Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Antiepileptic Activity of Tetra-Methylcyclopropane Analogues of Valpromide

Purpose. The described structure pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic relationships (SPPR) study explored the utilization of tetramethylcyclopropane analogues of valpromide (VPD), or tetra-methylcyclopropane carboxamide derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) as new antiepileptics. Methods. The study was carried out by investigating the pharmacokinetics in dogs and pharmacodynamics (anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity) of the following three cyclopropane analogues of VPD: 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide (TMCD), N-methyl TMCD (M-TMCD) and N-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-glycinamide (TMC-GLD). Results. The three investigated compounds showed a good anticonvulsant profile in mice and rats due to the fact that they were metabolically stable VPD analogues which were not biotransformed to their non-active acid, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (TMCA). M-TMCD was metabolized to TMCD and TMC-GLD underwent partial biotransformation to its glycine analogue N-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-glycine (TMC-GLN). Unlike TMC-GLN, the above mentioned amides had low clearance and a relatively long half life. Conclusions. In contrast to VPD which is biotransformed to VPA, the aforementioned cyclopropane derivatives were found to be stable to amide-acid biotransformation. TMCD and M-TMCD show that cyclic analogues of VPD, like its aliphatic isomers, must have either two substitutions at the position to the carbonyl, such as in the case of TMCD, or a substitution in the and in the positions like in the VPD isomer, valnoctamide (VCD). This paper discusses the antiepileptic potential of tetramethylcyclopropane analogues of VPD which are in animal models more potent than VPA and may be non-teratogenic and non-hepatotoxic.     

Pharmacokinetic Analysis and Antiepileptic Activity of N-Valproyl Derivatives of GABA and Glycine

Purpose. To explore the possibility of utilizing valproyl derivatives of GABA and glycine as new antiepileptics by using the structure pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship (SPPR) approach. Methods. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity) of the following four conjugation products of valproic acid (VPA), glycine and GABA were investigated: valproyl glycine, valproyl glycinamide, valproyl GABA and valproyl gabamide. Results. Only valproyl glycinamide showed a good anticonvulsant profile in both mice and rats due to its better pharmacokinetic profile. Valproyl glycinamide was more potent than one of the major antiepileptic agents - VPA and showed a better margin between activity and neurotoxicity. Valproyl glycine and valproyl GABA were partially excreted unchanged in the urine (fe = 50% and 34%, respectively), while the urinary metabolites of the amide derivatives were valproyl glycine and valproyl GABA. Conclusions. The four investigated valproyl derivatives did not operate as chemical drug delivery systems (CDDS) of glycine or GABA, but acted rather as drugs on their own. The current study demonstrates the benefit of the SPPR approach in developing and selecting a potent antiepileptic compound in intact animals based not only on its intrinsic pharmacodynamic activity, but also on its better pharmacokinetic profile.     

The Disposition of Valproyl Glycinamide and Valproyl Glycine in Rats

Purpose. To investigate the disposition of valproyl glycinamide and valproyl glycine in rats and to compare it with that of valproic acid (VPA) and valpromide which were studied previously. Methods. The study was carried out by monitoring the brain and liver levels of valproyl glycinamide and valproyl glycine (as a function of time after iv dosing) in addition to the regular pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of plasma and urine levels of these compounds. Results. The following PK parameters were obtained for valproyl glycinamide and valproyl glycine, respectively: clearance, 7.1 and 16 ml/ min/kg; volume of distribution (Vss), 0.78 and 0.41 1/kg; half-life, 1.1 and 0.37 h; and mean residence time, 1.8 and 0.4 h. The ratios of AUCs of valproyl glycinamide of liver to plasma and brain to plasma were 0.70 and 0.66, respectively. The ratios of the AUCs of valproyl glycine of liver to plasma and brain to plasma were 0.19 and 0.02, respectively. Conclusions. Valproyl glycinamide distributes better in the brain than VPA, a fact which may contribute to its better anticonvulsant activity. Valproyl glycine was barely distributed in the brain, a fact which may explain its lack of anticonvulsant activity. In addition to the liver, the brain was found to be a minor metabolic site of the biotransformation of valproyl glycinamide to valproyl glycine.     

Pharmacokinetics and Anticonvulsant Activity of Three Monoesteric Prodrugs of Valproic Acid

The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) were compared in dogs with those of the prodrugs ethyl valproate (E-VPA), trichloroethyl valproate (T-VPA), and valproyl valproate (V-VPA). Valproic acid, E-VPA, T-VPA, and V-VPA were administered intravenously and orally to six dogs at equimolar doses. The three VPA prodrugs were rapidly converted to VPA. The biotransformation was complete in the case of E-VPA and T-VPA but was only partial in the case of V-VPA. Because of the rapid conversion to the parent drug, after administration of the prodrugs, VPA plasma levels did not yield a sustained-release profile. Further, the anticonvulsant activity of prodrugs was compared in mice to that of VPA and valpromide (VPD). The anticonvulsant activity of E-VPA, T-VPA, and V-VPA was less than that of VPA.     

Pharmacokinetic analysis and antiepileptic activity of two new isomers of N-valproyl glycinamide

Valproyl glycinamide (TV 1901-VPGD) is a new antiepileptic drug, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. The present study explored the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity) of two new isomers of valproyl glycinamide: valnoctyl glycinamide (VCGD) and diisopropylacetyl (DIGD). Both VCGD and DIGD showed anticonvulsant activity and a safety margin in mice similar to those of VPGD. Following iv administration (556 mg) to six dogs, VCGD had a clearance (Cl) value of 3·8±1·1 L h⁻¹ (mean±SD), a volume of distribution (V_ss) of 15±2 L, and a half-life (t_1/2) of 1·9±0·3 h. DIGD had Cl, V_ss, and t_1/2 values of 10±0·8 L h⁻¹, 19±3 L, and 1·6±0·2 h, respectively. Neither VCGD nor DIGD operated as chemical drug delivery systems (CDDSs) of glycine, valnoctic acid, or diisopropyl acetic acid and both showed antiepileptic profiles different from that of valproic acid (VPA). Both glycinamides were biotransformed to their glycine analogues with similar fractions metabolized ( f_m): 59±5% (VCGD) and 62±15% (DIGD). The two glycine metabolites, valnoctyl glycine (VCGA) and diisopropylacetyl glycine (DIGA), were also administered to the same dogs in order to calculate the above f_m values. Both VCGA and DIGA had higher Cl and lower V_ss values than VCGD and DIGD and therefore their mean t_1/2 values were 0·43±0·02 and 0·30±0·07 h, respectively. VCGA and DIGA were excreted mainly intact in the urine, with fractions excreted unchanged ( f_e) of 60±9 and 55±7%, respectively. The improved pharmacokinetic profile of VCGD and DIGD relative to their glycine analogues may explain the similarity of their anticonvulsant activity to that of valproyl glycinamide. The current study demonstrates the benefit of the structure–pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship (SPPR) approach in developing and selecting a potent antiepileptic compound in intact animals based not only on its intrinsic pharmacodynamic activity but also on its improved pharmacokinetic profile. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure–Pharmacokinetic Relationships in a Series of Valpromide Derivatives with Antiepileptic Activity

The following valpromide (VPD) derivatives were synthesized and their structure–pharmacokinetic relationships explored: ethylbutylacetamide (EBD), methylpentylacetamide (MPD), propylisopropylacetamide (PID), and propylallylacetamide (PAD). In addition, the anticonvulsant activity of these compounds was evaluated and compared to that of VPD, valnoctamide (VCD), and valproic acid (VPA). MPD, the least-branched compound had the largest clearance and shortest half-life of all the amides investigated and was the least active. All other amides had similar pharmacokinetic parameters. Unlike the other amides, PID and VCD did not metabolize to their respective homologous acids and were the most active compounds. Our study showed that these amides need an unsubstituted position in their aliphatic side chain in order to biotransform to their homologous acids. An amide which is not metabolized is more potent as an anticonvulsant than its biotransformed isomer. All amides were more active than their respective homologous acids. In this particular series of aliphatic amides, which were derived from short-branched fatty acids, the anticonvulsant activity was affected by the pharmacokinetics in general and by the biotransformation of the amide to its homologous acid in particular. This amide–acid biotransformation appeared to be dependent upon the chemical structure, especially upon the substitution at position of the molecule.     

阿魏酸衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 设计、合成了一系列含有喹唑啉结构的阿魏酸衍生物，并对其抗肿瘤活性进行研究。方法 基于拼接原理，将阿魏酸与喹唑啉进行结合，并对喹唑啉6位进行修饰得到目标化合物，采用CCK-8法测试目标化合物对肺癌细胞A549的抗肿瘤活性，利用分子对接技术对目标化合物与表皮生长因子受体的结合模式进行模拟。结果 目标化合物的结构经HRMS(ESI)、¹H-NMR进行确证；体外抗肿瘤活性结果表明化合物11d、11f、12d和12g的IC₅₀低于阳性药吉非替尼，11c的IC₅₀值与吉非替尼相当。结论 化合物11d(IC₅₀=3.09 μmol·L^-1)对肺癌细胞A549抗肿瘤活性较强，值得深入研究。     

Design,Synthesis, and Preliminary Activity Evaluation of Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives as Acid Pump Antagonists

Acid-related diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), remain a widespread problem worldwide. In this paper, we reported the design, synthesis, and preliminary gastric antisecretory activity evaluation of novel pyrimidine derivatives as acid pump antagonists. The gastric antisecretory activity assay results showed that all compounds displayed potent gastric antisecretory activity when gastric secretion was stimulated by histamine. The most potent compound 5g exhibited even similar gastric antisecretory activity compared with the control revaprazan, and the relative inhibition rate was 93.0%, which was worthy of further investigation.     

9—羧基氧杂蒽类衍生物的合成及生物活性

合成了二十个9－羟基氧杂蒽类衍生物并通过CIMS和EIMS确定了所有化合物的结构，初步的药理实验表明部分化合物具有明显的抗痉挛作用。     

Pharmacokinetics of valpromide after oral administration of a solution and a tablet to healthy volunteers

Summary The pharmacokinetics of valpromide, a primary amide of valproic acid, was investigated in 6 healthy, adult male volunteers, each of whom was given 900 mg as a marketed, enteric-coated tablet and a solution. Valpromide was biotransformed to valproic acid after the administration of the tablet and the solution with a bioavailability of 0.79±0.24 and 0.77±0.12, respectively, relative to a marketed tablet of valproic acid. The absorption of valpromide was not rate-limited by dissolution. As a solid, non-hygroscopic, neutral prodrug of valproic acid, valpromide may be a good alternative to valproic acid and sodium valproate.     

Amino Acid Derivatives,Part 4: Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of New Naphthalene Derivatives

A new series of 2‐(naphthalen‐2‐yloxy)‐N‐[(aryl‐5‐thioxo‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)methyl] acetamides 5a–f was synthesized from naphthalene‐derived glycine derivative 2 via the hydrazinoacetamide analogs 4a–f . Alternatively, treatment of 4a with H₂SO₄ afforded 2‐(naphthalen‐2‐yloxy)‐N‐((5‐(phenylamino)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methyl) acetamide 6a . Alkylation or sulphonylation of 5a afforded the S‐alkylated derivatives 7 and 8 , respectively. Interestingly, treatment of 3 with methoxide ion gave the triazine derivative 9 . The synthesized compounds have been screened for their inhibitory activity against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 in MT‐4 cells. However, 7 was found to be the potent inhibitor in vitro for the replication of HIV‐1 (EC₅₀ = 0.20 μg/mL), suggesting a new lead in the development of an antiviral agent.     

Cytostatic and Antiviral Activity Evaluations of Hydroxamic Derivatives of Some Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) pharmacophores are interesting in designing potential anticancer drugs. Indeed, numerous experimental, epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that NSAIDs are promising anticancer drugs. Herein, NSAID hydroxamic acids 3a‐i were prepared by a new synthetic procedure and evaluated for their antiviral and cytostatic activity against malignant tumor cell lines and normal human fibroblasts (WI38). Antiviral activity evaluation results indicated that 3f had only a minor activity against the influenza virus A/H1N1 subtype with a selectivity index of 7–10. On the other hand, the results of the in vitro cytostatic activity evaluations revealed that the majority of NSAID hydroxamic acid derivatives 3a – i exhibited a strong non‐specific antiproliferative effect at the highest concentration (100 μm ) on the tested cell line panel. Only compounds 3b , 3e and 3i exerted a differential dose‐dependent inhibitory activity against the growth of HeLa cells (p < 0.05) at concentration 10 μm . Among those three compounds, only compound 3b showed a selective cytostatic effect on HeLa in comparison with normal fibroblasts.     

吡咯烷类生物碱新衍生物合成及解痉活性

作者对吡咯烷类生物碱──红古豆碱及古豆碱进行化学结构改造，设计并合成了古豆醇酯类和红古豆醇酯类两个系列共九个新化合物，其中古豆醇酯类为具有解痉活性的新结构类型，各化学结构经ＩＲ，ＭＳ，１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ及元素分析确证．初步药理实验结果表明：所试验的衍生物（４～１１）均有不同程度的解痉活性，特别是衍生物（４～７）的活性高于市售抗胆碱药红古豆醇酯．     

苯乙醇胺类化合物的合成及其支气管扩张活性

设计合成了１４个未见文献报道的苯乙醇胺类化合物，离体豚鼠支气管扩张实验表明，其中７个化合物具有较好的活性。     

咔啉类衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的合成咔啉类衍生物并研究其抗肿瘤活性。方法以α-咔啉、β-咔啉以及1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉-3-羧酸为原料,经过多步反应分别得到6-取代α-咔啉类、6-取代β-咔啉类以及3-取代β-咔啉类衍生物,用MTT法考察目标化合物对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用。结果合成了15个新的咔啉类衍生物,结构经过1H NMR和ESI-M S确证。结论 MTT法测试所得的目标化合物对2种受试细胞株均具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,部分化合物显示出与阳性对照紫杉醇相当或更佳的肿瘤细胞抑制活性。     

Design,Synthesis, and Antimycobacterial Activity of Novel Theophylline‐7‐Acetic Acid Derivatives With Amino Acid Moieties

The theophylline‐7‐acetic acid (7‐TAA) scaffold is a promising novel lead compound for antimycobacterial activity. Here, we derive a model for antitubercular activity prediction based on 14 7‐TAA derivatives with amino acid moieties and their methyl esters. The model is applied to a combinatorial library, consisting of 40 amino acid and methyl ester derivatives of 7‐TAA. The best three predicted compounds are synthesized and tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. All of them are stable, non‐toxic against human cells and show antimycobacterial activity in the nanomolar range being 60 times more active than ethambutol.     

水溶性五环三萜酸衍生物的制备及研究进展

综述几种常见水溶性五环三萜酸衍生物的研究进展。五环三萜酸类化合物多具有广泛的生物活性,但因水溶性差、生物利用度低使其临床应用受到限制。以五环三萜酸为先导化合物,经结构修饰合成水溶性衍生物,并从中寻找出有生物活性和临床应用价值的化合物是当前天然药物化学研究的热点之一。     

白桦酸及其衍生物的研究进展

对白桦酸衍生物的构效关系及其中的YK-FH312、RPR103611和IC9564等的作用机制及活性进行述评。天然产物白桦酸是有抗HIV和抗肿瘤活性，且具有新型结构和新型作用机制的化合物，其天然来源广泛，半合成方法成熟，是寻找抗HIV和抗肿瘤药物的优秀的先导物。通过对白桦酸的结构修饰，大量白桦酸衍生物已被合成。     

熊去氧胆酸片的药物动力学和生物等效性

采用开放、随机、交叉给药方案,研究了18名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服750mg熊去氧胆酸制剂后的药动学及生物等效性。以LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,用非房室模型计算药动学参数。受试片剂与参比胶囊的药动学参数分别为AUC0-t（33.79±14.98）和（36.79±18.85）μg·ml^-1·h,AUC0-∞（58.93±5.31）和（51.28±32.85）μg·ml^-1·h,cmax（5.25±2.72）和（7.21±4.52）μg/mL,tmax（3.41±1.56）和（2.83±0.97）h,t1/2（25.71±26.23）和（20.22±12.64）h。熊去氧胆酸片相对生物利用度为（101.60±38.81）%,受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Pharmacokinetics of a valpromide isomer,valnoctamide, in healthy subjects

Summary The pharmacokinetics of a single 400 mg oral dose of valnoctamide (VCD) has been investigated in seven healthy, adult, male volunteers. VCD was not biotransformed rapidly to its corresponding acid valnoctic acid (VCA), unlike its isomer valpromide (VPD). It had a mean residence time of 13.2 h and a terminal half-life of 9.3 h. Throughout the study, only low plasma levels of VCA could be detected. Thus, unlike VPD, which is a prodrug of the corresponding acid, (valproic acid, VPA). VCD appears to act as a drug in its own right, and it does not undergo similar hydrolysis. The pharmacokinetic difference may account for the different pharmacological activities of the two isomers.