《2021 ESC急慢性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南(2023重点更新)》要点解读

<正>随着近年来一系列心力衰竭(心衰)诊治的相关循证医学证据及临床实践经验的不断积累,欧洲心脏病学会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)和ESC心力衰竭协会于2023年公布了针对《2021 ESC急慢性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南》(简称2021年版指南)的更新^[1]。该更新指南针对慢性心衰的分类依然沿用2021年版指南分类:射血分数降低的心衰(hear failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFr EF)、中间范围射血分数心衰(heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmr EF)和射血分数保留的心衰(heart failur with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)。     

慢性心力衰竭治疗的新时代

拮抗交感和神经内分泌的抗心力衰竭(简称"心衰")药物、心脏再同步化治疗、植入型心律转复除颤器、心室辅助装置以及心脏移植等明显改善了慢性射血分数降低的心衰(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)患者预后. 其中,药物仍是大多数慢性心衰患者的最重要治疗手段,除...     

慢性心力衰竭患者出院后1年预后及影响因素分析

目的:探讨慢性心力衰竭(心衰)患者出院后1年内的心血管死亡以及再住院情况,并分析预后影响因素。方法:随访2016年1月到2018年12月上海市徐汇区中心医院所有诊断心衰的出院患者,记录患者出院后药物治疗、再住院和死亡情况。采用逐步Cox回归分析,分析影响慢性心衰患者预后的因素。结果:共入选194例患者,男性102例(52.6%),冠心病150例(77.3%),高血压病78例(40.2%),糖尿病96例(49.5%),心肌病35例(18.0%)。射血分数降低的心衰(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)81例(41.8%),射血分数保留的心衰(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)113例(58.2%)。纽约心脏协会(New York Heart Association,NYHA)心功能Ⅱ级40例,Ⅲ级92例,Ⅳ级62例。随访中位时间12(11～18)个月。出院后3、6、9和12个月因心衰的再住院率分别为3.6%、9.8%、17.0%和18.6%;全因死亡率分别为1.0%、2.6%、3.1%和6.7%;Cox分析表明,左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、血红蛋白浓度和氨基末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)水平是影响心衰患者1年内再住院或死亡的主要因素[相对危险度(relative risk,RR)分别为2.356、1.975、2.218,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)分别为1.321～4.353、1.382～2.287、1.374～4.523]。结论:心衰患者出院后1年因心衰的再住院率、全因死亡率分别为18.6%、6.70%。LVEF、血红蛋白浓度和NT-proBNP水平是影响心衰患者1年内再住院或死亡的主要因素。     

Air pollution and heart failure: Relationship with the ejection fraction

AIM: To study whether the concentrations of particulate matter in ambient air are associated with hospitaladmission due to heart failure in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and reduced ejection fraction. METHODS: We studied 353 consecutive patients admitted into a tertiary care hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure. Patients with ejection fraction of ≥ 45% were classified as having heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and those with an ejection fraction of < 45% were classified as having heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We determined the average concentrations of different sizes of particulate matter (< 10, < 2.5, and < 1 μm) and the concentrations of gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone) from 1 d up to 7 d prior to admission. RESULTS: The heart failure with preserved ejection fraction population was exposed to higher nitrogen dioxide concentrations compared to the heart failure with reduced ejection fraction population (12.95 ± 8.22 μg/m 3 vs 4.50 ± 2.34 μg/m 3 , P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that nitrogen dioxide was a significant predictor of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (odds ratio ranging from (1.403, 95%CI: 1.003-2.007, P = 0.04) to (1.669, 95%CI: 1.043-2.671, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that shortterm nitrogen dioxide exposure is independently associated with admission in the heart failure with preserved ejection fraction population.     

不同心力衰竭类型对肾功能不全合并心力衰竭患者肾脏远期预后的影响

目的探讨不同心力衰竭类型对肾功能不全合并心力衰竭患者肾脏远期预后的影响。方法该研究为回顾性队列研究。纳入首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2018年1月1日至2019年6月30日肾功能不全[基线估算肾小球滤过率 < 60 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1]合并心力衰竭随访时间≥ 2年的住院患者。根据入院时超声心动图检查的基线左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)将患者分为射血分数减低型心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF)组(LVEF < 40%)、射血分数轻度减低型心力衰竭(heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, HFmrEF)组(40% ≤ LVEF < 50%)及射血分数保留型心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF)组(LVEF ≥ 50%)。通过电子病历系统收集入选患者的一般临床资料...     

Similarities and differences of myocardial metabolic characteristics between HFpEF and HFrEF mice based on LC-MS/MS metabolomics

<正>Objective To reveal the similarities and differences in myocardial metabolic characteristics between heartfailure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) mice using metabolomics.Methods The experimental mice were divided into 4 groups,including control,HFpEF,sham and HFrEF groups(10 mice in each group).     

超声心动图评估射血分数保留心力衰竭的研究进展

<正>射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFp EF)是一组射血分数≥50%且具有心力衰竭(心衰)症状和体征的临床综合征,诊断需具有左心室充盈压异常升高的证据,具有患病率高、死亡率高、异质性高的特点^[1,2]。HFp EF约占所有心衰患者的50%以上,60岁以上老年人群中HFp EF患病率达4.9%且有随年龄升高的趋势^[3]。与射血分数下降心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFr EF)不同,针对HFp EF的诊断、分级和治疗方法极其有限,对于HFr EF患者治疗有效的药物在HFp EF患者中并没有获益的证据^[2],缺乏统一简便的诊断标准也限制了HFp EF的诊治^[4]。目前,HFp EF已成为重大的全球公共卫生问题^[5]。     

Morbidity and prognosis of acute decompensated heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction accompanied by myocardial injury

<正>Objective To investigate the prognostic value of cardiac troponin I in acute decompensated heart failure(ADHF) patients with preserved ejection fraction.Methods We included 326 consecutive ADHF patients with preserved ejection fraction from January 2016 to January 2017. Patients were divided into two groups based     

接受治疗的老年高血压患者的动态血压参数与射血分数保留或降低的心力衰竭发病的关系

正动态血压和未来发生心力衰竭风险之间的关联目前还不清楚。本文研究老年高血压患者动态血压参数与发生射血分数降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFREF)或射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFPEF)风险之间的关系。方法:评估1191例正     

Diagnostic value of combining serum soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 for heart failure patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

正Objective Diagnostic efficacy of serum markers is low for heart failure patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction(HF-p EF)as compared to heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.We sought to explore the diagnostic value of serum levels of soluble ST2(sS T2)combined with interleukin-33(IL-33)for the diagnosis of HF-p EF in this study.     

射血分数恢复与持续降低:从差异中探寻心力衰竭诊治新契机

随着心力衰竭新型治疗方法与规范化诊治的普及,患者心室逆重构与收缩功能改善愈发普遍,在临床上表现为左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)的提升。这类射血分数恢复的心力衰竭(heart failure with recovered ejection fraction,HFrecEF)患者与持续性射血分数降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with persistent reduced ejection fraction,pHFrEF)患者在临床特征和预后情况等方面均存在明显差异,提示HFrecEF是一种全新的心力衰竭分型。但是目前对HFrecEF与pHFrEF的认识仍十分局限,尚缺乏明确定义以及管理与治疗的循证推荐。本文将对HFrecEF和pHFrEF的定义、病理生理机制、流行病学特征、管理与治疗、未来研究方向与临床意义等方面进行综述,并着重对比两类患者在临床特征及预后等方面的差异。     

射血分数保留的心力衰竭影像学研究进展

<正>心力衰竭是严重威胁人类健康的高发病率和高致死率的疾病~([1-2])。2016年欧洲心脏学会制定的《急性和慢性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南》将心力衰竭分为射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)、射血分数减低心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)和中间发展期心力衰竭(heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmrEF)~([3])。其中,HFmr EF是指LVEF介于40%～49%范围的左心功能减低,这一范围被视为心力衰竭发展的"灰色区域"(grey area)。而HFpEF是指由于长时间左心室充盈阻力增加导致的临床综合征,临床定义是LVEF≥50%的心力衰竭。HFpEF患者早期可无明显的临床     

射血分数保留的心力衰竭的治疗进展

射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFp EF)目前已受到大多数心血管医生的关注。作为一种和射血分数下降的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFr EF)不同的心力衰竭类型,HFp EF的易患人群、病理生理机制和临床特征均有不同。HFp EF的治疗是目前整个心血管系统中少有的缺少循证医学证据支持的领域。     

影响两型心力衰竭发病和预后的危险因素

正心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)是指由心脏结构或功能异常导致心室收缩或舒张能力受损进而引起一系列病理生理变化的临床综合征。目前,临床上根据左心室射血分数(LVEF)将HF分为射血分数降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrE F)和射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFp EF)。HF是多种心血管疾病的严重和终末阶段,是全球慢性     

神经激素活化与充血性心衰

充血性心衰(congestive heart failure,简称CHF)是致残和死亡的重要原因。依据疾病的严重程度每年的死亡率达10％～50％。五年生存率男人25％,女人38％。长期以来CHF被认为是血液动力学障碍。治疗的依据和疗效判定多采用心排出量(cardiac output,CO)、肺毛细血管楔压(pul-monary capillary wedge pressure,PCWP)、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)和其他压力、血流监测。但最近许多长期研究显示:     

西南地区慢性心力衰竭患者合并低钠血症的临床特征△

目的了解西南地区慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者与低钠血症的关系。方法入选2009年1月至2016年10月西南地区云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市12家医院住院的CHF患者,出院诊断为CHF、纽约心脏协会(NYHA)心功能分级处于II～IV级共3 359例进入研究,分析低钠血症与心功能、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDd)、脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、血尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)的关系。结果心功能Ⅳ级组患者血钠浓度明显低于心功能Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。射血分数降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)患者低钠血症发病率高于射血分数中间值心力衰竭(heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmrEF)、射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与非低钠血症组相比,低钠血症组患者SCr、SUA、LVEDd、BNP增高,而LVEF降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。回归方程分析提示血钠浓度与心功能、BNP、SUA呈负相关。结论低钠血症发生率与心功能有关,心功能越差,低钠血症发生率越高,HFrEF患者低钠血症发病率明显高于HFmrEF、HFpEF患者;血钠浓度与心功能、SCr、SUA、LVEDd、BNP呈负相关。     

Current concept in the diagnosis,treatment and rehabilitation of patients with congestive heart failure

Heart failure(HF) is a major public health problem with a prevalence of 1%-2% in developed countries. The underlying pathophysiology of HF is complex and as a clinical syndrome is characterized by various symptoms and signs. HF is classified according to left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) and falls into three groups: LVEF ≥ 50%-HF with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF), LVEF 40%-HF with reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF), LVEF 40%-49%-HF with mid-range ejection fraction. Diagnosing HF is primarily a clinical approach and it is based on anamnesis, physical examination, echocardiogram, radiological findings of the heart and lungs and laboratory tests, including a specific markers of HF-brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as well as other diagnostic tests in order to elucidate possible etiologies. Updated diagnostic algorithms for HFpEF have been recommended(H2 FPEF, HFA-PEFF). New therapeutic options improve clinical outcomes as well as functional status in patients with HFrEF(e.g., sodium-glucose cotransporter-2-SGLT2 inhibitors) and such progress in treatment of HFrEF patients resulted in new working definition of the term "HF with recovered left ventricular ejection fraction". In line with rapid development of HF treatment, cardiac rehabilitation becomes an increasingly important part of overall approach to patients with chronic HF for it has been proven that exercise training can relieve symptoms, improve exercise capacity and quality of life as well as reduce disability and hospitalization rates. We gave an overview of latest insights in HF diagnosis and treatment with special emphasize on the important role of cardiac rehabilitation in such patients.     

糖尿病足溃疡中左室射血分数正常心功能不全的患病情况与治疗后改变

目的 观察糖尿病足溃疡患者心衰特点,探讨心功能随治疗的变化.方法 连续收集162例糖尿病足溃疡(足溃疡组)和75例糖尿病足溃疡高危患者足溃疡高危组一般临床资料,包括糖尿病病情、生理生化指标等,在入院时、治疗中和出院前评估患者心功能状态,通过心脏超声观察心脏左室射血分数等心功能指标.结果 本组资料中发生心衰共23.6%(56/237),其中足溃疡组27.2%(44/162),均为左室射血分数正常心功能不全.入院时总体患病率为8.9%(21/237),其中足部溃疡组10.5%(17/162),与足溃疡高危组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);在住院治疗期间,心衰新增加14.8%(35/237),其中足溃疡组为16.7%(27/162),均发生在治疗后2~7 d,高峰在治疗后第4天;治疗后发生的心衰在足溃疡Wagner分级各组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);心衰经治疗后心功能均改善并能耐受足溃疡的治疗.结论 糖尿病足溃疡在治疗前和治疗中有较高的左室射血分数正常心功能不全患病率.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate heart function among patients with diabetic foot ulcer,and to investigate the characteristics of heart failure(HF) before and after treatment of ulcer. Methods Items associated with diabetes and some physiological and biochemical indicators were observed in patients with diabetic foot ulcer(162 cases) and with high risk factors of ulcer(75 cases). Heart function was evaluated at patients′ admission, during ulcer related treatment, and prior to discharge. Left ventricular ejection fraction and other cardiac assessment were measured with ultrasonic scan.Results During hospitalization, 23.6%(56/237) patients underwent HF with normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and it was 27.2%(44/162) in patients with foot ulcers. The prevalence of HF was 8.9%(21/237) in all patients studied on admission, and that was 10.5%(17/162) in patients with foot ulcer, more than that without foot ulcer(P＜0.01). More patients with HF were found, being 14.8%(35/237) during 2-7 days after ulcer related treatment initiated, and peak was on the 4th day. There was statistical difference among different Wagner grades(P＜0.05) about the morbidity rate of HF. All patients with HF were improved and tolerant to ulcer related treatment. Conclusion The prevalence of HF with normal left ventricular ejection fraction was relatively high in patients with diabetic foot ulcer, especially after ulcer treatment.     

舒张性心力衰竭的诊断和临床表现及检测方法的评价

舒张性心力衰竭是以存在心力衰竭的症状和体征,射血分数（ejection fraction,EF）正常,舒张功能异常为特征的临床综合征.由于EF＞50%的充血性心力衰竭（congestive heart failure,CHF）病人主要症状、体征及胸片表现的发生率与EF＜50%的CHF病人相应各项的发生率间无显差异.故不能基于心衰症状、体征及胸片表现来区分舒张性和收缩性心衰.     

射血分数保留的心力衰竭研究现状

<正>心力衰竭是由于任何心脏结构或功能异常导致心室充盈或射血能力受损的一组复杂临床综合征,其主要临床表现为呼吸困难和乏力(活动耐量受限),以及液体潴留(肺淤血和外周水肿)。在我国,心力衰竭的患病率为0.9%,且患病率逐年增加。最近研究发现,超过50%的患者虽然有心力衰竭的症状体征,但其LVEF却是正常的~([1])。这种心力衰竭有别于射血分数减低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF),被称为射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)。