Eating habits and physical activity of adolescents in Katowice - the teenagers' declarations vs. their parents' beliefs

Aims and objectives. To analyse eating and physical activity preferences among adolescent school children and to compare the teenagers' lifestyle declarations with their parents' beliefs. Background. Unfavorable behavior in eating habits and physical activity may result in serious dysfunctions and diseases, such as eating disorders and incorrect body mass. Design. A retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in 2010-2011. Methods. The data was collated from 711 pupils and 266 parents. The survey included questions on: breakfast consumption, types of food eaten for breakfast, time of supper, the daily number of meals, the quantity of fruit and vegetables, food products purchased in the school shop, as well as the type and level of physical activity. Results. In the population of children aged 14-15?years, 10% do not eat 1st breakfast and 15% do not eat 2nd breakfast, 50% eat dairy products for 1st breakfast, 70% have sandwiches for 2nd breakfast, 45% most frequently buy snacks in the school shop, 65% prefer physical activity in the form of team games, and 90% willingly participate in PE classes. The parents' beliefs differ from their children's declarations with regard to: breakfast consumption, the number of meals a day, the quantity of fruit, and participation in PE classes. Conclusions. The lifestyle of the studied adolescents is within the norms recommended for their age group, although there is a tendency to skip breakfast. A positive aspect is the adolescents' engagement in physical activity. Parents underestimate their children's level of physical activity and overestimate their daily number of meals. Relevance to clinical practice. The study confirms the validity of conducting health education, addressed to both children and their parents, with regard to correct eating habits and physical activity, as well as prevention of eating disorders.     

京沪两地小学生早餐行为调查及影响因素分析

背景每天吃早餐是世界卫生组织倡导的一种促进健康的行为,而早餐常被忽视. 目的了解京沪两地小学生早餐现状及影响早餐的行为因素,为深入研究小学生早餐问题,制定和开展"学生营养早餐计划"提供科学依据.设计以小学生为研究对象,采用分层整群抽样方法,调查研究.单位二所大学的儿少卫生研究所.对象2002-03/06,调查对象是北京、上海两城市8 688名6～11岁的学生.其中北京6～11岁的小学生共4 692名,有效问卷4637份.男2 386名,女生为2 251名.上海6～11岁的小学生4 300名,有效问卷4 051份.男2 031名,女2 020名.方法采用问卷调查的方法.调查内容包括家庭一般情况、饮食喜好、早餐食物选择、奶类摄入等情况.结果小学生不能保证每天吃早餐的比例分别为北京男生25.8%、女生21.6%;上海男生11.4%、女生13.3%.学生不吃早餐的原因主要是没有食欲、没有时间吃、家长没时间.学生早餐食物品种单调,质量较差.学生早餐55%以上由母亲准备,食用早餐的地点以家里为主,其次为上学路上和饭馆小摊,早餐费用2～3元.学生吃早餐的行为与其母亲的吃早餐行为密切相关(r=0.4333,P<0.01).结论京沪两地小学生的早餐质量有待改善,父母的饮食行为影响到其子女的饮食行为.     

留守儿童心理虐待与忽视现状调查

目的 调查留守儿童心理虐待与忽视现状,了解留守特征对留守儿童心理虐待与忽视的影响.方法 对432名留守儿童采用一般资料调查表和儿童心理虐待与忽视量表进行测评分析.结果 留守儿童心理虐待与忽视总体阳性检出率为32.76%,心理虐待分量表阳性检出率为28.82%,忽视分量表阳性检出率为31.77%.儿童心理虐待与忽视量表评分,男性留守儿童忽视分量表和情感忽视维度评分显著低于女性留守儿童(P＜0.01),干涉维度评分显著高于女性留守儿童(P＜0.01);初中组心理虐待分量表评分显著高于高中组,忽视分量表和干涉、情感忽视维度评分显著高于小学组与高中组;小学组恐吓维度评分显著高于初中组与高中组.留守年限对心理虐待与忽视分量表及恐吓、情感忽视、教育忽视维度的主效应均达到显著水平,留守形式对忽视分量表和情感忽视、教育忽视维度的主效应达到显著水平,留守年限与留守形式在心理虐待分量表和干涉、情感忽视维度上的交互效应达到显著水平.结论 留守儿童是心理虐待与忽视的高危群体,其心理虐待与忽视现况存在一定的性别和年级差异,留守年限与留守形式是留守儿童心理虐待与忽视的重要预测变量.     

南阳市留守儿童心理行为问题调查

目的：调查南阳市留守儿童心理行为问题状况。方法采用整群抽样法，抽取南阳市市辖卧龙区、宛城区、内乡县农村初中5所，小学2所的中学生及小学五、六年级在读学生1305名，应用症状自评量表进行测查分析。结果本组留守儿童心理问题的检出率为10．65％；不同留守年限儿童症状自评量表总分及人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执因子分比较差异有显著性（ P＜0．05或0．01）；小学组人际关系、焦虑、恐怖因子分显著高于初中组，总分及抑郁、敌对、偏执因子分显著低于初中组（P＜0．05）；女生组总分及人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子分均显著高于男生组（ P＜0．05或0．01）；不同监护类型组总分及强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子分比较差异有显著性（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论南阳市留守儿童心理行为问题发生率较高，在强化政府职能的同时，更需家庭、学校、留守儿童共同努力，以减少心理行为问题的发生。     

广州市中学生网络游戏成瘾状况调查

目的探讨中学生网络游戏成瘾现状及人群特征,为制定综合干预措施提供依据。方法抽取广州市14所中学3000名中学生采用线上游戏成瘾量表进行测评分析。结果广州市中学生网络游戏轻度成瘾检出率为12．4％,重度网络游戏成瘾检出率为3．1％;男生轻度、重度成瘾检出率显著高于女生（χ^2=128．38,P〈O．01）;不同年级与网络游戏成瘾存在显著关联（χ^2=26．13,P〈0．01）,与初中阶段相比,高中阶段网络游戏成瘾率呈显著降低趋势;不同家庭经济状况与网络游戏成瘾存在显著关联（χ^2=40．40,P〈O．01）,其中家庭经济状况很差的中学生轻度成瘾和重度成瘾检出率最高;不同学习成绩与网络游戏成瘾存在显著关联（χ^2==122．56,P〈0．01）,学习成绩很差的中学生轻度成瘾和重度成瘾检出率最高。结论中学生网络游戏成瘾倾向者数量较大,男生、初中阶段、家庭贫困、学习成绩差是发生网络成瘾的高危因素。     

Comparison of predictive capabilities of diabetic exchange lists and glycemic index of foods

To determine whether the diabetic exchange lists or the glycemic index of foods better predicts postprandial responses to carbohydrate-containing foods eaten as part of a mixed meal, three test meals were developed and fed to 12 subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 13 healthy subjects. Each test meal contained exactly the same exchanges (1 milk, 4 starch, 2 fruit, 2 meat, 3 fat, 1 vegetable). In one meal, foods of high glycemic index (GI) were used, in a second meal, foods of intermediate GI were used, and in a third meal foods of low GI were used. The total GIs of the meals were: high, 184; intermediate, 131; and low, 107, thus predicting responses to intermediate and low GI, which were 71 and 58%, respectively, of the responses to high GI. Although some of the observed differences in the glycemic responses to the test meals were statistically significant, primarily in healthy subjects, the differences were usually much less than predicted by the GIs of the meals. In NIDDM subjects, peak postprandial plasma glucose, plasma glucose area, plasma glucose area increment, and mean plasma glucose responses after intermediate and low GI were greater than 90% of the corresponding responses to high GI. In healthy subjects, only the plasma glucose area increment after the low-GI meal was close to the predicted response. High GI produced significantly greater insulin responses than low GI in healthy subjects. We conclude that the diabetic exchange lists more accurately predict postprandial responses to carbohydrate-containing foods eaten as part of a mixed meal than does the GI of foods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of plasma glucose and insulin responses to mixed meals of high-, intermediate-, and low-glycemic potential

Although plasma glucose and insulin responses have been shown to vary considerably when either normal subjects or patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) consume different carbohydrate-rich foods, it has been difficult to demonstrate this phenomenon when the same foods have been incorporated into a single mixed meal. To pursue this issue further, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined at hourly intervals from 0800 to 2100 h in NIDDM patients in response to three meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) calculated to be of low-, intermediate-, and high-glycemic potency. The total integrated glucose response (mean +/- SE) during the day the low-glycemic meals were ingested was approximately 7% lower (2500 +/- 246 mg.dl-1.h-1) than on the days patients ate either the intermediate- (2701 +/- 280 mg.dl-1.h-1) or high- (2718 +/- 311 mg.dl-1.h-1) glycemic meals. When these data were analyzed by meal, it became apparent that the plasma glucose response to breakfast and dinner were essentially identical after consumption of the meals of either low-, intermediate-, or high-glycemic potency. Thus, the modest attenuation of the day-long glycemic response on the day patients ate the low-glycemic meal was due to a reduction in plasma glucose concentration after lunch. The day-long plasma insulin responses to the meals of different glycemic potency were qualitatively similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

2006-2007年成都市学生伤害监测分析

目的 了解成都市中小学(中专)学生伤害流行特征,为预防控制伤害提供科学依据.方法 在成都市分层随机抽取一个三甲医院和2个二级医院作为监测医院,将2006年1月1日至2007年12月31日期间,到监测医院就诊首诊为伤害的中小学(中专)学生患者作为监测对象,填写统一的调查表,分析伤害发生的原因、类型和特征.结果 调查伤害患者共计3753例,男女性别比为2.09:1,小学生最多(56.62%),其次为高中、中专生(23.79%)和初中生(19.58%).小学生伤害前3位原因为跌落、动物咬伤、交通事故,初中生为跌落、钝器伤、交通事故,高中生为跌落、交通事故、锐器伤.1年中伤害发生时间以7-9月较高,1天中以18:00-20:00点较高.伤害部位以头部较多,伤害动机以非故意为主,但也存在自残、自杀现象.结论 动物咬伤、交通事故已成为影响成都市学生安全与健康的重要问题,应根据本市学生伤害发生的特点,采取适当的干预措施,保护学生健康.     

Absorption characteristic of breakfast determines insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate tolerance for lunch

To test the hypothesis that prolonging absorption of breakfast might improve the glucose tolerance of the subsequent meal served at lunch, normal male volunteers were administered the same carbohydrate in either a rapidly absorbed (sucrose, S) or slowly absorbed (sucrose with guar, S + G) form for breakfast (0800) and lunch (1145). Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose did not differ for S at breakfast vs. S + G at breakfast, although AUCinsulin for S at breakfast was greater than that for S + G at breakfast (3389 +/- 608 vs. 1523 +/- 246 microU.min.ml-1, P less than .002). Plasma glucose and insulin profiles for the two breakfast meals differed markedly. Once S was ingested, plasma glucose and insulin returned to baseline after 120 and 160 min, respectively. However, once S + G was ingested, plasma glucose and insulin were still significantly above baseline values after 180 min. When S was eaten for breakfast, AUCglucose for lunch was similar to that for breakfast, regardless of whether lunch consisted of S or S + G. However, if S + G was eaten for breakfast, AUCglucose for S + G or S at lunch was 44% (P less than .005) and 75% of that for breakfast, respectively. Only one of five subjects who ingested S + G for breakfast failed to exhibit a fall in AUCglucose when S was eaten for lunch. The beneficial effect of prolonged absorption of breakfast on the glucose tolerance of lunch was not observed if the timing of lunch was delayed by 2 h (i.e., served at 1345).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relationship between attendance at breakfast and school achievement among nursing students

This survey by correlation study with partial qualitative design examined the effect of attendance at breakfast with school achievement in 710 first-year nursing students at a nursing institute in Northern Taiwan. Dietary attendance cards were scanned by computer before each meal. Since the school is located at a geographically isolated suburban area, this program was compulsory for all first-year nursing students and was included in the tuition fee. Comparison of attendance at breakfast over the four-month semester (from September 1999 to January 2000) and final semester class ranking showed a lower attending rate of breakfast (attendance at breakfast equal to or under 60% of mean times in a 4-month semester) was significantly associated with lower scores on tests in six individual classes and a class rank; while a higher frequency of breakfast attendance (attendance at breakfast equal to or over 85% of mean times in a 4-month semester) was significantly associated with higher scores on tests in six individual classes and a higher class rank (p <.001). To determine the relationships between frequency of attending breakfast and practicing health promotion behaviors, the Chinese Health Promoting Scale was used. We also found that those who skipped breakfast frequently had more negative health promotion behaviors than those who attended breakfast more regularly (p <.001). These results indicate that school achievement is negatively affected when nursing students omit breakfast. The research outcome supports the importance of breakfast in school achievement.     

2017年浙江省中小学生视力低下监测分析

目的 了解浙江省中小学生视力低下的流行病学特征,为采取预防控制措施提供依据。 方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,对2017年浙江省3个不同经济地区、城市和郊县的中小学生视力状况进行监测。 采用GB/T 26343－2010裸眼远视力检测方法,裸眼远视力低于5.0者为视力低下,对监测的中小学生视力状况进行统计分析。 采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,χ2检验用于率的比较,Goodman-Kruskal Gamma检验进行关联分析。 结果 8 343名中小学生中视力低下率为73.53%,重度视力低下率达47.03%;小学生、初中生、高中生的视力低下率分别为55.99%、81.51%、86.73%,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝783.526,P＜0.001）;城市学生的视力低下率高于郊县（χ2＝61.693,P＜0.001）,女生的视力低下率高于男生（χ2＝45.754,P＜0.001）,经济状况发达地区、中等地区的学生视力低下率高于经济状况欠发达地区（χ2＝80.206,P＜0.001）。 结论 浙江省中小学生视力低下现况较严重,远远低于全国及其他省市学生的水平,应加强学生近视防控工作,防治重点人群为小学高年级及初中阶段的学生,尤其是女生及处于升学阶段（9 ~ 10年级）的男生。      

不同层次学生口腔卫生习惯与患龋状况相关研究

[目的]了解唐山市不同文化层次学生的患龋情况,探讨龋病与口腔卫生习惯的相关性.[方法] 采用分层抽样方法随机抽取唐山市小学、中学、大学学生各200人进行问卷调查,回收587份,其中小学197份,中学192份,大学198份.[结果]小学生的患龋率最高,为44.67%;龋病与经常吃甜食,睡前吃零食及咬坚硬物品的习惯有关(P<0.05或P<0.01);每天刷牙、饭后清洁及饮食以粗粮为主的学生患龋病的危险性明显降低(P<0.05).[结论]加强学生的口腔卫生,改变不良生活习惯和口腔卫生习惯,可减少龋病的发生.     

Annual incidence and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children as detected by urine glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the annual incidence and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes among school-aged children as detected by urine glucose screening from 1974 to 2002 in the Tokyo metropolitan area. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 8,812,356 school children were examined for glucosuria. Morning urine was used for the analysis. When the urine was positive for glucose, an oral glucose tolerance test was carried out to confirm diabetes. RESULTS: In all, 232 students were identified to have type 2 diabetes. The overall annual incidence of type 2 diabetes was 2.63/100,000. The annual incidence after 1981 was significantly higher than that before 1980 (1.73 vs. 2.76/100,000, P < 0.0001). The annual incidence was significantly higher for junior high school students compared with primary school students (0.78 vs. 6.43/100,000, P < 0.0001). The overall male-to-female ratio of students with type 2 diabetes was 1.0:1.19 (P = 0.296), but it was 1.0:1.56 (P = 0.278) for primary school students. Overall, 83.4% of children with diabetes were obese (> or = 20% overweight). However, nonobese girls (<20% overweight) with diabetes accounted for 23.0% of the patients, whereas markedly obese boys (> or = 40% overweight) accounted for 61.5% of the patients. The frequency of a family history of type 2 diabetes in second- and first-degree relatives was 56.5%. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that the incidence of young people with type 2 diabetes increased after 1981 in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The increase in the frequency of this disorder seemed to be strongly related to an increasing prevalence of obesity. Age and genetic susceptibility may be associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.     

Sudden cardiac death of school-age children

Approximately 60 to 80 cases of childhood sudden death occur under school supervision every year in Japan and about 71% of them are sudden cardiac death. The incidence of sudden death among school-age children increases with age. 0.3 per 100,000 for elementary schoolchildren, 0.8 per 100,000 for junior high school children and 0.9 per 100,000 for high school children, approximately. Boys are remarkably more prone to sudden death than girls. Cardiac sudden death is often related to physical exercise and 70% of cases occur during running exercise. Although it is usually difficult to prevent the actual occurrence of sudden cardiac death, efforts to decrease sudden cardiac death should be reinforced by the cardiac screening examination and by ensuring in cooperation with children themselves, their parents, school staffs, and medical professionals. In particular, it is recommended that all teachers at junior high schools and high schools should have more knowledge about diseases related to sudden death.     

What some patients can eat during migraine attacks: therapeutic and conceptual implications

Although nausea and vomiting are diagnostic migraine symptoms, most patients can take tablets by mouth and a few say they can eat some food. This study was conducted to determine the proportion who could eat or drink, what was consumable and with what effect. One-hundred-and-nine migraineurs were asked what they could eat or drink at the beginning or height of their attacks; 59 could not take any food by mouth, but 50 could eat during the headache phase of their migraine attacks. Four ate normally, 5 took smaller amounts of their normal dietary intake, and 3 took lighter meals. Dry, carbohydrate foods were consumable by the remaining 38: a few had specific cravings, most stated the precise variety which, when eaten, reduced nausea, headache, other symptoms or length of attacks. Patients should therefore be encouraged to eat what they can tolerate, with their tablets taken as early as possible after the onset of attacks. Simultaneous nausea, tolerance or even craving for specific foods occur in other conditions, particularly high altitude headaches which share other features of migraine attacks. The observations in this paper support the notion that migraine is a central neuronal metabolic disturbance.     

浙江省中学生体育锻炼和睡眠情况调查

目的　了解浙江省中学生体育锻炼和睡眠状况。方法　采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法,对浙江省30个县（区）221个学校,249个班级的11 638名初一至高三的中学生进行集中调查,采用自我管理式问卷调查方法。结果　在过去的7 d,38.73%的中学生每天20 min以上高强度活动的天数3 d,28.89％的中学生每天30 min以上中等强度活动天数5 d。18.76%的初中生每周上体育课3次,90.87％普通高中学生和71.37％非普通高中学生每周上体育课2次。浙江省中学生平均每天休息睡眠8.51 h,其中初中生8.79 h,普通高中7.91 h,非普通高中8.69h。结论　浙江省中学生体育锻炼时间和强度不足,体育课时不够,学生睡眠时间缺乏,应引起相关部门足够的重视,并采取相应的措施。     

青少年HBsAg携带率12年前后的变化及影响因素分析

目的调查惠东地区青少年HBsAg携带率,分析受调查群体12年前后HBsAg携带率的变化。方法对青少年以健康体检的形式进行HBsAg普查;HBsAg采用ELISA法检测。结果（1）2005—2008年入托儿童、初中入学生的HBsAg阳性率逐年下降;（2）2008年高中入学组HB—sAg阳性率明显高于初中入学组;（3）高中入学人群与12年前比较HBsAg阳性率明显下降;（4）同一人群高考体检比高中入学时的HBsAg阳性率高。结论（1）母婴免疫阻断和新生儿计划免疫有效地控制了乙型肝炎的感染;（2）高中女生的HBsAg阳性率高考前比高中入学时高,可能是高中阶段学习紧张,女生由于生理的原因,容易通过水平传播途径感染乙型肝炎。     

2020年包头市中小学生近视现状分析

目的 掌握内蒙古自治区包头市中小学生近视现况及其影响因素,为制定近视科学防控策略和针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法抽取包头市8 591名学生进行调查,利用描述性流行病学方法分析包头市学生近视现状,利用多因素logistic回归分析筛选影响近视的危险因素和保护因素。结果 包头市学生整体近视率为73.1%,其中,小学生近视率为57.6%;初中生近视率为77.1%;高中生近视率为87.2%。先单因素后多因素法logistic回归分析显示,女生、学段增高以及校外用眼（1周内平均每天放学后读写时间2 h以上、参加课外补习班、1周内参加课外补习班2 h以上）;近距离用眼（包括视屏时间超过2 h、经常或总是天黑后关灯看电子屏幕、经常躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、经常走路或乘车时看书或电子屏幕、近距离用眼时间超过50 min）;读写姿势错误、老师不提醒读写姿势;白天户外活动时间少、每天睡眠时间不达标是近视的危险因素。郊县、一学年调整一次课桌椅高度、在校每日做2次以上眼保健操、课间休息到户外是近视的保护因素。结论 建议地方政府出台政策、家校联动、医教结合、多部门共同参与,采取干预措施,降...     

Influence of glycemic index/load on glycemic response, appetite, and food intake in healthy humans

OBJECTIVE: High glycemic index (GI)/load (GL) diets reportedly enhance appetite and promote positive energy balance. Support for this hypothesis stems largely from acute feeding trials and longer-term studies lacking control over the macronutrient composition and palatability of test foods. This study evaluated the effects of consuming high- and low-GI/GL meals, matched on macronutrient composition and palatability, plasma glucose and insulin, appetite, and food intake. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-nine healthy adults consumed only low- or only high-GI foods ad libitum in the laboratory for 8 days in either high (three foods per meal)- or low (one food per meal)-variety conditions. Glucose and insulin concentrations as well as appetitive sensations were determined before and for 2 h following breakfast and lunch on days 1 and 8. Energy intake was monitored daily. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in plasma glucose or insulin responses, appetitive ratings, or food intake between treatments. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the differential glycemic response of foods tested in isolation under fixed time are not preserved under conditions of chronic ad libitum consumption of mixed meals.