Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (SEH): incidence,risk factors,onset, and management

Background contextSpinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is a rare, yet potentially devastating complication of spinal surgery. There is limited evidence available regarding the risk factors and timing for development of symptomatic SEH after spinal surgery.PurposeTo assess the incidence, risk factors, time of the onset, and effect of early evacuation of symptomatic SEH after spinal surgery.Study designMulticenter case control study.Patient sampleAll patients who underwent open spinal surgery between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2006, at the National Hospital For Neurology and Neurosurgery (NHNN) and the Wellington Hospital (WH) were reviewed.Outcome measuresFrankel grade.MethodsPatients who developed SEH and underwent evacuation of the hematoma were identified. Two controls per case were selected. Each control had undergone a procedure with similar complexity, at the same section of the spine, at the same hospital, and under the same surgeon within 6 months of the initial operation.ResultsA total of 4,568 open spinal operations were performed at NHNN and WH. After spinal surgery, 0.22% of patients developed symptomatic SEH. Alcohol greater than 10 units a week (p=.031), previous spinal surgery (p=.007), and multilevel procedures (p=.002) were shown to be risk factors. Initial symptoms of SEH presented after a median time of 2.7 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 1.1–126.1). Patients who had evacuation surgery within 6 hours of the onset of initial symptoms improved a median of 2 (IQR, 1.0–3.0) Frankel grades, and those who had surgery more than 6 hours after the onset of symptoms improved 1.0 (IQR, 0.0–1.5) Frankel grade, p=.379.ConclusionsSymptomatic postoperative SEH is rare, occurring in 0.22% of cases. Alcohol consumption greater than 10 units a week, multilevel procedure, and previous spinal surgery were identified as risk factors for developing SEH. Spinal epidural hematoma often presents early in the postoperative period, highlighting the importance of close patient monitoring within the first 4 hours after surgery. This study suggests that earlier surgical intervention may result in greater neurological recovery.     

颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿形成的原因和预防

目的 探讨颈椎前路手术后硬膜外血肿(spine epidural hematoma,SEH)形成的原因和预防措施.方法 自2000年2月至2006年9月间行颈椎前路手术的患者共1752例,术后发生SEH 4例,男2例,女2例;年龄42-56岁,平均48.5岁,术前诊断均为脊髓型颈椎病,术前颁脊髓功能采用JOA评分,为6～13分,平均8.75分.分析4例患者SEH出现的时间、主要的临床表现、症状持续时间及手术处理对神经功能恢复的影响.结果 本组SEH形成的发生率为0.23%,平均症状持续时间为5 h(2～9 h),4例患者均行手术处理,术中证实为SEH形成.4例患者术后神经功能均有不同程度地恢复,其中3例末次随访时完伞恢复,1例双上肢运动功能部分恢复,遗留双下肢功能障碍及膀胱功能障碍.平均随访20个月(18～22个月),无SEH复发.结论 颈椎前路术后24 h是SEH发生的高峰,应严密监测;颈前路术后出现进行性加重的神经功能障碍是SEH的最主要临床表现;诊断主要依靠临床表现,当选择MR检查时应充分考虑剑该项检查可能对手术时间推迟的影响.SEH的治疗应以预防为主,手术干预是主要的措施,处理及时、症状持续时间短的患者神经功能恢复好.     

Severe Symptomatic Epidural Hematoma Following Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral Laminectomy for Bilateral Decompression (Endo-ULBD)—Series Report and Management Strategies

Objectives

Severe symptomatic epidural hematoma (SSEH) is one of the most severe complications following percutaneous endoscopic unilateral laminectomy for bilateral decompression (Endo-ULBD). Considering that this technique has been performed for a short time, no detailed reports have been recently published. Thus, it is critical to gain a better understanding of SSEH occurring in its postoperative period with regard to its incidence, possible causes, outcome, etc., in order to identify relevant management strategies.

Methods

Patients with spinal stenosis who had undergone Endo-ULBD in our department from May 2019 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Of which, patients with postoperative epidural hematoma were followed-up. The preoperative and postoperative physical conditions of each patient were recorded, and the information related to hematoma removal surgery was recorded in detail. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the results were classified into “excellent,” “good,” “fair,” or “poor” based on the modified MacNab criteria. The incidence of hematoma with different factors was calculated, and a bar graph was used to compare the difference of the indexes related to hematoma removal between cases, and a line graph was used to reflect the trend of the outcome of each patient within 6 months to evaluate the effect of the treatment.

Results

A total of 461 patients with spinal stenosis who underwent Endo-ULBD were enrolled in the study. SSEH occurred in four cases, with an incidence rate of 0.87% (4/461). All these four patients underwent decompression of multiple segments, and three of them had a history of hypertension comorbid with diabetes. Notably, one patient had a past history of hypertension and coronary artery disease and was on postoperative low molecular heparin due to lower extremity venous thrombosis. According to the conditions of the four patients, three types of treatment were used. And with timely treatment, all patients recovered well.

Conclusion

Despite being a minimally invasive technique, postoperative epidural hematoma remains a severe complication of Endo-ULBD. Therefore, during percutaneous endoscopic surgery, it is essential to enhance the comprehensive perioperative management of patients with Endo-ULBD. Signs related to postoperative hematoma must be recognized and promptly managed. If necessary, satisfactory results can be achieved by using percutaneous endoscopy along the original surgical channel to remove the hematoma.     

颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后早期硬膜外血肿形成的原因及防治措施.方法:2005年6月至2011年12月,行颈椎前路手术的患者1 452例,术后发生硬膜外血肿5例,男4例,女1例;年龄33～55岁,平均46.4岁;脊髓型颈椎病3例,脊髓型颈椎病伴C6椎体血管瘤1例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症1例.回顾分析5例硬膜外血肿出现的时间、临床表现、症状持续时间及手术处理对神经功能恢复的影响.结果:5例患者均出现在术后24 h内,平均症状持续时间4 h(2～7 h),表现为进行性加重的脊髓功能损害,均行急诊手术处理,术后患者脊髓功能均有不同程度地恢复,1例患者在第1次血肿清除术后5h再次出现血肿压迫而行第2次血肿清除术;术后平均随访13.8个月(6～18个月),至末次随访时神经功能均恢复良好,无硬膜外血肿复发.结论:颈椎前路术后24 h内,特别是术后6～8 h,是硬膜外血肿发生的高峰,应严密监测患者神经功能变化;早期出现的进行性加重的脊髓功能损害是硬膜外血肿的主要临床表现;MRI检查可以明确硬膜外血肿的诊断,并可以精确定位血肿位置和范围,有助于硬膜外血肿的有效清除.硬膜外血肿一旦确诊必须第一时间行手术治疗,如果处理及时患者脊髓功能恢复良好.     

The impact of hypertension on the occurrence of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma following single level microscopic posterior lumbar decompression surgery in a single institute

Purpose

Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (PSEH) is one of the most hazardous complications after spine surgery. A recent study has reported that a ≥50 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure after extubation was a significant risk factor for symptomatic PSEH. In this paper, the impact of hypertension on PSEH occurrence was investigated.

Methods

Among a total of 2468 patients who underwent single level microscopic posterior decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in a single institute, 15 (0.6%) received evacuation surgery for PSEH. Those 15 patients were investigated statistically compared with a randomly selected control group (n = 46) using the Mann–Whitney U test and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

The univariate analysis showed that there were no significant differences in age, gender, BMI, pre-operative anti-coagulant usage, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, and the rate of patients who received pre-operative hypertension treatment. However, there were significant differences in the rate of patients who showed high blood pressure at admission (66.7 vs 6.5%) and >50 mmHg increases in blood pressure after extubation (53.3 vs 17.4%) in the univariate analysis. Moreover, postoperatively, there was a statistical difference in the amount of post-operative drainage. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high blood pressures at admission and poor postoperative drainage were the essential risk factors.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that the pre-operative high blood pressure value was the most essential risk factor for PSEH, although there was no difference in the preoperative hypertension treatment. Consequently, management of pre-operative blood pressure and post-operative drainage will be crucial for preventing PSEH.

     

胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

 目的 探讨胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的形成原因、血肿压迫时间对脊髓神经功能的影响及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2002年5月至2012年5月经手术证实的胸椎后路手术后发生急性硬脊膜外血肿致神经功能障碍的14例患者资料,男6例,女8例;年龄41～69岁,平均61.2岁;胸椎管狭窄症10例,胸椎管内脊膜瘤3例,胸椎转移瘤1例;胸椎后路手术后3～14 h,平均6.6 h,患者脊髓神经功能出现恶化,ASIA分级A级5例,B级9例。对比血肿清除前、后以及随访时患者神经功能评分及神经功能恢复率。分析神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间及血肿清除前神经功能的关系。结果 14例患者血肿清除后AISA分级为：B级1例,C级2例,D级4例,E级7例。其中B、C级3例患者血肿压迫时间均 ＞10 h。血肿清除前、后神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率为63.7%±23.3%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除前神经功能呈正相关。血肿清除前神经功能与随访神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,随访神经功能恢复率为86.97%±17.58%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除术前神经功能呈正相关。结论 胸椎术后急性硬脊膜外血肿可致脊髓神经功能严重损害。脊髓神经功能恢复与血肿压迫时间有直接关系。早期诊断并清除血肿压迫是挽救脊髓功能的关键。     

颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿的相关因素分析及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后发生硬膜外血肿的相关因素及其防治措施.方法:1998年1月～2006年12月共行颈椎前路手术1821例,10例术后出现了颈椎硬膜外血肿,并通过再次行血肿清除减压术得到证实.回顾分析该10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素,统计分析确诊时段、清除血肿的时段与末次随访神经功能恢复情况之间的关系.结果:10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素分别是:凝血功能障碍5例,伤口引流障碍2例,血管瘤1例,不明原因2例.经Spearman等级相关分析,确诊时ASIA等级与确诊时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.85),末次随访神经功能恢复情况与手术时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.93).结论:术前凝血功能障碍及伤口引流障碍是颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿发生的高危因素,早期发现并尽快再次手术清除血肿利于患者神经功能的恢复.     

Deep Venous Thrombosis in Spine Surgery Patients: Incidence and Hematoma Formation

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant health care problem; a variety of factors place spinal surgery patients at high risk for DVT. Our aim is to define the incidence of DVT occurrence in spite of prophylactic measures (mechanical and chemoprophylaxis), and the development of spinal epidural hematoma as a complication of chemoprophylaxis. In a single-center prospective study, 158 patients who underwent spinal surgical procedures were evaluated by clinical evaluation and lower limb Doppler ultrasonography imaging. Only one patient (0.6%) developed DVT; this patient was treated successfully without thrombus progression, with full recanalization. Three patients (1.8%) developed spinal epidural hematoma, but only one required surgical evacuation, and none sustained neurologic deficit. Careful evaluation for DVT risk on an individual basis and good prophylaxis helps to minimize the risk of DVT. The neurosurgeon is thus left to weigh the risks of postoperative hematoma formation against the benefits of protecting against DVT.     

High intraoperative blood loss may be a risk factor for postoperative hematoma

The authors studied the incidence of postoperative intracranial hematoma to improve care after intracranial surgery. Five years (1995-1999) of surgical records were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were included if evacuation of an intracranial postoperative hematoma was reported. A control group was randomly selected. Forty-nine patients (0.8%) had postoperative hematomas requiring evacuation. The amount of intraoperative blood loss was significantly larger in the hematoma group (762 +/-735 mL [median 500 mL]) than in the control group (415 +/-403 mL; median 300 mL) (P = 0.004). Clinical deterioration occurred within the first 24 hours in 80%, within 6 hours in 51%, and within 1 hour in 12% of the patients. Those who deteriorated within 24 hours had a faster and more life-threatening deterioration than those who had a hematoma after 24 hours. A decreased level of consciousness was found in 61% and increased focal neurologic signs were found in 33% of the patients. An elevated intracranial pressure was seen significantly more often in the hematoma group (9/10 patients, 90%) than in the control group (1/8 patients, 12.5%) (P = 0.001). In this study, a large amount of intraoperative blood loss and elevated intracranial pressure were warning signs of postoperative hematoma and should alert the clinician to the increased risk. Most hematomas occurred within 24 hours after surgery, and in this time period the deterioration was more severe compared with the hematomas that occurred later.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage following enucleation: a result of surgery or anesthesia?--A case report

Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults. A sixty-nine years old, hypertensive male with a choroidal melanoma underwent enucleation. After extubation he woke up confused and unconscious. An emergent computed tomographic (CT) scan demonstrated intracerebral hematoma. The underwent repeat surgery in the postoperative first hour, because of left parietotemporal intracerebral hematoma. His neurological state became worse and he died in the eighth postoperative day. Sympathetic stimulation due to extubation, causing increase in the intracranial pressure or uncontrolled hypertension, may be reasons precipitating intracranial hemorrhage. In patients, who undergo intracranial or intraorbital surgery, had risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage or showed labile blood pressure perioperatively and were confused or unconscious in the postoperatively or had delayed emergence, intracranial hematoma must be suspected.     

Acute epidural hematoma: an analysis of factors influencing the outcome of patients undergoing surgery in coma

Mortality due to epidural hematoma is virtually restricted to patients who undergo surgery for that condition while in coma. The authors have analyzed the factors influencing the outcome of 64 patients who underwent epidural hematoma evacuation while in coma. These patients represented 41% of the 156 patients operated on for epidural hematoma at their centers after the introduction of computerized tomography (CT). Eighteen patients (28.1%) died, two (3.1%) became severely disabled, and 44 (68.8%) made a functional recovery. The mortality rate for the entire series was 12%, significantly lower than the 30% rate observed when only angiographic studies were available. A significant correlation was found between the final result and the mechanism of injury, the interval between trauma and surgery, the motor score at operation, the hematoma CT density (homogeneous vs. heterogeneous), and the hematoma volume. The patient's age, the course of consciousness before operation (whether there was a lucid interval), and the clot location did not correlate with the final outcome. The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients operated on within 6 hours or between 6 and 12 hours after injury than in those undergoing surgery 12 to 48 hours after injury. Compared with the patients operated on later, the patients undergoing surgery in the early period were, on the average, older and had more rapidly developing symptoms, more pupillary changes, lower motor scores at surgery, larger hematomas, a higher incidence of mixed CT density clots, more severe associated intracranial lesions, and higher postoperative intracranial pressure (ICP). The mechanism of trauma seems to influence the course of consciousness before and after surgery. Passengers injured in traffic accidents had a lower incidence of a lucid interval and longer postoperative coma than patients with low-speed trauma, suggesting more frequent association of diffuse white matter-shearing injury. The duration of postoperative coma correlated with the morbidity rate in survivors. Forty-eight patients (75%) had one or more associated intracranial lesions, and 70% of these required treatment for elevation of ICP after hematoma evacuation. An ICP of over 35 mm Hg strongly correlated with poor outcome; administration of high-dose barbiturates was the only effective means for lowering ICP in nine of 15 patients who developed severe intracranial hypertension after surgery. This study attempts to identify patients at greater risk for presenting postoperative complications and to define a strategy for control CT scanning and ICP monitoring.     

The importance of preoperative hemoglobin evaluation in large volume liposuction: lessons learned from our 15-year experience

Liposuction of >5 L of total aspirate at one setting is defined as large volume liposuction (LVL). A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent LVL from January 1990 to June 2005. Sixty-two patients underwent LVL. The mean volume of total aspirate was 8 L (5.0-11.7 L). There were a total of 6 patients who had complications. These included symptomatic postoperative anemia requiring blood transfusions on postoperative day 1 (n = 5), and an expanding hematoma requiring operative evacuation without transfusion (n = 1). Two of the patients who had blood transfusions had a history of gastric bypass and all of the patients were preoperatively anemic (<11.5 mg/dL). The mean follow up was 38 months. LVL is safe when performed in healthy patients under strict guidelines. Hemoglobin levels of all potential LVL patients should be checked preoperatively, and surgery should be withheld for levels <12 g/dL.     

Wound hematomas after carotid endarterectomy

Fifteen of 596 (2.5 percent) carotid endarterectomies performed at Brooke Army Medical Center were complicated by significant wound hematomas requiring reoperation and hematoma evacuation. The wound hematomas resulted from capillary oozing in 80 percent of the cases and arteriotomy bleeders in 20 percent of the cases. Antiplatelet therapy and postoperative hypertension appear to be significant factors predisposing to the development of wound hematomas. In eight cases, local anesthesia was utilized for the hematoma evacuation, and there were no complications. When general anesthesia was utilized for hematoma evacuation, there was considerable difficulty with airway management in six of seven patients. Complications developed in four of these patients. One patient had respiratory insufficiency secondary to laryngeal edema. Two of the patients sustained myocardial infarctions, one of whom died, and a dense neurologic deficit developed in the fourth patient who died as a result of this complication. Meticulous surgical technique in obtaining hemostasis, control of postoperative hypertension, and wound drainage when indicated will help reduce the incidence of postoperative wound hematoma. When a significant postoperative wound hematoma does complicate carotid endarterectomy, the hematoma should be promptly evacuated utilizing local anesthesia.     

Risk factors of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery

ObjectTo assess the incidence and analyze the risk factors of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery, in order to provide a solution for reducing the occurrence of postoperative SEH after TLIF.MethodsA total of 3717 patients who were performed TLIF surgery in the Orthopedics department of our hospital from January 2010 to March 2020 were included. Patients who had reoperations due to postoperative SEH were selected as the SEH group. The control group was randomly selected from patients without reoperations with the ratio of 3:1 compared to the SEH group. The basic information, preoperative examination and surgical information of the patients were collected through the hospital medical record system, and the statistics were processed through SPSS 22.0 software.Results(1) Among the 3717 patients who underwent TLIF surgery in our hospital in the past 10 years, 46 had secondary surgeries, with a total incidence of 1.24%. 12 cases had secondary surgeries due to postoperative SEH, with an incidence of 0.35%. (2) Univariate analysis identified eight factors potentially associated with risk for postoperative SEH, including older age, longer thrombin time (TT), higher level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), higher number of fusion segments, revision surgery, having received blood transfusion, using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery, longer operation time and more blood loss in the surgery (P < 0.05). (3) On multivariate analysis, three factors were identified as independent risk factors, which include revision surgery (P = 0.021, OR = 7.667), longer TT (P = 0.027, OR = 2.586) and using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery (P = 0.012, OR = 9.000).ConclusionsRevision surgery (P = 0.021, OR = 7.667), longer TT (P = 0.027, OR = 2.586) and using of more than one gelatin sponge or using of styptic powder in the surgery were independent risk factors for postoperative SEH after TLIF.     

Spinal surgery in a patient with essential thrombocythemia resulting in leg paraplegia: a case report

Background contextEssential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a relatively benign clinical course that may be complicated by conflicting thrombosis and bleeding. Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma is an uncommon, but well-known, complication after spinal surgery.PurposeTo describe a patient with ET who underwent surgery for lumbar spinal canal stenosis resulting in leg paraplegia and discuss the perioperative management for ET.Study designCase report.ResultsThe patient with ET underwent laminoplasty and posterolateral fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis at L4–L5. A hematoma was observed in the epidural cavity after surgery, and emergency surgical evacuation was performed. After revision surgery, bleeding from the wound continued for 2 months, despite transfusions of platelets and coagulation factors, and right unilateral leg paralysis developed.ConclusionsThis case presentation increases the awareness of this disorder to the spinal community and the need to establish guidelines for the perioperative management of patients who require surgery in similar settings.     

Co-existing liver disease increases the risk of postoperative thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing hepatic resection: implications for the risk of epidural hematoma associated with the removal of an epidural catheter

Purpose

A common surgical diagnosis for hepatic resection in Japan is hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to chronic viral hepatitis. It is known that chronic liver disease causes a decrease in blood platelet count. We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative changes in blood platelet count associated with hepatic resection at a Japanese institution and evaluated the incidence and risk factors for postoperative thrombocytopenia, which may increase the potential risk of epidural hematoma.

Methods

We analyzed the data of 165 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1 March 2010 and 30 June 2012 at Hokkaido University Hospital. The criterion of the platelet count for the unsafe removal of epidural catheter was <100,000/μL. Logistic regression was used to model the association between postoperative thrombocytopenia and co-existing liver disease, estimated blood loss and type of hepatic resection.

Results

After hepatic resection, 42.4 % of patients without preoperative thrombocytopenia experienced thrombocytopenia. The presence of co-existing liver disease was identified as a risk factor for postoperative thrombocytopenia [odds ratio 3.17 (95 % confidence interval 1.63–6.18)]. There was no epidural hematoma in the 149 patients who had epidural anesthesia.

Conclusion

Hepatic resection can cause postoperative thrombocytopenia that may increase the potential risk of epidural hematoma associated with catheter removal, and the presence of co-existing liver disease heightens concerns for postoperative crucial thrombocytopenia.     

非心脏手术患者术后谵妄的危险因素

目的 筛选非心脏手术患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素.方法 择期围术期有可疑危险因素的非心脏手术患者480例,年龄18～92岁,根据术后3 d内是否发生谵妄分为术后谵妄组和非术后谵妄组.可疑危险因素进行组间比较后,将差异有统计学意义的因素进行logistic回归分析,筛选发生术后谵妄的危险因素.结果 79例术后发生谵妄,发生率为16.5%.logistic回归分析结果显示,老龄、全身麻醉、手术时间≥3 h、术后Price-Henry疼痛评分为4分、合并肺气肿、饮酒≥3次/周是发生术后谵妄的独立危险因素(P＜0.05),相对危险度依次为1.924、0.188、2.251、1.752、18.954、1.779.结论 老龄、全身麻醉、长时间手术、术后剧烈疼痛、合并肺气肿、长期饮酒是非心脏手术患者发生术后谵妄的危险因素.     

心脏手术后谵妄的危险因素分析及预测模型构建

目的 探讨心脏手术患者术后谵妄(POD)的危险因素,根据危险因素构建预测模型并评估其预测效能。
方法 本研究为回顾性病例-对照研究。收集2016年5月至2019年5月行心脏手术治疗的患者3 397例临床资料,提取性别、年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史、糖尿病史、高脂血症病史、脑血管疾病史、手术时间、心肺转流（CPB）时间、主动脉阻断时间、术中连续有创动脉血压值、术中出血量、术中麻醉药物使用情况、入ICU时Hb、白细胞计数、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、血乳酸值、呼吸机使用时间、血管活性药物使用情况、术后左心室射血指数（LVEF）等临床指标,采用单因素分析评估上述指标与POD的相关性。采用逐步Logistic回归进行临床指标筛选并构建预测模型,绘制模型列线图,计算预测模型的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）以及最佳阈值下的敏感性和特异性。
结果 有186例（5.48%）患者术后出现谵妄。与非谵妄患者比较,谵妄患者年龄、脑血管疾病和高血压病史比例、术中低血压比例、术中血压变异率、术中丙泊酚用量、术中出血量、术后乳酸值、术后白细胞显著增高的比例、术后左心室收缩功能不全（LVEF<50%）的比例以及术后应用肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素比例明显增加（P<0.05）,手术时间和CPB时间、术中低血压时间以及术后机械通气时间明显延长（P<0.05）,术后氧合指数和Hb明显降低（P<0.05）。逐步Logistic回归分析显示,老年、脑血管疾病史、手术时间长、术中血压变异率大、术后Hb<100 g/L、机械通气时间延长以及左心室收缩功能不全、应用去甲肾上腺素是心脏手术后谵妄的独立危险因素。应用这些危险因素构建预测模型,AUC为0.932（95%CI 0.897～0.967）,敏感性78.2%,特异性93.5%。
结论 老年、脑血管疾病史、手术时间、术中血压变异率、术后Hb<100 g/L、机械通气时间延长以及左心室收缩功能不全、应用去甲肾上腺素是心脏手术后谵妄的独立危险因素,基于这些危险因素构建的模型可较好地预测心脏手术后谵妄的发生,为早期干预治疗提供参考。     

Retrospective analysis of perioperative ketorolac and postoperative bleeding in reduction mammoplasty

Purpose

We conducted a retrospective review following concerns involving a suspected increase in the requirement for surgical re-exploration for hematoma evacuation when ketorolac was administered perioperatively in patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty.

Methods

Following ethics approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty at our two institutions from the time ketorolac became available in 2004 until surgeons requested its use discontinued in 2007. The data we collected included patient demographics, ketorolac administration, requirement for surgical re-exploration, documented hematoma formation not requiring surgical re-exploration, and excessive bleeding in the perioperative period. Three hundred and seventy-nine patient records were reviewed; 127 of the patients received a single intravenous dose of ketorolac (15 or 30?mg), and 252 of the patients did not receive ketorolac.

Results

Patients who received ketorolac were at an increased risk of requiring surgical re-exploration for hematoma evacuation (relative risk [RR]?=?3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 9.6) and hematoma formation not requiring re-exploration (RR?=?2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.6).

Conclusions

A single perioperative intravenous dose of ketorolac was associated with a greater than three-fold increase in the likelihood of requirement for surgical hematoma evacuation. Our data suggest that it may be prudent to consider carefully whether the potential risks associated with the use of ketorolac outweigh the potential benefits of using ketorolac in patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty.