HPLC荧光检测法测定人血浆中的罗格列酮钠

目的 采用HPLC荧光检测法测定人血浆中的罗格列酮钠.方法 用Agilent C_(18)色谱柱(150mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-pH3磷酸盐缓冲液(35:65)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),进样量20μL,血浆样品经乙醚提取后进样,荧光检测器检测波长λ_(ex)=250 nm,λ_(em)=370 nm.结果 罗格列酮钠的线性范围为10～1000 ng·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),最低定量限为10 ng·mL~(-1)(S/N>3),日内RSD<4%(n=5),日间RSD<16%(n=5),萃取回收率>94.81%.结论 所建方法适用于临床上罗格列酮钠片的血药浓度监测及药动学的研究.     

荧光分光光度法测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总蒽醌的含量

目的:建立测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总蒽醌含量的方法。方法:荧光分光光度法。以最佳 pH 条件的无水乙醇为溶剂,在λ_(EX)=440nm、λ_(EM)=515nm 处测定总蒽醌含量。结果:在0.03～0.15μg·mL~(-1)范围内,大黄素浓度和荧光强度有良好的线性关系,回归方程为 F=194.36C 2.9642,r=0.9996。平均回收率何首乌为98.1%,RSD 为1.9%;人参首乌胶囊为98.6%,RSD 为2.0%。测得总蒽醌含量何首乌中为0.522 mg·g~(-1),人参首乌胶囊中为0.443mg·g~(-1)。结论:本法简便快捷,准确灵敏,重复性好,可用于何首乌及人参首乌胶囊的质量控制。     

荧光分光光度法直接测定阿曲库铵

目的:建立简便快速的直接测定阿曲库铵含量的荧光分光光度法。方法:应用荧光分光光度法测定阿曲库铵的含量,激发波长为280 nm,发射波长为317 nm。结果:在0.088～7.5μg·mL~(-1)范围内阿曲库铵浓度和荧光强度呈线性关系。检出限(3σ)为26.5 ng·mL~(-1)。考察了体系的光谱特征、适宜的反应条件和共存物质的影响。结论:方法具有良好的选择性,可用于人体血清、尿样及合成样品中阿曲库铵的测定。     

HPLC法测定注射用头孢尼西钠含量及有关物质

目的:用 HPLC 法测定注射用头孢尼西钠的含量及其有关物质。方法:采用 Kromasil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水-0.2 mol·mL~(-1)磷酸二氢铵(21:74:5)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm;柱温:40℃。结果:头孢尼西钠与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,头孢尼西钠在22～132μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。结论:该法简便、准确、专属性好,可以用于注射用头孢尼西钠的含量测定及有关物质检查。     

高效液相色谱法测定果蔬中残留的噻苯咪唑、邻苯基苯酚及联苯

目的:建立同时测定果蔬中残留的噻苯咪唑(TBZ)、邻苯基苯酚(OPP)及联苯(DP)的 HPLC 法,并对乌鲁木齐地区部分高档水果中保鲜剂的残留状况进行初步评估。方法:在碱性条件下,用乙醚提取果蔬中 TBZ、OPP 及 DP 3种保鲜剂,以甲醇-乙腈-5 mmol·L~(-1)十二烷基磺酸钠溶液(磷酸调 pH:4.5)(55:10:35)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),荧光检测(λ_(ex)=285nm,λ_(em)=320 nm),进样量10μL。结果:TBZ、OPP 及 DP 的线性范围分别为0.01～8,0.007～10,0.01～20μg·mL~(-1);相关系数均大于0.999;最低检测限分别为0.01,0.007,0.01 μg·mL~(-1);平均回收率为71.4%～93.2%;RSD 为0.6%～6.5%。结论:本实验建立的 HPLC-荧光检测,方法准确可靠,适合于果蔬中噻苯咪唑、邻苯基苯酚及联苯残留的测定。     

液相微萃取光化学荧光高效液相色谱法测定生物样品中枸橼酸氯米芬顺反异构体的含量

目的:建立液相微萃取光化学荧光高效液相色谱法测定生物样品中枸橼酸氯米芬顺反异构体的含量。方法:应用自制的液相微萃取装置,对生物样品中的枸橼酸氯米芬顺反异构体萃取后,分离采用 Sinochrom ODS—BP C_(18)色谱柱(200 mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(70∶30,每1L 水含0.25 mL 磷酸、50μL三乙胺);流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1);荧光检测器的激发波长和发射波长分别为255 nm 和378 nm;柱温20℃。结果:利用该方法可以将血浆、尿液和肝脏组织匀浆中的枸橼酸氯米芬顺反异构体同时提取分离,浓缩倍数可达5～7倍;枸橼酸氯米芬在血浆、尿液和肝脏中的线性范围分别为0.05～20μg·mL~(-1),0.02～20μg·mL~(-1),0.04～40μg·g~(-1);检出限分别为20 ng·mL~(-1),10μg·mL~(-1),20 ng·g~(-1);精密度试验的 RSD 小于11.7%。结论:本文将液相微萃取技术应用于生物样品中枸橼酸氯米芬顺反异构体的提取分离,利用高效液相色谱法荧光检测,获得了较好的效果。     

共振瑞利散射法测定多柔比星脂质体中游离多柔比星的含量

目的:建立共振瑞利散射法(RRS)测定多柔比星(DOX)脂质体中游离 DOX 含量。方法:在 pH 2.6的 Britton-Robinson(BR)缓冲液中,刚果红(CR)与 DOX 通过分子间作用力形成离子缔合物,在λ_(ex)=λ_(em)=380 nm 波长时能使 RRS 信号显著增强。结果:RRS 法在1～12 μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈线性关系,检出限为0.05~(-1)g·mL~(-1)。对6个不同批号的 DOX 脂质体混悬液中游离 DOX 的含量测定,结果与紫外可见分光光度法相符,RSD(n=6)为1.9%～3.2%,平均回收率为94.3%。结论:此方法灵敏度较高,可以用于测定 DOX 脂质体中游离 DOX 的含量。     

离子对-反相高效液相色谱法测定人胎盘和羊水中利凡诺

目的:运用离子对-反相高效液相色谱法测定人胎盘和羊水中利凡诺的含量。方法:采用 Spherisorb C_(18)色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);柱温:30℃;流动相:甲醇-乙腈-0.05%十二烷基磺酸钠溶液(35:35:30,pH=3);流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1);荧光检测器:激发波长360 nm,发射波长505 nm。结果:人胎盘、羊水样品分别在10 ng·g~(-1)～1μg·g~(-1)、10 ng·mL~(-1)～1μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内,均呈现良好线性,检测限分别为3 ng·g~(-1)、3 ng·mL~(-1),准确度和精密度好。结论:本方法操作简便,结果准确可靠。     

荧光分光光度法测定制剂中的莫西沙星含量

目的用荧光分光光度法测定片剂和注射液中莫西沙星的含量。方法研究在不同缓冲体系中莫西沙星的荧光光谱行为,对样品测定条件进行优化,最佳条件:pH 4.0的醋酸缓冲液体系,激发波长(λex)和发射波长(λem)分别为370nm和513nm。结果莫西沙星检测浓度线性范围为0.01μg·mL-1～1.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9980),最低检出限为0.001μg·mL-1。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏、无干扰,可作为制剂含量的直接分析方法。     

市售六神曲质量研究

目的建立同时测定六神曲中4种主要成分含量的HPLC方法。方法采用YMC-Pack ODS-A(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)的色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(A)-0.05%磷酸水(B)溶液,梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)全波长检测,检测波长280 nm,柱温30℃,流速1 mL·min~(-1),进样体积10μL。结果没食子酸、隐绿原酸、异绿原酸A、槲皮素浓度分别在14.9～298μg·mL~(-1)、12.8～256μg·mL~(-1)、13.9～278μg·mL~(-1)、14.3～286μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为101.5%、99.0%、97.8%、96.2%。结论所建立的六神曲中4种成分含量测定法简单易行,可为六神曲中药材质量控制提供科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.