某大型医院污水处理净化效果

目的了解膜生物反应池和次氯酸钠消毒对医院污水的净化效果.方法于2005年5月,检测天津医科大学总医院污水处理站的污水处理效果.在污水经膜生物反应池处理前后及次氯酸钠消毒后分别取水样测定pH值、悬浮物、CODCr、BOD5,氨氮、粪大肠菌群及余氯.结果经膜生物反应池处理后,悬浮物、CODCr、BOD5、氨氮、粪大肠菌群的去除率分别为82.25%,80.25%,75.52%,75.84%,96.75%;经次氯酸钠消毒后,水中粪大肠菌群的去除率为99.96%,余氯为3.4mg/L.结论膜生物反应器结合次氯酸钠消毒的方法对医院污水有很好的净化效果,达到GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准.     

医院污水、生活污水净化处理的研究

目的：了解生物滤池和臭氧消毒对医院污水和生活水的净化效果。方法：于污水处理前二级生物滤池处理后及臭氧消毒后分别取水样测定悬浮物、CODcr、BOD5、氨氮及粪大肠菌群，观察不同处理方法处理污水后上述指标浓度的变化情况。结果：经生物滤池处理后医院污水及生活污水中悬浮物、CODcr、BOD5、氨氮的去除率分别为99．61％～99．99％，93．45％～99．45％．98．63％～99．80％，98．63％～99．80％。经臭氧消毒后，水中粪大肠菌群的去除率为99．99％。结论：生物滤池结合臭氧消毒的方法对污水有很好的净化效果。该技术可广泛用于医院污水及生活污水的净化处理。     

循环式活性污泥处理工艺在大型医院污水处理中的应用及净化效果

为了解循环式活性污泥(CASS)处理工艺和次氯酸钠消毒对医院污水的净化效果.于2011年10月选择天津医科大学总医院污水处理系统,在污水经CASS工艺处理前后及次氯酸钠消毒后分别取水样测定pH值、悬浮物、COD、BOD5、氨氮、粪大肠菌群及余氯.结果显示,经CASS工艺处理后,医院污水中悬浮物、COD、BOD5、氨氮、粪大肠菌群的去除率分别为96.19％、90.31％、93.56％、76.22％、97.15％,经次氯酸钠消毒后,水中粪大肠菌群的去除率为99.92％,余氯为3.1 mg/L.该处理工艺对该医院污水有很好的净化效果,达到GB 18466-2005《医疗机构水污染排放标准》中排放标准.     

生物处理技术对生活污水净化效果的研究

目的：了解生物滤池结合臭氧消毒技术对生活污水的净化效果。方法：于污水处理前、二级生物滤池处理后及臭氧消毒后分别取水样测定悬浮物,pH、CODcr、BOD5、氨氮及粪大肠菌群，观察不同处理方法处理生活污水后上述指标浓度的变化情况。结果：生活污水经二级生物滤池处理后，上述指标的浓度有了非常明显的改善。远低于污水排放的一级标准。经臭氧消毒处理后，污水不中的粪大肠菌群也低于医院污水排放标准。结论：使用生物处理技术（包括臭氧消毒技术）对生活污水处理有很好的净化效果。     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化法处理医院污水

目的 探讨水解酸化一生物接触氧化法处理医院污水的效果,为医院污水处理工艺的选择提供依据. 方法选用生物接触氧化法,经二沉池、过滤池净化处理. 结果运行结果表明,当进水CODCr、BOD5、SS、氨氮、粪大肠菌群分别为:230 mg/L、76 mg/L、105 mg/L、32 mg/L、1.5×108 MPN/L时,出水达到GB18466-2005<医疗机构水污染物排放标准>[1]排放标准. 结论该工艺处理医院污水可行,且具有耐冲击负荷能力强,运行稳定,污泥产量较低等优点.     

生活污水浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群浓度的关系

目的：了解污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度与CODcr(化学耗氧量)、BOD5(生化需氧量)及粪大肠菌群浓度之间的关系。方法：于污水净化处理前后，分别取水样测定水中浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度，并将相同水样测得的浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度配对作相关分析。结果：污水净化处理前后水中浑浊度高时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也高，当水中浑浊度低时，CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群的浓度也低，浑浊度与CODcr、BOD5及粪大肠菌群之间存在着密切的正相关。结论：污水净化处理过程中可以通过测定水中浑浊度的高低来间接反映污水净化处理的效果。浑浊度测定方法简单，易于操作，适合于基层单位评价水质净化处理效果。     

活性陶瓷球为载体的生物氧化池对污水中CODcr、BOD_5影响的观察

目的 :了解活性陶瓷球为载体的生物氧化池对污水中CODcr,BOD5浓度的影响情况。方法 :在生物氧化池 (1 )及生物氧化池 (2 )处理医院污水、生活污水的前后 ,分别取水样测定水中CODcr,BOD5的含量 ,后进行各组间浓度差异的显著性检验及分析。结果 :使用活性陶瓷球为载体的生物氧化池污水中CODcr ,的去除率达 93 2 0～ 99 45 % ,BOD5去除率为 98 63～ 98 68%。结论 :活性陶瓷球为载体的生物氧化池对医院污水及生活污水中的有机物均有非常好的去除作用     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化工艺处理医院废水的效果

目的 研究水解酸化-接触氧化工艺处理医院废水的工程应用,为医院废水处理提供一种科学的方法。方法 处理工程采用水解酸化 二氧化氯消毒组合工艺,处理流程分为兼性段和好氧段。结果 经过半年多的实际运行表明,该工艺在进水生化需氧量(BOD5)150mg／L、化学需氧量(CODCr)300mg／L、固体悬浮物(SS)300mg／L、pH值6～9、粪大肠菌群50000个/L的条件下,污水经处理后,水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》表4中二级标准。结论 该工艺处理医院废水的工程具有较好的实际应用价值和明显的经济效益。     

二氧化氯消毒剂治理医院污水的研究

[目的]研究二氧化氯消毒医院污水中粪大肠菌群数、细菌总教的主要影响因素及其灭菌效果.[方法]多因素正交实验,以ClO2投加量、污水温度、接触时间、pH值等工艺参数作为实验影响因素;单因素实验,对CIO2投加量(2、4、6、8、10、12 mg/L)、污水温度(10℃、20℃及30℃)、接触时间(5、10、30、60及90 min)的灭菌效果实验.[结果]CIO2灭菌效果随着ClO2投加量的增加、污水温度升高、接触时间延长而增强;ClO2消毒剂在医院污水治理中影响因素的主次顺序为:ClO2投加量、污水温度、接触时间、pH值.最佳工艺参数为:ClO2投加量8～10mg/L、污水温度20℃～30℃、接触时闻为30～60min时,医院污水中细菌总数和粪大肠菌群数的去除率均达到96%以上,其中pH值对ClO2灭菌效果的影响较小,可以不必考虑.[结论]二氧化氯消毒医院污水的灭菌效果好,达到GB8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>一级标准. )的灭菌效果实验.[结果]CIO2灭菌效果随着ClO2投加量的增加、污水温度升高、接触时间延长而增强;ClO2消毒剂在医院污水治理中影响因素的主次顺序为:ClO2投加量、污水温度、接 时间、pH值.最佳工艺参数为:ClO2投加量8～10mg/L、污水温度20℃～30℃、接触时闻为30～60min时,医院污水中细菌总数和粪大肠菌群数的去除率均达到96%以上,其中pH值对ClO2灭菌效果的影响较小,可以不必考虑.[结论]二氧化氯消毒医院污水的灭菌效果好,达到GB8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>一级标准. )的灭菌效果实验.[结果]CIO2灭菌效果随着ClO2投加量     

2011年淄博市医院污水消毒处理状况调查

[目的]掌握淄博市医院污水消毒处理情况,进一步做好医疗机构传染病监测管理工作。[方法]2011年8～10月,对淄博市40家各级医院的污水消毒处理状况进行调查,在消毒设备运行正常的医院,采集处理前后污水进行消毒效果检测。[结果]调查40家医院,有消毒设备的39家,消毒设备能够正常运行的26家。抽检消毒处理后样品26份,粪大肠菌群数合格率为69.23%,出口余氯合格率为84.62%。消毒设备运行、日常记录、个人防护装备、自检手段、应急消毒措施等方面,市属医院和区县医院好于市管医院。[结论]淄博市多数医院配有污水消毒处理设备,但设备运行及污水消毒处理存在较多问题,消毒合格率不高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.