A new subdivision,the marginal division,in the neostriatum of the human brain

<正> A new subetemtory was discovered byas at the caudal most edge of the neostriatum(St) and surrounding the rostral berder of the globus pallidus(GP) in the rat btain with neuroanato-my and immunohistochemistry methods.This area was named marginal division(MrD)based on its location.     

Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a paradise for acronyms (STUMP, GIST, GANT, and now GIPACT), implication of c-kit in genesis, and yet another of the many emerging roles of the interstitial cell of Cajal in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases?

This commentary addresses the nature of interstitial cells of Cajal (which can now be conveniently demonstrated by immunostaining for c-kit) and their possible role in the genesis of various motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The evolution of the concept on the nature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors is discussed, with emphasis on the recent finding of a very high frequency of c-kit immunoreactivity in these tumors, suggesting that they might exhibit differentiation toward interstitial cells of Cajal. The practical immunohistochemical applications of antibodies to c-kit in diagnostic pathology are also discussed.     

Dissecting the behaviour of transgenic mice: is it the mutation, the genetic background, or the environment?

Increasingly sophisticated and precise molecular genetic tools are applied to mice in order to study the cellular mechanisms underlying higher brain functions, including learning and memory. However, several studies have produced unclear or conflicting results. One reason for this is that performance in the behavioural tests used to assess learning and memory is influenced by various non-cognitive phenomena and can thus easily be affected by mutations through mechanisms unrelated to memory function. We conducted principal component analysis on data from 3003 mice tested using a standardized protocol to demonstrate this for the Morris swimming navigation test, one of the most widely used paradigms to assess memory and hippocampal function. In addition, we present a meta-analysis showing that genetic background and environment alone produce sufficient variation to span the range of most, if not all, behavioural variables and can thus easily mask or fake mutation effects if genetic studies are not designed properly. We suggest that the chance of obtaining useful results is maximized if behavioural deficits are differentiated by combining complementary behavioural protocols and by analysing multiple complementary parameters in each of them. Mutation effects must be contrasted statistically against the influences of genetic background and environment. In many situations, this is most efficiently achieved if (i) mutations are backcrossed to and maintained in one or (preferably) two well-characterized, commonly available inbred strains and (ii) if mutant and wild-type littermates are analysed on a hybrid or mixed genetic background, that is in F1 or F2 generations derived from the inbred stocks.     

Stability, Controllability, and Observability of the “Four State” Model for the Sarcomeric Control of Contraction

A model of the sarcomeric control of contraction at various loading conditions has to maintain three cardinal features: stability, controllability (where the output can be controlled by the input), and observability (where the output reflects the effects of all the state variables). The suggested model of the sarcomere couples calcium kinetics with cross-bridge (XB) cycling and comprises two feedback mechanisms: (i) the cooperativity, whereby the number of force-generating (strong) XBs determines calcium affinity, regulates XB recruitment, and (ii) the mechanical feedback, whereby shortening velocity determines XBs cycling rate, controls the XBs contractile efficiency. The sarcomere is described by a set of four first-order nonlinear differential equations, utilizing the Matlab's Simulink software. Small oscillatory input was imposed when the state variables trajectories reached a steady state. The linearized state-space representations of the model were calculated for various initial sarcomere lengths. The analysis of the state-space representation validates the controllability and observability of the model. The model has four poles: three at the left side of the complex plane and one integrating pole at the origin. Therefore, the system is marginally stable. The Laplace transform confirms that the state representation is minimal and is therefore observable and controllable. The extension of the model to a multi-sarcomere lattice was explored, and the effects of inhomogeneity and nonuniform activation were described.     

Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of the Metastasis Research Society,Genoa, Italy, 17–20 September 2004

Abstract

Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of the Metastasis Research Society, Genoa, Italy, 17–20 September 2004     

Study of the incidence of dialysis in São Paulo,the largest Brazilian city

OBJECTIVES:

Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem worldwide. In Brazil, approximately 100,000 patients (January 2012) receive renal replacement therapy. Nevertheless, data on dialysis incidence in the Brazilian population are scarce. This study aims to analyze the incidence of patients starting dialysis therapy in São Paulo City, the largest Brazilian metropolis.

METHOD:

This cohort study analyzed data from 9,994 patients starting hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis funded by the Brazilian Public Health System during a 5-year period (2007–2011). Patient data for this study (recorded as electronic files) were obtained from the São Paulo City''s Dialysis Regulatory Bureau, which regulates the allocation of patients requiring dialytic therapy.

RESULTS:

The dialysis incidence rates were 178, 174, 170, 185 and 188 per million population for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The incidence rates increased with age. Hypertension and diabetes were the main etiologies diagnosed. Hemodialysis was the chosen dialysis modality in the majority of patients (92.6%), whereas the percentage of patients referred for peritoneal dialysis decreased from 10.1% to 5.5%.

CONCLUSION:

The incidence of patients starting renal replacement therapy from 2007–2011 in São Paulo was stable but higher than the projected incidence for the entire country. The authors emphasize the need for further studies of the incidence of dialysis in the Brazilian population and for the creation of a Brazilian registry of dialysis patients, which would be a valuable tool for developing healthcare policies and renal replacement therapy strategies.     

Identification and characterization of the ribosome-associated protein, HrpA, of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

HrpA was found as a ribosome-associated protein which appeared in heat-stressed Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Here, we have studied the function of HrpA in vitro. HrpA is a heat shock protein belonging to a small heat shock protein family. The putative molecular mass was 17784.86 kDa. Recombinant HrpA formed large complexes of nonamer or dodecamer. HrpA prevented the aggregation of enzymes under heat shock conditions, and it formed stable complexes with partially denatured enzymes. HrpA was induced temporarily by oxygen repletion after anaerobic condition.     

Interleukin-22, the guardian of the intestinal stem cell niche?

Our molecular understanding of how immune cells protect epithelial cells against damage is limited. In this issue of Immunity, Hanash et?al. (2012) report that interleukin-22 produced by innate lymphoid cells provides protection to the stem cell niche of the intestinal epithelium.     

Sequence of the 3′ half of the Murray Valley encephalitis virus genome and mapping of the nonstructural proteins NS1, NS3, and NS5

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 3-terminal half of the RNA genome of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) using seven overlapping cDNA clones; an estimated 80–90 nucleotides at the extreme 3-end remain to be sequenced. In conjunction with previous sequence data for the 5 half (16), we can conclude that the MVE genome contains a long open reading frame of 10,302 nucleotides that encodes a polyprotein of 3434 residues. Comparison of the MVE deduced amino acid sequence with that of other flaviviruses shows that MVE is most closely related to Japanese encephalitis virus, consistent with serological studies. Using N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, three nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS3, and NS5) have been identified and mapped on the MVE genome. MVE NS3 contains sequence motifs suggesting that its amino terminus may function as a serine protease. The central region of NS3 (in the linear amino acid sequence) has motifs that are found in NTP-binding proteins and helicases. MVE NS5 contains a conserved Gly-Asp-Asp sequence that is thought to be essential for RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.     

Assessment of airborne mycoflora in critical areas of the Principal Hospital of Cumaná, state of Sucre, Venezuela

The study of the nosocomial infections of fungic origin has attained importance in the last years, due to the rise in the number of patients that are inmunocompromised and susceptible to suffer this kind of infection. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of filamentous fungi and yeast, present in the environment of the Intensive Care Unit, operating and newborn children rooms of the Hospital Universitario "Antonio Patricio de Alcalá" (HUAPA) from the city of Cumaná. Suere State, Venezuela. The recount of colony forming units/plate (UCF/plate) of the filamentous fungi and yeast was done in Petri plates with Sabouraud dextrose agar, which were exposed in the different studied areas. Eventually, the fungus colonies found were isolated and identified. The area that presented the highest average of UCF/plate was the Intensive Care Unit (9 UCF/plate). The isolated genus of filamentous fungus in higher proportion were Aspergillus (46.80%), Penicillium (19.19%) and Fusarium (11.06%). The isolated species with more frequency were Aspergillus niger (24.80%), Aspergillus flavus (10.54%) and Fusarium solani (9.52%). Rhodotorula glutinis was the isolated yeast with most frequency and different species of the genus Candida and the genus Criptococcus were isolated as well.     

Genotypic Analysis, Construction of the Expression System and Immunological Identification of the Recombinant Proteins of the LipL32 Gene in the Dominant Serogroups of Leptospira interrogans in China

Leptospirosisisoneofthemostimportantinfectiousdis easeinwaterloggingareasandpaddies[1 3].Thecur rentlyusedmultivalentvaccinesagainstleptospirosisare preparedfromdeadLeptospira[4 6].Sincethecross immuneprotectionamongdifferentserovarsofL.interro gansis…     

Hypothelia, syndactyly, and ear malformation--a variant of the scalp-ear-nipple syndrome?: Case report and review of the literature

The scalp-ear-nipple syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition that involves lesions of the scalp, malformed external ears, and absence of rudimentary nipples and breasts. We report a case of a woman with hypothelia, bilateral mildly malformed ears, and syndactyly of the hands and feet, and review the literature on the hypothelia/athelia phenotype. This case may represent a mild phenotype of the scalp-ear-nipple syndrome or a newly recognized entity.     

Outbreak of Colistin-Resistant,Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Are We at the End of the Road?

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that produce K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) have spread globally in the last decade. Colistin is a key agent in treating infections caused by this pathogen. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Giani et al. (T. Giani, F. Arena, G. Vaggelli, V. Conte, A Chiarell, L. H. De Angelis, R. Fornaini, M. Grazzini, F. Niccolini, P. Pecile, and G. M. Rossolini, J Clin Microbiol 53:3341–3344, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01017-15) describe a sustained outbreak of colistin-resistant KPC-producing K. pneumoniae.