the relaxant effect of verapamil on human corpus cavernosum in vitro and to assess the drug＇s potential as a treatment for erectile dysfunction （ED）. Methods： Preparations of the human corpus cavernosum were obtained from recently deceased young men who had had normal erectile function. The isometric tension and detailed curves were recorded when contractions induced by 10 mmol/L phenylephrine were reduced by different doses of verapamil or the vehicle control （sterile water）. The tension of human corpus cavernosum preparations are described as a percentage of their top tension before adding verapamil or the vehicle. ANOVA and least significant difference tests were used for statistical analysis. Results： Doses of 1μmol/L, 10 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L verapamil resulted in relaxation of （35.28 ± 7.96）%, （55.91 ± 6.41）%, （85.68 ± 4.16）% after 30 min, respectively. The vehicle control at the same time point produced relaxation of （-0.06 ± 10.57）% （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Verapamil is significantly effective in relaxing normal human corpus cavernous smooth muscle induced by phenylephrine in vitro and the relaxant effect depends on the concentration of verapamil. （Asian J Androl 2006 Mar; 8： 195-198）     

Relaxation effects of adrenomedullin in isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the pharmacological effects of adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator and hypotensive peptide isolated from human phaeochromocytoma cells, on corpus cavernosal smooth muscle in vitro, as the intracavernosal injection of adrenomedullin induces penile erection in the anaesthetized cat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of adrenomedullin were investigated in isolated muscle strips from New Zealand rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle pre-contracted with phenylephrine alone, in the presence of indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), Nomega-nitro l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and K+-channel blockers. RESULTS: Adrenomedullin caused relaxation of isolated pre-contracted rabbit corpus cavernosum strips in a concentration-dependent manner. The response of corpus cavernosum was unaffected L-NAME, indomethacin and K+-channel blockers. CONCLUSION: The relaxation exerted by adrenomedullin in rabbit corporal tissue may arise from the effect of the drug on its specific receptors and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide-1 receptors. The relaxant effect of adrenomedullin might lead to novel clinical applications for erectile dysfunction.     

Possible role of human growth hormone in penile erection

PURPOSE: Treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency increases nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). We examined the functional in vitro effects of recombinant human growth hormone on tissue tension and cyclic nucleotide levels of human corpus cavernosum and detected changes in growth hormone in the cavernous and peripheral blood during different phases of penile erection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relaxant responses of human corpus cavernosum were investigated using the organ bath technique. Tissue levels of cGMP were determined by a specific radioimmunoassay after dose dependent exposition of isolated human corpus cavernosum strips to recombinant human growth hormone. In 35 healthy potent volunteers blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the corpus cavernosum and cubital vein during different functional conditions of the penis, including flaccidity, tumescence, rigidity and detumescence. Penile erection was induced by audiovisual and tactile stimulation. Serum growth hormone was determined by an immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS: Recombinant human growth hormone elicited dose dependent relaxation of human corpus cavernosum strips in vitro. The relaxing potency of recombinant human growth hormone was paralleled by its ability to elevate intracellular levels of cGMP. In vivo the peripheral growth hormone serum profile of the respective penile conditions did not significantly differ from those of cavernous serum. The main increase in growth hormone to greater than 90% was determined during developing penile tumescence, followed by a transient decrease afterward. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that penile erection may probably be induced by growth hormone through its cGMP stimulating activity on human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.     

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase products modulate corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tone.

Relaxation of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle is controlled by nerve and endothelium derived substances. In this study, endothelium-dependent relaxation of corporal smooth muscle was characterized and the role of arachidonic acid products of cyclooxygenase in endothelium-dependent relaxation was examined. Endothelium removal from rabbit corpora was performed by infusion with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate and was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Strips of human and rabbit corporal tissues were studied in the organ chambers for isometric tension measurement. The accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the release of eicosanoids from corporal tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated to smooth muscle relaxation. Our study showed that relaxation of corpus cavernosum tissue to acetylcholine, bradykinin and substance P was endothelium-dependent; potentiated by indomethacin; and inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, methylene blue or LY83583. Relaxation to papaverine and sodium nitroprusside was endothelium-independent, and unaffected by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Relaxation to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was partially endothelium-dependent; potentiated by indomethacin; attenuated by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or methylene blue. The tissue level of cGMP was enhanced by acetylcholine and nitric oxide. Methylene blue inhibited both basal and drug-stimulated levels of cGMP. The release of eicosanoids was enhanced by acetylcholine and blocked by indomethacin. In conclusion, nitric oxide or a closely related substance accounts for the activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the corporal tissue. Inhibition of the release of eicosanoids potentiates the relaxing effect of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide increases tissue cGMP which appears to modulate corporal smooth muscle relaxation.     

Expression of functional prostaglandin D (DP) receptors in human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle

Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) binds to specific G-protein coupled receptors (DP) and induces smooth muscle relaxation by stimulating the synthesis of intracellular cAMP. In this study, we examined the role of PGD(2) and DP receptors in regulating human penile smooth muscle contractility. We determined that human corpus cavernosum tissue and smooth muscle cells in culture expressed functional DP receptor and lipocalin-like prostaglandin D synthase by reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Functional PGD synthase activity was confirmed by the synthesis of PGD(2) in human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells upon addition of exogenous arachidonic acid. Organ bath preparations of human corpus cavernosum tissue strips, contracted with phenylephrine, relaxed in a dose-dependent fashion to either PGD(2) or the DP selective agonist BW245C. Cultures of human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells treated with BW245C showed a two-fold increase in cAMP synthesis. These data are consistent with the expression of functional DP receptors in human corpus cavernosum. This suggests the presence of an intact prostanoid autocrine system that may play a role in regulating penile erectile function.