抗磷脂综合征所致复发性流产的诊治进展

复发性流产是育龄期女性一种常见疾病,近年来发病率逐渐上升,引起复发性流产的原因复杂,在已知病因中,抗磷脂综合征是最常见的病因之一,并被认为是最重要的可治疗病因.目前抗磷脂综合征导致的复发性流产已成为生殖医学研究的热点及难点,随着对实验室诊断以外的抗磷脂抗体的不断研究和发掘,有必要增加新的诊断标准以避免漏诊.临床上治疗抗...     

Prognosis of subsequent pregnancies after recurrent spontaneous abortion in first trimester

The outcome of subsequent pregnancies was studied in 24 women with a history of three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. Twenty one of the women agreed to forgo active treatment during the study period and three received progestogens or surgical intervention. As the outcome of their first pregnancy after recurrent abortion 18 of the 24 women delivered a liveborn infant after 28 weeks or more. Of all 49 pregnancies in the untreated group during the study, 10 ended in abortion. Only one woman in the study failed to achieve a live birth. Except in exceptional cases encouraging women with recurrent abortion to keep trying for a successful outcome is just as effective as currently recommended treatments.     

甲状腺自身抗体与复发性流产的相关研究

目的：观察甲状腺自身抗体（ ATA ）及促甲状腺激素（ TSH ）对复发性流产（ RSA ）的影响。方法选取我院118例早期妊娠患者进行常规检查甲状腺功能,其中73例既往有过2次以上不明原因的流产史患者作为研究组,并以45例既往无不良妊娠史的育龄妇女作为对照组。结果 RSA患者中甲状腺抗体ATA,TPOAb, TGAb阳性率与对照组相比较,P＜0．05,均有统计学差异;甲状腺抗体阳性且伴有促甲状腺激素（ TSH）≥3．93mIU的流产率为83．33％与单纯性甲状腺抗体阳性的患者流产率23．53％比较,P＜0．05,两组比较有统计学差异。结论甲状腺自身抗体阳性与复发性流产关系密切,TSH升高是流产的危险因子,建议两者为孕早期常规筛查。     

抗磷脂抗体相关性复发性流产的诊治:附75例抗磷脂综合征患者妊娠期用药和结局分析

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is one of the common complications in women of childbearing age during pregnancy. The immune factor accounts for a large proportion of many causes. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is the most common type of acquired thrombophilia disease. Autoimmune di-seases that cause thrombosis and obstetric complications under the action of antibodies are also the most common type of immune-related recurrent abortion. At present, there is no unified opinion on the treatment of this disease, especially the treatment of immunoglobulins and other drugs like glucocorticoid. Here we reviewed the progress of diagnosis and treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-related recurrent abortions and retrospectively analyzed and summarized the drug regimens and pregnancy outcomes of this disease with pregnancy patients in our hospital. A total of 75 patients were included. According to their clinical manifestations and laboratory results, these patients were basically divided into two categories:classical antiphospholipid syndrome and non-classical antiphospholipid syndrome. The latter was further divided into serum-negative antiphospholipid syndrome and antiphospholipid antibody-related recurrent abortion patients based on their clinical manifestations and antiphospholipid antibody results. The patients were divided into four categories:aspirin + hydroxychloroquine, aspirin + low molecular weight heparin, aspirin + low molecular weight heparin + hydroxychloroquine, aspirin + hydroxychloroquine + low molecular weight heparin + low dose glucocorticoids. Among them, aspirin + hydroxychloroquine + low molecular weight heparin + low-dose glucocorticoid treatment regimen was most commonly used. Most of the patients who received the above different treatment regimens achieved full-term infants, and a small number of patients had adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as premature delivery, placental abruption, eclampsia, and fetal malformation. And adverse pregnancy outcomes also occurred in this group. It might be related to the severity of the disease and the potential adverse effects of maternal fetal. However, further statistical analysis is needed for the risk factors affecting the pregnancy outcome of this part of patients.     

复发性流产史孕妇早孕末期超声筛查的结果分析

目的 分析早孕末期超声筛查对有复发性流产史孕妇筛查的价值.方法 选取我院2009年12月~2012年12月210例11～13＋6孕周产前超声检查产妇,按是否存在复发性流产病史分为观察组（存在复发性流产病史）90例及对照组（无流产病史）120例,对比两组患者间临床资料差异性.结果 观察组胎儿结构异常发生率较对照组高9.16%,颈部异常为两组间胎儿结构异常最常见发生事件,观察组为8.89%,对照组为1.67%,观察组较对照组高7.22%.以上数据行统计分析,提示P均＜0.05;在观察组中3次流产者最为常见（65.56%）,且胎儿结构异常亦为最高发事件（66.67%）.结论 有复发性流产史（特别是流产3次及以上）的孕妇更有必要做早孕末期超声筛查,并着重检查颈部异常.     

重复异位妊娠39例临床分析

目的探讨与重复异位妊娠发生的相关因素。方法回顾性调查2004年6月-2006年3月收治的310例异位妊娠孕妇的孕产次、盆腹腔手术史、粘连史、异位妊娠类型及治疗方式、腹腔内出血等资料。结果310例异位妊娠孕妇发生重复异位妊娠者39例,重复异位妊娠均位于输卵管,占同期异位妊娠总数的12．5％,两次异位妊娠间隔时间为6月-7年,临床表现相似,诊断不难。35例重复异位妊娠为连续2次异位妊娠,4例为连续3次异位妊娠。结论首次异位妊娠的治疗方式与重复异位妊娠有因果关系,要综合多方面的因素慎重选择对首次异位妊娠的治疗方式。     

Legal abortion in Eastern Europe

Data on legal abortion in Eastern Europe, based mainly on materials presented at the 1960 International Conference on Abortion, Problems and Abortion Control, held in Rostock-Warnemunde, East Germany, are discussed. In most countries of Eastern Europe, since 1955, abortion on demand of the mother or because of social indications has been legalized. East Germany, however, has not legalized abortion for other than medical reasons. By 1959, legal abortions had risen to one-tenth the number of live births in Poland, to one-third each in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, and exceeded live births in Hungary. Criminal abortion declined. Legal abortions have been restricted to the first 3 months of pregnancy unless there was a medical indication, and this provision resulted in very low death rates related to abortions in Hungary and Czechoslovakia (6/100,000 abortions). The low death rates compare favorably with mortality from all complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium in other advanced Western countries. It is concluded that while society's attitude toward induced abortion is a social and moral problem, that issue should not be clouded by unfounded claims of inherent procedural dangers.     

The antiphospholipid syndrome

The antiphospholipid syndrome encompasses a wide spectrum of presentations cutting across all subspecialties of medicine. It is characterized by recurrent thrombotic events involving both the arterial and venous systems. Large arteries and veins as well as the microcirculation are involved. Recurrent strokes, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, gangrene of the digits, etc. cause much morbidity and mortality in affected patients. It is recognized as an important cause of recurrent pregnancy loss. The risk in pregnancy extends to a propensity towards pre-eclampsia, abruptio placentae and intrauterine growth retardation. It often manifests as asymptomatic thrombocytopenia and sometimes as a life-threatening form called catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome. The management of thrombotic events rests on high grade anticoagulation (INR 3-4) as lower values of INR than this often fail to prevent recurrence. Aspirin is generally added in case of arterial thrombosis. A combination of heparin and aspirin at least in the first trimester and sometimes throughout pregnancy is used to prevent foetal loss.     

中药治疗复发性流产随机对照试验存在的方法学问题及改进建议

目的：复发性流产是妇产科临床常见疾病,现代医学尚缺乏有效治疗措施。中医对复发性流产的认识和治疗有丰富的古今文献记载,但其疗效和安全性仍缺乏高质量临床研究的验证。本研究对所有已发表或未发表的中药治疗复发性流产的随机对照试验存在的方法学问题进行评价,提出相应的改进建议,为提高临床研究的证据质量提供依据。 方法：从中国知网、重庆维普中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据、PubMed和Cochrane Library 6个数据库中,全面系统地检索中药治疗复发性流产的随机对照试验文献,检索截止日期为2011年12月15日。参照Cochrane协作网系统评价员手册、CONSORT声明和CONSORT for TCM声明,评价纳入的研究在设计与报告方面的方法学质量。 结果：共检索获得49篇中药治疗复发性流产的随机对照试验,均在中国发表,但这些研究的方法学质量普遍低下。存在的主要问题有未报告随机方法、样本量的估算、对象招募流程;未说明是否采用盲法;对受试对象的诊断标准以及病因、年龄、流产次数、中医辨证等基线资料未报告或报告不全面;治疗措施过于复杂;对照措施选择不当;随访报告存在偏倚;结局评价采用症状改善、实验室检查指标等中间结局,少有采用终点结局（如活产率）。 结论：中药治疗复发性流产的随机对照试验存在诸多方法学问题,建议严格按照临床研究的基本原则加以实施和报告,还应报告明确的诊断标准和详细的基线资料,根据研究目的制定合理的中药干预措施和对照措施,并报告终点结局。     

Non-surgical interventions for threatened and recurrent miscarriages

Many surgical and non-surgical interventions are used in the management of threatened and recurrent miscarriages. Evidence-based management of recurrent miscarriages requires investigations into the underlying aetiology. When a specific cause is identified, directed treatment may reduce miscarriage rates. Combined aspirin and heparin for antiphospholipid syndrome, and screening and treatment of bacterial vaginosis between ten and 22 weeks of pregnancy with clindamycin, are the only interventions proven to be useful in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The use of periconceptional metformin for polycystic ovarian (PCO) syndrome is promising, though data from RCTs are still required. The use of heparin in inherited thrombophilias, bromocriptine in hyperprolactinaemia and luteinising hormone suppression in fertile patients with PCO syndrome are more controversial. In threatened miscarriages, or when no cause is found, treatment becomes empirical. Supportive care may reduce miscarriage rates. Dydrogesterone, a progesterone derivative, may further reduce miscarriage rates. Bed rest and avoidance of sexual intercourse, though commonly advised, are of no proven benefit. Use of uterine relaxing agents, human chorionic gonadotrophin, immunotherapy and vitamins remain controversial in idiopathic recurrent miscarriages.     

Assessment of the early risks of chorionic villus sampling.

A study was carried out to develop proficiency in performing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and to determine whether the risk for miscarriage was so high as to preclude a randomized clinical trial comparing CVS with amniocentesis. A total of 202 women who had decided to have induced abortions volunteered to either undergo CVS (101 women) or be a control (101). There were no differences between the two groups in factors that may affect the rate of miscarriage. CVS was performed an average of 9.8 days before abortion. The rate of fetal loss was significantly higher in the CVS group (p = 0.009). An analysis of the results as a function of the physician's experience over time showed that there were distinct learning phases. It may take longer than is generally recognized to acquire the expertise necessary to perform CVS with the lowest risk possible. Caution should be exercised before diagnostic CVS is offered to women who plan to continue their pregnancies.     

Anticoagulation in pregnancy and the puerperium

For the management of acute thrombotic events in pregnancy therapeutic doses of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) may be used, unless the shorter half-life of intravenous unfractionated heparin (UH) and predictable reversibility by protamine are important. Treatment should be continued up until delivery and into the puerperium. Pregnant women who have had an acute thrombotic event should be delivered by a specialist team. In the case of recent thrombosis, delivery should be planned and the time during which anticoagulation therapy is ceased around the time of delivery should be minimised. Therapeutic doses of LMWH contraindicate the use of regional anaesthesia, and a switch to intravenous UH before delivery may allow greater flexibility in this regard. Prophylactic doses of LMWH can be used to reduce the risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in pregnancy. The regimen used will depend on the previous history, the family history and the presence of risk factors, including the genetic and acquired causes of thrombophilia. Women with mechanical heart valves are at high risk during pregnancy and require therapeutic anticoagulation throughout pregnancy under the direction of experienced specialists. Low-dose aspirin can reduce the risk of recurrent pre-eclampsia by about 15%, but the role of UH and LMWH in the prevention of recurrent miscarriage or obstetric complications associated with uteroplacental insufficiency is still uncertain.     

辅助生殖技术中发生枯萎卵的影响因素

目的 探究辅助生殖技术(ART)妊娠妇女中枯萎卵的发生率和影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年12月在南方医科大学南方医院生殖中心行体外受精-胚胎移植临床妊娠共2378例,包括早期胚胎停育和同期单胎活产,其中胚胎停育根据有无胎芽分为胎芽组和枯萎卵组.比较枯萎卵组、胎芽组和活产组3组间基本信息,如女方年龄、男方年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、基础窦卵泡数(AFC)、基础卵泡刺激素(bFSH)、bFSH/bLH比值、不孕年限、促性腺激素(Gn)用量及Gn天数、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)注射日雌二醇值、移植日内膜厚度、获卵数、移植优胚率、移植后10~14 d血清β-hCG值、不孕类型和流产次数,以及不同移植周期、胚胎类型、不孕因素、受精方式间枯萎卵发生率的比较.结果 枯萎卵组的双方年龄、BMI、不孕年限、不孕类型、流产次数和活产组有显著性差异;β-hCG在枯萎卵组<胎芽组<活产组(P=0.000);囊胚移植较卵裂期胚胎显著增加枯萎卵的发生率(11.6%vs 5.6%,P=0.000);3组间其他参数无统计学差异(P>0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析,女方年龄、β-hCG和囊胚移植是枯萎卵发生的危险因素.结论 女方高龄、血清β-hCG下降和囊胚移植增加枯萎卵发生的风险,枯萎卵的发生可能和早期胚胎发育的基因印记错误有关.     

章勤治疗不明原因复发性流产经验举隅

[目的]归纳总结章勤教授治疗不明原因复发性流产的临床经验。[方法]通过临床跟师学习,收集整理相关病例和数据,总结章勤教授的临床经验及用药思路,举病案一则,加以佐证。[结果]章勤教授以中医辨证理论为基础,重视“预培其损”的思想,孕前调理冲任以使气血充盛和调,则血海按期满盈,胞宫定时藏泻,使先天之精肾气充盛,后天之本脾气充实,可提高胚胎质量,以改善孕妇屡孕屡堕的妊娠结局。[结论]章勤教授治疗不明原因复发性流产提倡“预培其损”,以治未病为重要原则,临床疗效显著,值得进一步研究及推广。     

卵巢功能异常与妊娠结局相关性及其机制概述

卵巢功能异常主要包括卵巢功能低下和高反应,是女性不孕不育的重要原因之一。卵巢功能异常女性妊娠结局不良,可表现为流产率升高、活产率下降,以及妊娠并发症和新生儿风险增加,其原因与卵子质量下降和母体内环境紊乱等因素有关。本文将对卵巢功能异常对妊娠结局的影响及其机制进行综述,以期为临床综合诊疗和相关研究提供参考。     

体外受精/卵胞浆内单精子注射术后宫内单胎妊娠早期自然流产的相关因素

目的：探讨体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)/卵胞浆内单精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)术后宫内单胎妊娠病例发生早期自然流产的相关因素,为早期自然流产的预防提供可行依据。方法：采用成组病例-对照研究,对2013年1月至2014年5月在湘雅医院生殖医学中心行IVF/ICSI术后的单胎妊娠病例进行回顾性分析,以早期自然流产夫妇(96对)为病例组,足月活产分娩夫妇(593对)为对照组,分析早期自然流产的相关因素。结果：多因素分析显示女方年龄大、有自然流产史以及男方精子DNA碎片指数(DAN fragmentation index,DFI)高为IVF/ICSI术后早期自然流产的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：IVF/ICSI术后发生早期自然流产受多因素的影响。女方年龄越大(>30岁)、有自然流产史或男方精子DFI越高(≥15%),IVF/ICSI术后发生早期自然流产的风险越大。     

重复异位妊娠32例临床分析

目的探讨重复异位妊娠的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预防。方法回顾性分析2005年10月～2010年10月在我院住院治疗的32例重复异位妊娠的临床资料。结果异位妊娠32例,占同期异位妊娠7.17%,平均发病年龄（34±0.8）岁,两次异位妊娠平均间隔时间38.72个月,多有停经、腹痛、阴道流血、妇检阳性、hCG增高及B超示附件包块等表现,4例药物保守治疗成功,28例手术治疗,其中保守手术11例,患侧输卵管切除17例,加对侧输卵管结扎5例,术中证实均系输卵管妊娠,有盆腔粘连21例（75%）。结论重复异位妊娠好发于年轻女性,盆腔炎症、首次异位妊娠保守治疗是其发病的高危因素,减少盆腔炎性疾病的发生、首次异位妊娠合理、及时的治疗以及术后有效监测和治疗是预防重复异位妊娠的有效方法。     

妊娠4～9周孕妇血清雌二醇变化与妊娠结局的关系

目的探讨妊娠4～9周孕妇血清雌二醇(E2)变化与妊娠结局的关系。方法选择在本院就诊的妊娠4～9周的孕妇,根据孕妇妊娠结局分为正常妊娠组和胚胎停育组,正常妊娠组又根据有无复发性流产病史者分为两组,各组按孕周又分为6个亚组。采用化学发光分析法检测各组孕妇血清E2水平,并进行比较分析。结果正常妊娠组妊娠4～9周孕妇每周血清E2水平随妊娠周数增加而增加,有复发性流产病史的患者和无复发性流产的患者各孕周E2水平的变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而胚胎停育组随孕周增加呈下降趋势。与正常妊娠组的相应孕周两两比较胚胎停育组各个孕周孕妇血清E2水平相应均数显著偏低(P<0.05)。结论胚胎停育孕妇各孕周血清E2水平均显著下降,提示E2可能是维持早期妊娠的重要因素之一。     

解脲脲原体、抗心磷脂抗体与反复早期自然流产相互间关系的研究

目的:探讨反复早期自然流产(ERSA)与抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)、解脲脲原体(Uu)感染之间的关系,并进一步研究解脲脲原体感染与抗心磷脂抗体产生间的关系。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测74例反复早期自然流产患者(ERSA组)静脉血中ACAIgM、IgG;荧光定量PCR法检测其宫颈分泌物中解脲脲原体;同样对60例自愿人工流产(AA组)和53例孕前咨询查体者(PE组)进行相应检测。结果:74例反复早期自然流产的ACAIgM、IgG,Uu阳性率分别为17.75%、22.97%、31.08%,明显高于人工流产组对应的5.00%、6.67%、11.67%(P<0.05)和查体组的1.89%、3.77%、3.77%(P<0.01)。ERSA中解脲脲原体阳性组ACAIgM、IgG阳性率分别为34.78%、43.48%,显著高于阴性组的9.80%、13.73%(P<0.01)。ERSA组中解脲脲原体定量≥1.0×104cp/μl组的A-CAIgM、IgG阳性率46.67%、46.67%与<1.0×104cp/μl组对应的12.50%、37.50%比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:反复早期自然流产与抗心磷脂抗体、解脲脲原体感染密切相关,且抗心磷脂抗体的产生与解脲脲原体感染具有相关性。     

宫腔镜诊治子宫纵隔的临床观察

目的评估宫腔镜检查及宫腔镜下子宫纵隔切除术(TCRS)对于子宫纵隔的临床诊疗意义。方法对65例临床确诊的子宫纵隔患者进行TCRS治疗,分析术后妊娠率及流产率,了解影响妊娠结局的相关因素。结果宫腔镜结合B超或子宫输卵管碘油造影术(HSG)诊断子宫纵隔准确率达到100%。子宫纵隔患者TCRS术后妊娠率为75%(36/48),足月分娩率为63.89%(23/36),流产率为16.67%(6/36)。根据术前自然流产次数将病例分为A、B、C、D 4组,C组的妊娠率(78.95%)高于A组(46.67%)和D组(50%)(P=0.037);不同纵隔深度的患者术后妊娠率和流产率无统计学意义。术后<12个月妊娠者占75%(27/36),12～24个月妊娠者占22.22%(8/36),>24个月妊娠者占2.78%(1/36)。结论 B超或HSG联合宫腔镜检查是确诊子宫纵隔的有效方法,TCRS是治疗子宫纵隔的有效手段。