HPLC法同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中8种指标成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和12,,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的HPLC方法。方法:Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),流动相组成A:乙腈,B:0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为186.4～932.0μg,定量下限为186.4μg(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);黄芩素线性范围为19.12～95.60μg,定量下限为19.12μg(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩苷线性范围为44.20～221.0μg,定量下限为44.20μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩素线性范围为10.30～51.50μg,定量下限为10.30μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.5%(RSD=1.4%,n=6);芍药苷线性范围为4.312～43.12μg,定量下限为4.312μg(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为98.4%(RSD=2.4%,n=6);芍药内酯苷线性范围为3.060～30.60μg,定量下限为3.060μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);没食子酸线性范围为9.994～199.9μg,定量下限为9.994μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=2.1%,n=6);1,2,3,4,6-五没食子葡萄糖线性范围为8.800～44.00μg,定量下限为8.800μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.0%(RSD=2.2%,n=6)。结论:本方法可应用于黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方鱼腥草合剂中绿原酸、黄芩苷的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用Sinochrom ODS-BP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇:0.2%磷酸溶液,进行梯度洗脱;柱温:30℃流速为0.9 ml·min-1,检测波长为315 nm.结果:绿原酸在0.1～1.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为100.26%,RSD=0.53%(n=9);黄芩苷在1.8～18.0 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.996 6),平均回收率为100.04%,RSD=0.87%(n=9).结论:本方法简便易行,能够准确、快速测定复方鱼腥草合剂中的绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量.     

HPLC法同时测定银黄制剂中的绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的:建立同时测定银黄制剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷的 HPLC 方法。方法:色谱柱为 Waters Symmetry C_(18)(3.9 mm×150mm,5μm)柱,以甲醇-0.4%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱(0→15 min,甲醇15%→55%;15→25 min,甲醇55%;25→28min,甲醇55%→15%)。流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为320 nm,0.02 AUFS。结果:绿原酸的线性范围为6.88～110.08μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996),平均回收率为97.4%,RSD 为2.2%(n:5);黄芩苷的线性范围为13.40～214.40μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),平均回收率为96.7%,RSD 为2.0%(n=5)。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可为银黄制剂的质量控制提供实验依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定胃复舒中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定胃复舒胶囊中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量。方法采用KromasilC18色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(34∶60∶6∶0.2);流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:270nm,柱温:30℃。结果盐酸小檗碱的线性范围0.01756μg～0.1756μg,r=0.9999;黄芩苷线性范围0.04696μg～0.4696μg,r=0.9999;平均回收率盐酸小檗碱为99.76%,RSD为1.26%(n=9);黄芩苷为100.66%,RSD为1.10%(n=9)。结论该法简便,快速,结果可靠,可用于胃复舒胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定茵胆平肝胶囊中6种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定茵胆平肝胶囊中绿原酸、栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、甘草酸铵含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Wonda Sil TM-C18,流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.8 m L/min,检测波长分别为325 nm(绿原酸和阿魏酸)、250 nm(栀子苷和甘草酸铵)、275 nm(龙胆苦苷和黄芩苷),柱温为30℃。结果:绿原酸、栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、甘草酸铵检测进样量线性范围分别为0.087~3.480μg(r=0.999 8)、0.201~8.040μg(r=0.999 7)、0.200~8.000μg(r=0.999 5)、0.016~0.640μg(r=0.999 9)、0.105~4.200μg(r=0.999 9)、0.028~1.120μg(r=0.999 5);定量限分别为1.31、0.75、1.14、1.25、0.94、0.98 ng,检测限分别为0.87、0.67、0.96、0.93、0.60、0.88 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为99.9%~101.9%(RSD=0.7%,n=6)、98.7%~100.9%(RSD=0.9%,n=6)、98.1%~101.5%(RSD=1.4%,n=6)、98.5%~101.3%(RSD=1.3%,n=6)、98.5%~101.7%(RSD=1.2%,n=6)、98.2%~101.4%(RSD=1.2%,n=6)。结论:该方法简便、结果准确,适用于茵胆平肝胶囊中绿原酸、栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、甘草酸铵含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和茵栀苷的含量.方法 色谱柱:Zorbax XDB-C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸-四氢呋喃(10:90:0.6),流速为1.0ml/min,灵敏度(AUFS)0.01,柱温30℃,检测波长254nm.结果 绿原酸线性范围为0.0544～1.088μg(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.8%(n=5);栀子苷线性范围0.258～2.580μg(r=0.9992),平均回收率为100.3%.结论 该法测定结果准确、稳定性好,可用于蓝芩口服液中绿原酸和栀子苷质量控制的测定.     

HPLC法同时测定清热灵颗粒中黄芩苷和连翘苷含量

目的:建立同时测定清热灵颗粒中黄芩苷和连翘苷含量的HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱:Kromasil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)。流动相:乙腈-0.5%三乙胺水溶液(磷酸调pH至3.05)(30:70)。检测波长为277nm,流速:1.0ml·min-1;柱温:25℃。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为1.65～105.57μg·ml-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.94%,RSD为0.39%(n=6);连翘苷线性范围为1.63～104.55μg·ml-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.00%,RSD为0.46%(n=6)。结论:方法简便可靠,结果重现性好,为控制清热灵颗粒的内在质量提供了科学依据。     

HPLC法同时测定舒肝宁注射液中5种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定舒肝宁注射液中5种成分含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Symmetry~? C_(18),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为238 nm(栀子苷、黄芩苷)、327 nm(绿原酸、野黄芩苷、黄芩素),柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、野黄芩苷检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.406 2~26.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、2.500 0~160.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、6.562 0~420.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.312 5~20.0μg/mL(r=0.9996)、0.585 9~37.5μg/mL(r=0.999 8);定量限≤31.20 ng,检测限≤15.60 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为97.72%~101.10%(RSD=1.21%,n=6)、97.67%~102.40%(RSD=1.87%,n=6)、97.64%~101.10%(RSD=1.31%,n=6)、96.45%~100.10%(RSD=1.47%,n=6)、96.16%~101.10%(RSD=1.69%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于舒肝宁注射液中5种成分含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定银黄口服液中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的:建立HPLC同时测定银黄口服液中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量的方法.方法:色谱柱用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为固定相(Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18,4.6×150 mm,μm).流动相:A为甲醇-水-磷酸(50:950:5),B为甲醇;梯度洗脱程序:0～30,A:95%～35%,B:5%～65%;流速:1 mL/min,检测波长327nm.结果:绿原酸和黄芩苷的保留时间分别约为10.5 min和23.8 min,与各自相邻峰的分离度均大于1.5.以峰面积(X)对进样浓度(Y,μg/mL)线性回归,绿原酸回归方程:Y=0.032 00X-0.021 60,r=0.999 9.线性范围5.040～45.36μg/mL,黄芩苷回归方程:Y=0.049 70X-0.488 0,r=0.999 9,线性范围:44.88～403.9μg/mL.绿原酸、黄芩苷回收率分别为95.7%和99.0%,RSD分别为0.43%,0.33%.结论:本方法回收率测定以及与药典法含量测定结果比较,显示本法测定结果准确,且操作简便,精密度好.     

HPLC法同时测定大卫颗粒中绿原酸、连翘苷、黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定大卫颗粒中绿原酸、连翘苷、黄芩苷的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Sinochrom ODS-BP（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇:30mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,检测波长为277nm。结果:绿原酸在10～80μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9996）,平均回收率为98.85%,RSD=1.02%（n=9）;连翘苷在10～80μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9993）,平均回收率为99.17%,RSD=0.99%（n=9）;黄芩苷50～600μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9995）,平均回收率为98.72%,RSD=1.10%（n=9）。结论:本方法简便易行,能够准确、快速测定大卫颗粒中的绿原酸、连翘苷和黄芩苷的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.