纤维支气管镜肺灌洗联合机械正压通气对重症肺不张患者的治疗研究

目的:研究纤维支气管镜肺灌洗联合机械正压通气对重症肺不张患者的治疗可行性及治疗效果。方法:对31例重症肺不张患者在综合治疗的基础上行机械通气和纤维支气管镜肺灌洗,监测患者生命体征、动脉血气分析,对治疗前后各项指标及临床情况进行对比分析。术后继续持续气道正压机械通气治疗,治疗后第3天复查胸部CT,对病情严重患者进行二次灌洗。结果:术中10%患者会出现血压升高,脉氧短暂轻度下降,心率增快,但所有患者都能顺利完成治疗。治疗前后各项生命体征基本平稳,多数指标变化不大,氧合指标有明显改善,复查胸部CT显示肺复张率达90%。结论:纤维支气管镜肺灌洗联合机械正压通气治疗重症肺不张是安全有效的方法。     

膨肺吸痰法在机械通气治疗中的应用和研究

目的探讨膨肺吸痰法在机械通气治疗中的应用和影响.方法将68例机械通气的重症患者随机分为两组,观察组34例采用膨肺吸痰法,对照组34例采用常规吸痰法.观察两组患者吸痰前后的血气分析值,并记录两组的机械通气时间、肺不张和肺部感染发生率.结果对照组吸痰前后动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧饱和度比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),观察组吸痰前后上述指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);比较两组机械通气时间(t＝2.840,P＜0.05)、肺不张发生率(x2＝4.570,P＜0.05)、肺部感染发生率(x2＝5.916,P＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义.结论膨肺吸痰法能改善机械通气患者吸痰时的低氧状况,并能缩短机械通气时间,降低肺不张、肺部感染发生率.     

危重病人机械通气期间膨肺吸痰的效果观察

[目的]探讨膨肺法对机械通气病人呼吸力学和生命体征的影响及其吸痰效果。[方法]将100例机械通气病人随机分为对照组和观察组各50例,对照组按常规吸痰法,观察组在对照组基础上辅以膨肺,观察两组病人治疗前后生命体征及呼吸力学变化、吸痰效果和肺不张发生率。[结果]观察组吸痰前后生命体征无显著变化（P〉0.05）,而呼吸力学指标明显改善（P〈0.01）,两组肺不张发生率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]膨肺吸痰法能够有效保持机械通气病人生命体征稳定和呼吸道通畅,改善呼吸力学特征,从而改善氧合功能,预防肺不张。     

经鼻气管导管吸痰治疗胸心术后肺不张、肺部感染32例临床报告

胸心外科术后很容易发生肺不张及肺部感染.作者使用气管导管吸痰,有效地清除了呼吸道分泌物.改善通气换气功能,促进炎症吸收.并就气管导管的使用方法及注意事项进行了讨论.     

COPD合并感染行纤维支气管镜吸痰灌洗及护理

目的探讨对COPD合并感染行纤维支气管镜吸痰、灌洗的作用及护理。方法选择COPD合并感染患者133例,随机分为常规治疗组(65例)、支气管吸痰灌洗治疗组(68例),观察治疗前及治疗7~10天后的胸片、痰培养、痰量与性状、动脉血气分析的变化以及拔除或堵管情况。结果支气管灌洗治疗组在痰量与性状、动脉血气分析、胸片、痰培养、拔管或堵管的有效率分别为91.18%、89.71%、88.24%、77.94%和64.71%;常规治疗组分别为78.46%、76.92%、70.77%、55.38%和43.08%,两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),术中用带软阀弯接头、气管导管固定、胸部叩击、密切观察和及时处理病情变化至关重要。结论支气管吸痰、灌洗有助于COPD合并感染患者炎症吸收好转,改善预后,良好的护理配合是取得满意效果的关键。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺不张22例分析

本组22例肺不张,采用了支气管肺泡灌洗治疗,其中20例可逆性肺不张均已治愈,其治愈率为90.9％。通过回顾分析后充分认识到要提高治疗性支气管肺泡灌洗术的疗效,必须注意选择可逆性肺不张病例,早期施治;对于病因不同及病变范围各异的病例,灌洗次数亦不相同;对于呼吸衰竭病人,应保证充分供氧,同时在血气和心电监护下,由技术熟练的医师进行灌洗,操作轻巧敏捷,坚持间歇吸引,控制负压不能过大;对于多次灌洗无效的病人,应进一步检查;如发现有支气管结石,肺慢性炎症久治无效,或仍不能排除肿瘤者,应及早手术治疗。支气管肺泡灌洗治疗可逆性肺不张目的性强、效果显著、安全、可靠,值得推广。     

纤支镜肺泡灌洗术防治亚低温治疗患者肺部并发症的疗效

[目的]探讨锁定钢板治疗肱骨上段复杂骨折的疗效.[方法]回顾性分析本院2005～2009年经切开复位钢板内固定术治疗的肱骨上端复杂骨折患者52例,均为Neer三部或四部骨折,其中肱骨近端锁定钢板（ LPHP ）治疗25例,传统T型钢板及普通肱骨近端解剖钢板治疗27例.通过从手术时间,骨折临床愈合时间、术后功能Constant-Murley 绝对值评分优良率等方面进行评估,对两种内固定疗效进行分析比较.[结果]LPHP组手术时间为（ 89.0±15.6 ） min,传统钢板组为（ 120.6±21.9 ） min,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;LPHP组骨折临床愈合时间（ 13.0±2.10 ）周,传统钢板组为（ 15.5±2.67 ）周,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;Constant-Murley 绝对值评分LPHP组优良率为92.0%,传统钢板组为66.7%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（ P 〈0.05）.[结论]LPHP治疗肱骨上段复杂骨折较传统钢板内固定手术时间短,骨折愈合快,骨折固定牢固,术后功能恢复良好,值得临床推广应用.     

间歇性膨肺预防开胸术后肺不张的效果

目的探讨间歇性膨肺预防开胸术后肺不张的效果。方法采用便利抽样法选取60例开胸手术后机械通气患者按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组各30例,实验组在机械通气期间每隔2 h使用呼吸囊进行膨肺治疗,直至停用呼吸机;对照组接受机械通气常规护理。观察两组患者动脉血氧饱和度（SaO₂）、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）等呼吸参数的变化,以及肺不张的发生率和上机时间。结果实验组患者在停用呼吸机前的PaO₂、PaCO₂及SaO₂高于对照组,平均上机时间及带管时间均短于对照组,肺不张的发生率（0）低于对照组（20%）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论间歇性膨肺能改善开胸手术患者的通气,增加气血交换,预防肺不张,缩短患者的机械通气时间及带管时间。     

Atelectasis formation during anesthesia: causes and measures to prevent it

Pulmonary gas exchange is regularly impaired during general anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation. This results in decreased oxygenation of blood. A major cause is collapse of lung tissue (atelectasis), which can be demonstrated by computed tomography but not by conventional chest x-ray. Collapsed lung tissue is present in 90% of all subjects, both during spontaneous breathing and after muscle paralysis, and whether intravenous or inhalational anaesthetics are used. There is a correlation between the amount of atelectasis and pulmonary shunt. Shunt does not increase with age. In obese patients, larger atelectatic areas are present than in lean ones. Finally, patients with chronic obstructive lung disease may show less or even no atelectasis. There are different procedures that can be used in order to prevent atelectasis or to reopen collapsed lung tissue. The application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been tested in several studies. On the average, arterial oxygenation does not improve markedly, and atelectasis may persist. Further, reopened lung units re-collapse rapidly after discontinuation of PEEP. Inflation of the lungs to an airway pressure of 40 cm H₂O, maintained for 7–8 seconds (recruitment or “vital capacity” manoeuvre), re-expands all previously collapsed lung tissue. During induction of anaesthesia, the use of a gas mixture, that includes a poorly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, may prevent the early formation of atelectasis. During ongoing anaesthesia, pulmonary collapse reappears slowly if a low fraction of oxygen in nitrogen is used for the ventilation of the lungs after a previous VC-manoeuvre. On the other hand, ventilation of the lungs with pure oxygen results in a rapid reappearance of atelectasis. Thus, ventilation during anaesthesia should be done if possible with a moderate fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO₂, e.g. 0.3–0.4). Alternatively, if the lungs are ventilated with a high inspiratory fraction of oxygen, the use of PEEP may be considered. In summary, atelectasis is present in most humans during anaesthesia and is a major cause of impaired oxygenation. Avoiding high fractions of oxygen in inspired gas during induction and maintenance of anaesthesia may prevent formation of atelectasis. Finally, intermittent “vital capacity”-manoeuvres together with PEEP reduces the amount of atelectasis and pulmonary shunt. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

One-lung flooding for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in animal experiments on pigs — oxygenation and intrapulmonary shunt

Unilateral flooding of the lung after intubation with a double-lumen tube makes intraoperative sonography of the lung during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery possible. After flooding with 15 ml/kg, the arterial partial oxygen pressure (with FiO₂=1.0) is higher than that in total atelectasis by about 100 mmHg, while it is only slightly less than that during bilateral lung ventilation. Compared to total atelectasis, lung flooding reduces the pulmonary right-to-left shunt volume. The pulmonary function normalizes within 8 h after the operation.     

One-lung flooding for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in animal experiments on pigs - oxygenation and intrapulmonary shunt

Unilateral flooding of the lung after intubation with a double-lumen tube makes intraoperative sonography of the lung during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery possible. After flooding with 15 ml/kg, the arterial partial oxygen pressure (with FiO₂=1.0) is higher than that in total atelectasis by about 100 mmHg, while it is only slightly less than that during bilateral lung ventilation. Compared to total atelectasis, lung flooding reduces the pulmonary right-to-left shunt volume. The pulmonary function normalizes within 8 h after the operation.     

Status asthmaticus complicated by atelectasis in a child

A case of an 11-year-old boy who was admitted for severe status asthmaticus complicated by extensive atelectasis is reported. Atelectasis involved all left lobes and the right upper lobe of the lung. Although the patient was refractory to maximal medical therapy and continued to deteriorate after intubation, he responded dramatically to the administration of isoflurane. Atelectasis was reduced immediately after fiberoptic bronchial lavage and the use of high frequency ventilation, with a marked improvement in blood gases. Isoflurane provided sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation without significant adverse effects, aiding the care of this pediatric patient who ultimately recovered.     

Effect of high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation on halothane ablation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV) was compared to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) during unilateral atelectasis with and without halothane anesthesia. Dogs with electromagnetic flow probes chronically implanted on their main (Qt) and left (Ql) pulmonary arteries were ventilated via Carlen's dual-lumen endotracheal tubes. In eight closed-chest dogs, about 43% of the cardiac output perfused the left lung during bilateral ventilation by either a Harvard animal respirator (IPPV) or a Health-dyne model 300 high-frequency ventilator (HFPPV). Unilateral atelectasis decreased blood flow (Ql/Qt) to that lung. Ql/Qt was 19 +/- 1% with HFPPV during left-lung atelectasis and right-lung ventilation, compared to 32 +/- 1% with unilateral IPPV. This suggests that HFPPV permits stronger hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Addition of 1% halothane increased blood flow to the atelectatic left lung during unilateral ventilation with IPPV but not with HFPPV. This suggests that halothane decreases the effects of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during conventional ventilation but not during HFPPV.     

心脏手术后机械通气患者两种吸痰方法效果比较

目的:比较心脏手术后机械通气患者使用密闭式吸痰的临床应用效果。方法:选取2012年10月~2013年10月于我院接受心脏手术并进行机械通气患者60例,随机等分成对照组和试验组,试验组患者采用密闭式吸痰方式,对照组则采用膨肺吸痰方式,观察比较两组患者的治疗前后生命体征、呼吸力学以及吸痰后发生肺不张、肺部感染的比例。结果:密闭式吸痰方式对患者的心率、血氧饱和度及平均气道压影响明显小于对照组,一次吸痰成功率高于对照组,两组比较具有统计学差异(P0.05),而患者发生肺不张、肺部感染的概率密闭式吸痰方式较低。结论:对心脏手术后接受机械通气的患者使用密闭式吸痰方式可以更好地帮助患者排除呼吸道内分泌物,有利于呼吸功能的恢复,有效防止肺不张、肺感染等并发症的发生,是一种行之有效的吸痰方式。     

床旁支气管镜在重症患者吸痰中的应用

目的探讨便携式床旁纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)在重症患者吸痰治疗中的应用效果。方法对我科2011年3月—2012年3月应用床旁纤支镜吸痰及灌洗治疗的58例重症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组33例为脑出血、颅脑损伤或外伤后并发肺部感染;10例为慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作、肺源性心脏病、肺性脑病合并肺部感染;8例为重症肺炎;7例为吸入性肺炎。气管切开13例,气管插管21例,行无创呼吸机辅助通气9例,均予床旁纤支镜吸痰,并配合抗感染、营养支持等治疗。58例呼吸困难或脉搏氧饱和度均很快改善,其中50例肺部感染、肺不张治愈,8例因肺部广泛耐药菌感染或颅内病变加重,最终死亡。结论床旁便携式纤支镜能有效改善因咳痰、痰液黏稠不易咳出所致肺部感染、肺不张及急性痰液阻塞窒息,显著提高抢救成功率。     

便携式纤支镜肺泡灌洗对老年肺部感染呼吸衰竭有创机械通气患者降钙素原和超敏C反应蛋白的影响及治疗价值

目的探讨便携式纤支镜肺泡灌洗对老年肺部感染呼吸衰竭有创机械通气患者血清降钙素原(PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的影响及治疗价值。方法 80例老年肺部感染合并呼吸衰竭有创机械通气治疗的患者,予以抗感染、扩张气道、祛痰和营养支持等治疗,对照组40例予以常规吸痰管吸痰治疗,观察组40例加用便携式纤支镜经气管导管吸痰和支气管肺泡灌洗、两天1次。治疗前及治疗1周后检测患者的血清PCT、hs-CRP、白细胞(WBC)、中性粒细胞比例(N)、动脉氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO_2),比较两组治疗前后各指标的变化;观察并比较两组患者有创通气时间、住院时间、病死率和并发症。结果治疗1周后PCT、hs-CRP、WBC、N、PaO_2和Pa CO2与治疗前比较两组均有明显改善(P0.05),观察组治疗后各指标改善明显优于对照组(P0.05);有创通气时间、住院时间和病死率比较,观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论便携式纤支镜肺泡灌洗可使老年肺部感染呼吸衰竭有创机械通气患者的血清PCT和hs-CRP明显下降,治疗安全有效,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

支气管肺泡灌洗联合肺吹气治疗开胸术后肺不张的围术期护理

目的观察12例支气管肺泡灌洗联合肺吹气治疗开胸术后肺不张患者的治疗效果和总结护理要点。方法完善术前准备,做好充分麻醉、心理疏导;术中加强监测,密切配合医生对患者进行支气管肺泡灌洗及肺吹气;加强术后护理。结果12例患者经治疗后均肺复张。与治疗前相比,治疗6h后的动脉血氧饱和度（arterialoxygensaturation,SaO,）和动脉血氧分压（arterialoxygenpa~ialpressure,Pa02）均显著升高,二氧化碳分压（C02partialpressure,PaC02）显著降低,治疗前后比较,差异具有统计学意义（均P〈0．os）。治疗中无严重并发症发生,肺不张无复发,患者均顺利出院。结论支气管肺泡灌洗联合肺吹气治疗开胸术后肺不张的效果明显,做好围术期护理对保证支气管肺泡灌洗联合肺吹气治疗顺利完成具有重要作用。     

双侧全肺灌洗对血流动力学和呼吸功能的影响

目的探讨肺泡蛋白沉积症(PAP)患者行大容量双侧全肺灌洗过程中血流动力学和呼吸功能的变化。方法对14例行全肺灌洗术的PAP患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果每次灌洗液注入肺时引起血流动力学和呼吸功能抑制,表现为中心静脉压(CVP)、胸液成分(TFC)、气道峰压(Peak)、气道平台压(Plat)、气道阻力升高,HR、有创血压(MAP)、每搏输出量(SV)、潮气量(VT)、肺顺应性降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),灌洗液吸出后改善。随着灌洗次数增加,血流动力学和呼吸功能抑制更明显,表现为MAP、CO、SV、心肌加速指数(ACI)、SpO2、呼气末二氧化碳(PetCO2)、体温、肺顺应性降低,CVP、TFC、Peak、气道阻力增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),恢复双肺通气后改善。两侧肺灌洗结束后表现为代谢性酸中毒,pH、BE、HCO3、TCO2降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),恢复双肺通气1h后改善。结论在每次肺灌洗液注入前后,血流动力学和呼吸功能均出现周期性波动。随着灌洗次数增加,全肺大容量肺灌洗使血流动力学和呼吸功能抑制。     

高血压脑出血合并支气管哮喘急性发作的临床特点和对策

目的 探讨高血压脑出血合并支气管哮喘急性发作的临床特点和治疗对策。方法 回顾分析我院所收治的46例高血压脑出血合并支气管哮喘的患者的临床资料。结果 根据患者哮喘发作的轻重、呼吸功能的改变、伴发糖尿病和应激性溃疡等病变情况，积极抗感染，及时进行机械通气、经纤维支气管镜吸痰和利多卡因局部灌洗治疗。患者哮喘症状均得到缓解或控制，43例(93．5％)治愈出院，3例死于严重的心肾功能衰竭。结论 高血压脑出血患者中，肺部感染和反流性误吸为支气管哮喘急性发作主要诱因。加强抗感染，及时进行气管插管或机械通气，以及经纤维支气管镜吸痰和利多卡因局部灌洗治疗可有效控制哮喘发作。     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对重症呼吸机相关性肺炎患者血清炎症因子水平的影响

目的探讨纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗对重症呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者血清炎症因子水平的影响。方法将68例重症VAP患者依据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各34例。对照组采取常规肺泡灌洗联合吸痰治疗,观察组则采取纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗联合吸痰治疗,比较两组肺部感染控制时间、机械通气治疗时间、体温恢复至正常时间、肺部感染评分(CPIS)、白细胞计数、呼吸功能、血气指标及血清炎症因子水平变化。结果观察组治疗后肺部感染控制时间、机械通气治疗时间、体温恢复至正常时间、肺部感染评分(CPIS)、白细胞计数、呼吸功能、血气指标及血清炎症因子水平均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗可明显改善重症VAP患者呼吸功和血气指标,降低血清炎症因子水平。