颅底段展神经的应用解剖

目的 :为颅底外科提供展神经的显微解剖学资料。方法 :观测 15例 ( 3 0侧 )成人头颅湿标本展神经的位置、行径及重要毗邻关系。结果 :①展神经在硬脑膜入口处两侧间距 ( 19.71± 1.79)mm ;②Dorello管顶与底间最大垂直距离 ( 2 .14± 0 .70 )mm ;③展神经在海绵窦内距破裂孔硬膜环 ( 5 .69± 1.45 )mm。结论 :在颞骨岩部、海绵窦及眶上裂区手术 ,展神经必须予以辨认和保护     

筛窦外侧壁显微外科解剖学

目的:研究筛窦外侧壁显微外科解剖,为临床处理筛窦手术提供解剖学资料。方法:采用显微解剖学技术,对24例成人头颅标本筛窦外侧壁进行观察和测量。结果:Dacryon(泪点,上颌骨、额骨、泪骨的交汇点)至筛前、后孔及视神经管眶口间的距离分别为(21.45±2.54)mm、(34.23±2.90)mm、(39.25±1.53)mm。筛前动脉眶内段长度为(4.98±1.17)mm,筛后动脉眶内段长度为(8.72±2.24)mm。结论:在筛窦手术或视神经管减压术时,Dacryon与筛前孔、筛后孔及视神经管眶口距离,可为正确寻找和处理筛动脉及视神经管提供依据。     

Ⅵ～Ⅷ对脑神经生物塑化薄片断层解剖与MRI对照研究

目的 :对展神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经进行塑化切片与MRI对照研究 ,获得正常影像和断层解剖资料。方法 :采用生物塑化技术制作脑神经横断位 8例、矢状位和冠状位各 1例薄层切片 ,同时采用FLASH -3D序列完成头颅标本及 3 0例正常人脑干MR扫描 ,以MPR技术完整显示展神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经脑池段全程。结果 :塑化薄片断层、标本和活体MR扫描 ,脑神经行程、解剖形态均有良好的对应关系 ,Dorello管和展神经海绵窦段在塑化切片上显示良好 ,MRI仅能部分显示。结论 :生物塑化薄层切片能够对脑神经及相关结构进行准确显示 ,是脑神经影像学研究的重要对比方法     

舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖和临床意义

目的:研究舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为舌下神经管疾病的影像学诊断和手术入路的选择提供形态学数据。方法:肉眼和手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干骨标本的舌下神经管及其毗邻结构。结果:舌下神经管位于枕骨髁的前上方,为一对卵圆形或圆形孔道,内口至外口的长度(8.51±0.91)mm。舌下神经管内口呈双管者5侧(8%);内口后缘与枕骨髁后缘的距离(10.07±0.75)mm,外口后缘至枕骨髁后缘(14.22±1.18)mm。左、右侧枕骨髁的前后径分别为(23.10±1.57)mm、(22.38±2.28)mm。结论:熟悉舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的解剖有利于相关疾病的影像诊断和手术入路的选择。     

以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣的显微解剖

目的:为踝管区动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测踝管区动脉穿支、胫后动脉肌间隙支及邻近动脉吻合。结果:踝管区近侧筋膜穿支2支,外径(0.8±0.3)mm(0.4~1.3mm),中侧筋膜穿支0~2支,外径(0.8±0.2)mm(0.4~1.2mm),远侧筋膜穿支2~3支,外径(1.0±0.4)mm(0.5~2.0mm),共同构成踝管区浅深筋膜及皮肤营养血管。在小腿内侧下1/3段,胫后动脉肌间隙支2~3支,平均外径(1.1±0.3)mm(0.5~2.5mm),骨皮穿支1~2支,平均外径(1.0±0.3)mm(0.4~2.0mm)。上述穿支形成隐神经、大隐静脉营养血管及深、浅筋膜血管网。结论:踝管区筋膜穿支支数较多,与胫后动脉肌间隙支吻合丰富,以踝管区筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,旋转点在内踝平面,可用于转位修复足前部的软组织缺损。     

新生儿鼻腔的应用解剖

目的探讨新生儿鼻腔的解剖特点,为新生儿鼻腔疾病诊疗提供解剖学基础。方法应用人体解剖学方法对20例新生儿鼻腔进行解剖观测。结果新生儿鼻腔长度为33.1±1.2(29.7～36.5)mm,高度为14.8±0.6(14.0～16.1)mm。鼻甲发育良好,中鼻道宽度为1.0±0.1(0.9～1.2)mm,下鼻道宽度为1.1±0.2(0.8～1.5)mm。下鼻甲距离鼻中隔左为1.7±0.4(1.0～2.2)mm、右为2.4±0.3(1.8～3.0)mm。结论本实验结果为鼻阻塞致鼻腔狭窄的诊断和经鼻插管计算长度提供依据。     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术相关的显微解剖学研究

目的:为经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:选用30例(60侧)成人头颅湿标本,对翼腭窝区进行显微解剖观测,并模拟鼻内镜手术入路,观测翼腭窝区穿行结构及毗邻关系。结果:①翼腭窝内有上颌动脉、上颌神经及其分支,以及翼腭神经节等重要结构;②由蝶腭孔至前鼻棘的距离为(52.99±4.95)mm;③上颌神经出圆孔处至前鼻棘的距离为(62.90±3.81)mm;④翼管神经至前鼻棘的距离为(58.83±3.91)mm。结论:熟悉翼腭窝区穿行结构位置及毗邻关系,对经鼻内镜翼腭窝区手术的开展具指导意义。     

眼动脉及其分支的显微解剖学研究

目的:研究眼动脉及其分支的显微解剖,为影像诊断、介入治疗和手术方案的制定提供解剖学依据。方法:肉眼及手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人颅底湿性标本的眼动脉及其分支的形态、大小及毗邻关系。结果:①眼动脉分别起自颈内动脉床突上段起始部的前上壁(占93.34%)、海绵窦段前部(占3.33%)或脑膜中动脉(占3.33%),起始处外径为(1.46±0.40)mm。②眼动脉在视神经管内行于视神经下方、管底硬脑膜鞘内,在视神经管颅口处62.50%位于视神经内下方,在视神经管眶口处85.72%位于视神经外下方。③眼动脉眶内段分为3段,并形成2个弯曲。④视网膜中央动脉起始位置不恒定,起始处外径为(0.57±0.12)mm。结论:熟悉眼动脉的行径及其主要分支的正常解剖及变异,有利于眶尖区疾病的影像诊断和手术时避免损伤眼动脉及其分支。     

舌下神经管的影像解剖学研究

目的通过影像解剖学对照研究,探讨舌下神经管影像学表现及其检查方法。方法选择5例经福尔马林固定的成年人头颅标本,经CT和MRI扫描后,1例行大体解剖,2例行横断面切片,2例行冠状面切片,切片厚度均为1mm。结果舌下神经管的外侧与颈静脉孔相邻,CT、MRI均可清晰显示舌下神经管;在舌下神经管中部层面,管内可见舌下神经影像。舌下神经管内径为(4.85±1.17)mm,舌下神经管外壁至颈静脉孔距离(2.03±0.51)mm。结论CT和MRI可作为舌下神经管的常规检查手段。     

经幕上、下联合进路岩斜区的显微外科解剖

目的 :为岩斜区病变手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法 :显微镜下在 30侧经 10 %福尔马林固定成人尸头标本上 ,对岩斜区进行解剖学观测并模拟幕上、下联合进路手术。结果 :(1)前半规管拱峰离岩骨表面 (弓状隆起 )较浅 ,平均深 2 .19mm。后半规管最靠近乙状窦 ,乙状窦前缘到后半规管最后点平均 9.4 9mm ;(2 )弓状隆起至岩尖 ,后半规管最后点至耳蜗、内耳门后缘以及乙状窦前缘至内耳门后缘的距离 (mm)分别为 34.0 9± 4 .87,14 .2 9± 1.76 ,15 .13± 1.97,2 1.89± 2 .37。结论 :临床上应用经幕上、下联合进路能较好地暴露岩斜区的解剖结构 ,可取得岩斜区病变手术治疗的满意效果。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.