SSRI 治疗首发为抑郁发作的双相障碍患者对自杀风险的相关因素分析

目的 探讨双相障碍首次抑郁发作使用SSRI类抗抑郁剂治疗后,出现自杀风险的相关因素.方法 回顾性记录177例以抑郁发作为首次发作形式的双相抑郁障碍患者人口学资料和临床特征,并比较它们在没有出现自杀组和出现自杀组之间的差异,采用逐步Logistic回归方法进行分析,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)与Hosmer-Lemeshow分别评估危险因素模型的准确度和拟合优度.结果 没有出现自杀风险患者154例,出现自杀风险患者23例.出现自杀风险的患者组中饮酒史、心境障碍家族史、有易激惹症状、绝望感和伴随精神病性症状的比例高于未出现自杀风险的患者组(均P<0.05).进一步回归分析显示,使用SSRI类抗抑郁剂治疗而导致自杀风险的相关因素为:易激惹(OR=4.04,95%CI:1.40-11.67,P<0.05),有精神病性症状(OR=6.23,95%CI:1.41-27.56,P<0.05).ROC为0.71.Hosmer-Lemeshow为0.58.结论 易激惹症状、精神病性症状是双相障碍首次抑郁发作予SSRI治疗出现自杀风险的潜在预测因素.     

伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者人口学及临床特征

目的比较伴与不伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者的人口学及临床特点。方法数据来源于"中国双相障碍患者诊断评估服务研究"项目,将来自全国13个研究中心的1172例抑郁症患者,根据有无精神病性症状,分为伴精神病性症状组和不伴精神病性症状组,采用自制调查问卷收集患者社会人口学及临床特征方面的资料,比较两组差异,并分析抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状的影响因素。结果 13.3%(156/1172)的抑郁症患者伴有精神病性症状。与不伴精神病性症状组相比,伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者起病早,年龄小,更多已婚,既往抑郁发作次数多,因精神疾病住院次数多,抑郁发作频繁,更多患者伴非典型特征、有周期性或季节性特点、伴自杀观念及精神障碍家族史(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,起病年龄(OR=0.972,95%CI:0.957～0.987)、抑郁发作频繁(OR=2.099,95%CI:1.233～3.573)、伴非典型特征(OR=1.937,95%CI:1.277～2.939)、伴自杀观念(OR=1.654,95%CI:1.147～2.385)与抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状相关(均P0.05)。结论伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者具有起病年龄早、抑郁发作频繁、更常伴非典型特征、伴自杀观念的特点。     

误诊为抑郁症的双相障碍Ⅰ型患者自杀风险的危险因素分析

目的探讨误诊为抑郁症的双相障碍Ⅰ型患者自杀风险的社会人口学与临床特征方面的危险因素。方法来自全国13个中心患者共1478例,收集社会人口学及临床特征等信息,通过简明国际神经精神访谈(the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)5.0中文版确定诊断,其中116例被诊断为双相Ⅰ型。此116例患者采用MINI中自杀模块界定自杀风险,比较有、无自杀风险两组之间特征有无差异,通过Logistic回归分析探讨自杀风险的危险因素。结果与无自杀风险组相比,有自杀风险组发作频繁、更多伴不典型特征、自杀观念及精神病性症状、周期性或季节性、起病有诱因、更多次发病。Logistic回归分析显示,精神病性症状(OR=6.127)、伴有自杀观念(OR=3.940)及频繁发作(OR=3.283)与误诊为抑郁症的双相Ⅰ型患者自杀风险高相关(均P0.05)。结论精神病性症状、自杀观念及频繁发作可能是误诊为抑郁症的双相Ⅰ型患者自杀风险的独立危险因素。     

伴精神病性症状的双相障碍患者自杀未遂的危险因素分析

目的:探讨伴有精神病性症状的双相障碍(BD)患者自杀未遂的危险因素。方法:对2010~2011年"中国BD患者诊断评估服务"项目的数据进行二次分析;对306例BD患者中伴有精神病性症状的99例(32.4%)患者应用简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)中自杀模块分为自杀未遂组和对照组,比较两组的人口学及临床资料,Logistic回归分析伴有精神病性症状的BD患者自杀未遂的危险因素。结果:分别有36例(36.5%)及63例患者入自杀未遂组和对照组;自杀未遂组年龄明显高于对照组(t=-2.37,P=0.020);发作频繁(χ~2=8.526)、伴有不典型特征(χ~2=6.673)、有自杀观念(χ~2=6.314)、有季节性特征(χ~2=4.956)及有精神障碍家族史(χ~2=6.189)比率明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄及自杀观念与伴有精神病性症状BD患者的自杀未遂相关(OR=1.055,P=0.008,95%CI:1.014~1.098;OR=4.467,P=0.002,95%CI:1.750~11.403)。结论:年龄大及有自杀观念是伴有精神病性症状BD患者自杀未遂的主要危险因素。     

住院成年早期双相情感障碍患者自杀相关因素研究

目的 探索分析成年早期双相情感障碍住院患者自杀行为的相关因素。方法 选取 2018 年 1— 12 月在首都医科大学附属北京安定医院住院的 521 例成年早期（18～25 岁）双相情感障碍 患者为研究对象,按照是否曾有过自杀,分为自杀组（n=140）与无自杀组（n=381）,比较两组患者的 一般资料及疾病亚型。通过二分类 Logistic 回归分析探讨成年早期双相情感障碍患者自杀危险因素。 结果 与无自杀组比较,自杀组女性［70.0%（98/140）比 47.8%（182/381）］、冲动性格者［29.3%（41/140） 比 19.2%（73/381）］、有重大精神创伤史者［14.3%（20/140）比 4.5%（17/381）］占比更高,差异均有统计 学意义（χ2 =20.350、6.141、16.941;P＜ 0.05）。二分类 Logistic 回归分析显示,女性［OR=0.375,95%CI （0.226～0.564）,P＜ 0.001］、冲动性格［OR=0.603,95%CI（0.377～0.963）,P=0.034］、有重大精神创伤史 ［OR=0.295,95%CI（0.144～0.604）,P=0.001］是成年早期双相情感障碍患者发生自杀的独立危险因素。 结论 女性、性格冲动、有重大精神创伤史的成年早期双相情感障碍患者发生自杀的风险更高。     

不同年龄抑郁障碍患者电休克治疗疗效及影响因素分析

目的 对比青少年与成人抑郁障碍患者通过电休克治疗疗效,探究影响电休克治疗的相关因素。方法 入组2019年8月～2022年1月我院符合入组标准的青少年抑郁障碍患者19例和成人组抑郁障碍患者28例。两组患者均通过电休克治疗,分别在首次治疗前和末次治疗结束后24h用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、贝克自杀意念量表（BSI）对治疗效果做评定。结果 青少年组患者女性更多、伴精神病性症状更常见、年龄更小、起病更早、抑郁发作病程更长、精神心理科住院次数更少,差异具有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。两组患者治疗后HAMD、BSI评分均显著降低（P均<0.05）。两组患者治疗后量表评分减分率差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。无非自杀性自伤行为（OR=9.500,95%CI:1.091-82.725）、男性（OR=7.467,95%CI:1.799-30.994）与电休克治疗疗效有关。结论 青少年抑郁障碍患者和成人抑郁障碍患者通过电休克治疗均能有效改善临床症状及自杀风险,无非自杀性自伤行为和男性是电休克治疗疗效的影响因素。     

抑郁症门诊患者中未识别出的双相障碍者的临床特征（英文）

背景双相障碍常未被识别或被误诊为单相抑郁。明确未被识别或被误诊的双相障碍者的临床特征有助于减少错误分类。目的调查门诊抑郁症患者中未被识别的双相障碍者的比例,并分析未被识别的双相障碍者的临床特征。方法使用32项轻躁狂症状清单（Hypomania Checklist-32,HCL-32）、心境障碍问卷（Mood Disorder Questionnaire,MDQ）和简明国际神经精神访谈（Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI）对目前被诊断为抑郁症的100例门诊患者进行调查。对被重新诊断为双相障碍与仍然被诊断为抑郁症的患者的临床特征进行比较分析。结果共有29例（29%）抑郁症门诊患者被诊断为双相障碍;其中双相Ⅰ型6例,双相Ⅱ型23例。与未更改诊断的抑郁症者相比,被重新诊断为双相障碍者年龄轻、起病早、发病次数多、受教育程度高,多为复发性抑郁且多伴精神病性症状。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄（OR=0.55,95%CI=0.34~0.89）和精神病性症状（OR=9.12,95%CI=1.56~53.26）是双相障碍的独立危险因素。结论在门诊抑郁症患者中未被识别的双相障碍比例较高,尤其是双相Ⅱ型。与单相抑郁相比,诊断为抑郁症而为未被识别的双相障碍者年龄轻,更可能伴有精神病性症状。     

首发未治疗抑郁症患者自杀风险与情感气质的关系

目的探讨抑郁症患者自杀风险在情感气质特征方面的危险因素。方法来自我院门诊103例首发未治疗抑郁症患者,根据简明国际神经精神访谈(the mini international neuropsychiatric interview,MINI)5.0中文版自杀模块访谈结果,分为有自杀风险组和无自杀风险组。用情感气质量表(temperament evaluation of the Memphis,Pisa,Paris,and San Diego-auto questionnaire,TEMPS-A)评估情感气质,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD)评估抑郁症状的严重程度。结果 45.6%(47/103)的抑郁症患者伴有自杀风险。与无自杀风险组患者相比,有自杀风险组患者女性、无业及未婚者较多,发病年龄较早,HAMD总分以及TEMPSA中循环气质、抑郁气质、焦虑气质评分较高(均P 0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=3.392,95%CI:1.246～9.232)、发病年龄(OR=0.924,95%CI:0.844～0.966)、HAMD总分(OR=1.134,95%CI:1.022～1.258)和循环气质评分(OR=1.204,95%CI:1.015～1.427)与自杀风险相关。结论女性、发病年龄早、抑郁症状严重和循环气质突出可能为首发抑郁症患者自杀风险的危险因素。     

伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素

目的分析伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的人口学资料及临床特征方面的危险因素。方法来自全国13个中心的728例伴有焦虑症状抑郁症患者,根据简明国际神经精神访谈(mini international neuropsychiatric interview,MINI)5.0中文版自杀模块,评估其是否有自杀未遂行为。采用多因素logistic回归,分析伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者在性别、年龄、民族等人口学资料及伴精神病性症状、伴不典型特征等临床特征方面可能与自杀未遂相关的危险因素。结果伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者中,135例(18.5%)有自杀未遂,593例(81.5%)无自杀未遂。有自杀未遂组与无自杀未遂组相比,起病年龄早[(32.3±11.9)vs.(35.3±13.1)],既往抑郁发作次数多(中位数:2 vs.2),既往住院次数多(中位数:1 vs.0),更多患者出现抑郁发作频繁(14.8%vs.7.4%),更常伴不典型症状(25.9%vs.15.0%)和伴自杀意念(78.5%vs.50.3%),应用抗抑郁剂治疗者更多见(81.5%vs.71.2%),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者既往住院次数多(OR=1.18,95%CI:1.02~1.37)、抑郁发作频繁(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.14~3.68)、伴自杀意念(OR=3.55,95%CI:2.28~5.54)与自杀未遂相关联(P0.05)。结论既往住院次数多、抑郁发作频繁、伴自杀意念可能是伴焦虑症状抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素。     

未治疗抑郁障碍患者自杀风险与认知情绪调节策略的关系

目的探讨具有自杀风险的抑郁障碍患者在认知情绪调节策略方面的特征及其影响因素,以早期识别具有自杀风险的患者,有针对性地给予干预。方法选取117例来自北京回龙观医院门诊、经简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)5. 0中文版筛查符合抑郁障碍诊断标准的未治疗抑郁障碍患者,根据MINI 5. 0中文版自杀模块的访谈结果,将患者分为自杀风险组(n=52)和无自杀风险组(n=65)。采用认知情绪调节问卷(CERQ-C)进行认知调节策略的测评,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状的严重程度。结果抑郁障碍患者自杀风险发生率为44. 4%(52/117)。与无自杀风险组相比,自杀风险组患者更多见于女性、未婚、平均年龄更小、发病年龄更早、HAMD-17总评分更高、伴精神病性症状率较高,自杀风险组自我责难、接受、沉思、灾难化4个认知调节策略维度及消极认知情绪调节评分均高于无自杀风险组(P均<0. 05)。Logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=3. 539,95%CI:1. 383~9. 057)、发病年龄(OR=0. 931,95%CI:0. 895~0. 968)、HAMD-17总评分(OR=1. 207,95%CI:1. 063~1. 370)和灾难化(OR=1. 143,95%CI:1. 002~1. 305)与抑郁障碍患者自杀风险相关(P均<0. 05)。结论女性、发病年龄早、抑郁症状严重和灾难化可能为未治疗抑郁障碍患者自杀风险的危险因素。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.