The stomach as a microvascularly augmented flap for esophageal replacement

We present a case of difficult esophageal reconstruction after total esophagectomy for iatrogenic perforation in a diseased esophagus. The stomach was used for esophageal reconstruction as a retrosternal microvascularly augmented flap; the vascular supply to the stomach had been interrupted during previous abdominal operations. The blood supply to the stomach conduit was restored by separate arterial and venous anastomosis between the right internal thoracic vessels and the left gastric vessels.     

Expanding the applications of microvascular surgical techniques to digestive surgeries: a technical review

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), it is considered safer to reconstruct hepatic arteries (HAs) under a microscope than under conventional loupe magnification, because graft HA stumps are generally thin and short with an average diameter of approximately 2 mm. We first applied microvascular surgical techniques to HA reconstruction for LDLT in 1996. In most cases, we use a disposable double-clip to secure the graft and recipient arteries, and interrupted 8-0 nonabsorbable monofilament sutures. We next started performing resection and reconstruction of the right HA in a surgery for hilar cholangioma using the same technique as in LDLT. Lately, we have started applying microvascular surgical techniques to various digestive surgeries; namely, supercharge and superdrainage in esophageal surgery, vascular reconstruction in free jejunal interposition grafts for cervical esophageal cancer, resection and reconstruction of spontaneous HA aneurysms, jejunal artery reconstruction for spontaneous superior mesenteric artery dissections, and so forth. Mastering this technique is time consuming. However, once a surgeon masters the technique it has almost unlimited applications, and most vital vessels can be safely reconstructed using this method. We herein provide a technical review of the application of microvascular surgical techniques for various digestive surgeries.     

USE OF INTRAPERITONEAL VESSELS IN RECONSTRUCTIVE MICROSURGERY: AN ACCOUNT OF 117 CASES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience of microvascular anastomosis of intraperitoneal vessels. Between 1985 and 1994, 117 microsurgical reconstructions were done using intraperitoneal vessels. These included oesophageal reconstruction (n = 106), reconstruction of the hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial, or portal venous system (n = 8), and reconstruction of the chest or abdominal wall (n = 3). We used 129 intraperitoneal arteries and 117 intraperitoneal veins. Of a total of 246 intraperitoneal vessels, five hepatic arteries, seven splenic, 14 gastroepiploic, six superior mesenteric, 178 jejunal, 30 ileocolic, four middle colic arteries or veins, and two portal veins were used for microvascular anastomosis. The overall successful rate for these reconstructive cases was 97% (114/117). Microsurgical use of intraperitoneal vessels is a safe and developing procedure in plastic and reconstructive surgery.     

Salvage of total esophageal reconstruction with microvascular free left colon flap

Esophageal reconstruction has been achieved with a variety of innovative surgical techniques, including colonic interposition, gastric pull-up, pedicled, and free jejunal grafts. The authors describe an unusual case of complete thoracic esophageal reconstruction, necessitating an entirely free microvascular colon interposition as a salvage procedure to reconstitute the alimentary tract from the neck to the abdomen. To their knowledge, this specific method of reconstruction of the esophagus has not been previously reported.     

Microvascular anastomoses in cervical esophageal reconstruction

Ischemia or hemostasis in the gastric, jejunal, and colonic pedicle after esophagectomy is believed to contribute significantly to postoperative complications. With the advent of microvascular anastomoses, many surgeons have adopted vascular augmentation (supercharge) as a means of avoiding these difficulties. Microsurgical free tissue transfer represented by the free jejunum and forearm flap also plays an important role in esophageal reconstruction. In this paper, the authors introduce the technical points important for successful revascularization including the choice of recipient vessels, setting up of the reconstructive materials, and postoperative monitoring. In cases of gastric pull-up elevated via posterior mediastinum, the left gastroduodenal vessels are anastomosed to the cervical transverse or superior thyroidal vessels. In cases of duodenal or colonic pull-up elevated via the anterosternal route, the vascular pedicles are anastomosed to the internal mammary vessels which are dissected by resecting the costal cartilage. When the free jejunum flap is used, the cervical transverse or superior thyroidal vessels are most frequently used as recipients. Postoperative monitoring of free flaps is performed using Doppler ultrasound or through a small skin incision made above the transferred tissue. Although gastric or colonic pull-up is difficult to monitor, color Doppler sonography permits quantitative analysis of blood flow and may be a useful option.     

Secondary reconstruction of failed esophageal reconstruction

Between June 1992 and November 2002, 17 patients underwent secondary reconstruction of circumferential esophageal defects due to the failure of immediate reconstruction following ablation of thoracic esophageal cancer. Salvage reconstruction was achieved using free jejunal transfer in 13 patients (including long segment with double vascular pedicle in 2 cases), skin and/or musculocutaneous flap in 2 cases, and jejunal pull-up in 2 cases. In 5 patients, the second salvage surgery was required because of the failed first salvage. However, successful restoration of the esophagus and peroral alimentation was finally achieved in 16 of 17 patients, except 1 patient with several salvage operations using skin and musculocutaneous flap because the gut was unusable. We concluded that the preferred first choice for salvage restoration is free jejunal transfer. If the length of the esophageal defect is extensive, colonic interposition or jejunal pedicle with microvascular anastomosis for supercharging is the next option. If these procedures cannot be used, the transfer of a long jejunal segment with double vascular pedicles is recommended. Reconstruction using skin and/or musculocutaneous flap is the final option. As primary wound closure is often difficult in secondary reconstruction of the esophagus, a pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap is reliable to cover the reconstructed esophagus because skin flaps located in the neck region may be damaged by neck dissection or irradiation, and coverage of the anastomosis with muscle between the digestive tracts is effective to prevent leakage.     

早期胃癌行腹腔镜手术消化道重建方式选择及评价

近年来，随着腹腔镜技术的发展和外科医生技术水平的不断提高，针对早期胃癌的腹腔镜胃癌根治术在国内外各大中心获得广泛开展，但是腹腔镜下消化道重建仍然是全腹腔镜手术成功实施的关键。目前，全腹腔镜下早期胃癌根治术的肿瘤学安全性已经得到初步证实。全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术后消化道重建包括BillrothⅠ式吻合，BillrothⅡ式吻合和Roux-en-Y吻合；近端胃切除术后消化道重建包括传统的食管残胃吻合及其演变而来的抗反流吻合；而全胃切除术后消化道重建包括使用管形吻合器或线形吻合器的食管空肠吻合。这些重建方式各具特点，目前未达成统一共识。在临床实践中，必须以病人为中心，因地制宜，在确保肿瘤根治性的前提下，选择合适的消化道重建方式。     

����θ�г������������ؽ���ʽѡ������

近端胃切除是针对上部胃的早期癌的手术,比远端胃切除能够保存更多的胃功能和获得更佳的生存质量。由于切除上部胃,贲门功能丧失、胃的容积变化等所致反流性食管炎是该术式降低术后生存质量的主要原因。重建的方式多种多样,残留胃的大小决定重建方式的选择。重建时应充分注意保证安全的消化道吻合,防止胃液、肠液的食管、胃的反流,保证食物的贮存和排空功能,保存生理性通路以及保障残胃、胆、胰的内镜检查的可行性。目前,近端胃切除术后消化道重建方式中仍以食管胃吻合和间置空肠法为主体,间置空肠贮袋仍处于研究阶段。     

Short interposed pedicle of flow-through anterolateral thigh flap for reliable reconstruction of damaged upper extremity

In microvascular reconstructive surgery, the recipient vessel in free flap transfer is often sacrificed to provide the vascular pedicle anastomosis. As the recipient vessel is likely to be necessary for distal circulation in the damaged upper extremity, preserving its patency is critical. Flow-through anastomosis is one method that preserves the recipient vessel's patency. We present here eight patients who underwent upper-extremity reconstructions with a free flow-through anterolateral thigh flap. The flap's short vascular pedicle was interposed into a division of the radial artery and anastomosed on both sides of the pedicle's T-shaped arterial segment. The flow-through flap has various advantages, not only making it possible to reconstruct both vessels and soft tissues but also preserving recipient vessels and balancing the blood supply or pressure in the flap. In clinical situations that do not require reconstruction of the artery, the short interposed pedicle of the free anterolateral thigh flow-through flap offers a versatile and reliable option for microsurgical reconstruction of defects in the upper extremities.     

A two-stage operation for thoracic esophageal cancer: esophagectomy and subsequent reconstruction by a free jejunal flap

When the stomach is unavailable for esophageal reconstruction due to previous gastrectomy or synchronous gastric cancer, a pedicled jejunum or colon, with or without vascular supercharge, has been the alternative. However, these reconstructions are not free from severe complications, such as necrosis. We have introduced a new surgical technique for delayed esophageal reconstruction using a free jejunal flap. We used this technique in 11 patients. Four weeks after subtotal esophagectomy, reconstruction using free jejunal flaps was performed. A free jejunum was placed at the pre-sternum, and the internal thoracic artery and vein were usually used as the recipient vessels. There were no cases of flap necrosis and no hospital deaths. Anastomotic leakage occurred in two cases. Both leakages were cured by conservative treatment. Delayed esophageal reconstruction using a free jejunal flap can be considered to be a safe procedure when the stomach is unavailable as an esophageal substitute.     

Supercharged gastric tube pull-up procedure for total esophageal reconstruction

Total esophageal reconstruction using a gastric tube is complicated because it sometimes causes postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage, stenosis, or fistula formation resulting from insufficient blood flow at the distal end. To overcome this problem, during the past 5 years the authors performed seven additional microvascular anastomoses using the short gastric vessels of the gastric tube. No postoperative complications occurred except partial tracheal necrosis in 1 patient. Postoperative radiographic examination showed no reflux or stasis in all patients, and no evidence of necrosis at the anastomotic site of the pulled-up gastric tube was observed by postoperative endoscopy. This technique reduces risk and may contribute to the successful reconstruction of the digestive tract after total esophagectomy.     

Current best surgical procedure for reconstruction after cervical esophagectomy

Currently, chemoradiotherapy offers the possibility of larynx-preserving treatment. Therefore, the surgical procedure for reconstruction involves not only reconstruction of the alimentary tract but also needs to be selected considering postoperative swallowing function. In larynx-preserving surgery, it is necessary to pay attention to the elevation of the larynx and the prevention of reflux, considering the narrow space of recipient laryngeal space. Free jejunal interposition is the best method for cervical esophageal reconstruction and the free jejunum plus gastric roll or ileocolic reconstruction technique is appropriate for total esophageal substitution. In patients undergoing combined resection of the larynx, there is no need to consider aspiration, but it is important for postoperative quality of life to prevent reflux. Therefore, the free jejunum plus gastric roll or ileocolic reconstruction technique is used for total esophageal substitution. For cervical esophageal reconstruction, the free jejunal graft is slightly better than the free colon graft in terms of simplicity and lower rates of postoperative infection.     

全腹腔镜全胃切除腔内消化道重建术式研究进展

随着腹腔镜器械的改进及外科腔镜下技术的提高,腹部微创手术得到快速发展,腹腔镜胃癌手术也正逐渐走向成熟。对于胃上部癌、胃体癌、皮革胃患者来说,全腹腔镜全胃切除术(TLTG)作为一种微创术式被广泛应用于临床,更小的手术创伤使患者更快的康复,明显提高了患者围手术期生活质量,已成为治疗胃癌,特别是早期可切除胃癌的主要方式之一。TLTG的技术要点和难点是如何在全腹腔镜视野下完成消化道重建,全腔镜下食管空肠吻合是TLTG消化道重建的难点,因此探讨TLTG消化道重建方式成为临床工作者的研究重点。本文就TLTG消化道常见术式作一综述,以期更好地为临床术式选择提供参考。     

带血管蒂组织瓣在医源性胆道损伤中的应用

目的探讨带血管蒂组织瓣在医源性胆道损伤中的手术方式及效果。方法对于11例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道损伤的患者,分别使用脐静脉瓣、胃瓣、胆囊瓣、空肠瓣以及圆韧带瓣进行修复。结果胆道修复术采用脐静脉瓣1例、胃瓣1例、胆囊瓣1例、空肠瓣4例以及圆韧带瓣4例。有1例患者术后出现胆瘘。所有患者于出院后肝功能指标及胆道影像学表现均基本正常。结论医源性胆道损伤修复手术为围肝门操作的精细手术。带血管蒂组织瓣修复重建术在恢复胆道连续性以及降低术后并发症方面具有很好的效果。     

手术机器人系统和腹腔镜微创外科技术在胃癌治疗中的应用

腹腔镜外科在胃癌治疗中面临着两大困难,即D2淋巴结清扫及全腹腔镜下的消化道重建。而手术机器人系统具有图像立体三维、放大10倍、有7个自由度关节的器械和医生工作体位舒适等优点,有利于行胃癌D2淋巴结清扫及消化道吻合重建．增强微创手术的优势,拓展微创外科在胃癌治疗中的适应证。在加速康复外科理念下开展微创手术治疗胃癌,必将有利于促进患者的快速康复。     

近端胃癌根治术中消化道重建两种新术式的初步研究

目的:探讨近端胃癌患者手术后消化道重建减少消化液反流发生的方法。方法:设计两种新型吻合方法,即保留贲门结构的食道-残胃吻合术和环状襻式单通道空肠间置术。将两种新术式临床效果与同传统的近端胃切除吻合和全胃切除相比较。结果:4组患者的临床病理资料具有可比性(P>0.05)。各组术后体质量和营养指数在6个月时无明显差异(P>0.05),在24个月时两种新术式组明显优高于传统吻合术组(P<0.05);在术后3年时的生存质量、食管反流的发病率和食管炎的Visick分级方面两种新术式组明显优于传统吻合术组(P<0.01);各组间的1,3,5年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:保留贲门的近端胃癌根治术与环状襻式单通道空肠间置吻合术有望成为胃底贲门癌手术的新术式。     

θ��Զ��θ�г����������ؽ�������ʵ��

进展期胃下部癌占我国胃癌的主要部分,远端胃大部切除是主要的外科治疗方法之一。消化道重建方式是影响远端胃大部切除术后生存质量的重要因素。传统的重建方式为Billroth Ⅰ式或Billroth Ⅱ式。从保留十二指肠通路或抗胆汁反流角度,重建方式进行了多种改良,包括BillrothⅡ式+Braun吻合、Roux-en-Y吻合术、单管空肠间置、空肠贮袋间置、双通道重建。目前研究结果认为,Roux-en-Y吻合术是改善生存质量、可行性与可推广性均较理想的方式。     

全胃切除术后的两种消化道重建方式

目的:探讨全胃切除术后较为合理的消化道重建术式。方法:对2001年6月—2008年6月所施行的全胃切除术采用保留幽门空肠间置术和食管空肠Orr式Roux-en-y吻合术两种消化道重建术式,对其术后12个月无肿瘤复发的96例患者进行营养状况(体重、消化道症状及营养指标)观察对比。结果:术后12个月随访,两组间营养状况无明显差异(P0.05﹚,保留幽门空肠间置重建组较空肠食管Roux-en-y吻合术组倾倒综合症和返流性食管炎发生率更低。结论:保留幽门空肠间置重建术可作为早、中期上半部胃癌全胃切除术后重建时的优先术式,食管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术可作为全胃切除术后不能行保留幽门空肠间置重建术的有效补充。     

Application of the HyperEye Medical System for esophageal cancer surgery: a preliminary report

The HyperEye Medical System is a newly developed device that allows for the visualization of the fluorescent image of indocyanine green enhanced by near-infrared light among the surrounding vivid color images. We recently applied this system to confirm the blood flow of an esophageal substitute, and for sentinel node navigation during esophagectomy. Five consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent a subtotal esophagectomy between June 2010 and May 2011 were enrolled in the study. The esophageal substitute used for reconstruction was the stomach and ileocecum in four and one cases, respectively. In all cases with a reconstructive stomach, fine arterial blood flow and venous perfusion were observed. The blood flow of the reconstructive colon was poor before microvascular anastomosis, however, it dramatically increased after anastomosis. Concerning the sentinel node navigation, the fluorescence of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the tumor site were detected. The postoperative courses of all cases were uneventful, with no mortalities or anastomotic leakage occurring.     

Second free jejunal transfer in complicated pharyngoesophageal reconstructions

The authors report two cases of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using free jejunum transfer, which required additional microsurgical reconstruction, due to total or partial loss of the free jejunal graft, despite successful microvascular anastomoses. Replacement and additional transfer of the second free jejunum segment were successfully carried out, with minimal risk and low morbidity. The second free jejunal transfer is one of the reliable reconstructive choices in the management of complicated pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with free jejunum.