大学生自我同一性与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的:探讨当前大学生自我同一性状况及其与父母教养方式的关系。方法:采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI),对330名大学生进行测评。结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式在子女性别上存在差异,女生在母亲关爱得分上显著高于男生,男生在母亲控制和父亲控制得分上显著高于女生。②母亲关爱、父亲关爱和母亲鼓励自主、父亲鼓励自主与子女的自我同一性获得有显著正相关,与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著负相关;父亲控制、母亲控制与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著正相关。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态与父母教养方式密切相关,父母的关爱、鼓励自主有利于子女同一性获得。     

青少年依恋状况及其与父母教养方式的关系

目的:探讨当前青少年的依恋状况及其与父母教养方式的关系.方法:采用关系问卷(RQ)、亲密关系经历调查表(ECR),以及修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI),对610名大学生和高中生进行了测评.结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式有显著差异.②依恋回避与母亲关爱、父亲关爱、母亲鼓励自主、父亲鼓励自主均呈显著负相关,依恋焦虑与母亲关爱呈显著负相关,与母亲、父亲控制呈显著正相关.③逐步回归分析显示,母亲关爱、父亲鼓励自主能显著预测个体的依恋回避,母亲控制和母亲关爱能显著预测依恋焦虑.结论:青少年的依恋状况与父母教养方式密切相关.     

大学生成人依恋与父母教养方式的关系:基于北京高校横断面调查

目的:探讨高校大学生成人依恋与父母教养方式的现状及两者之间的关系。方法:使用亲密关系经历量表中文版(ECR)与简式父母教养方式问卷(s-EMBU),对北京6所高校以班级为单位整群抽取634名在校大学生进行调查,所得数据应用SPSS 20.0进行统计分析。结果:(1)调查的大学生中,成人依恋为恐惧型的个体占总体的比例最多为39.9%,其次分别为安全型23.5%,迷恋型21.5%,冷漠型15.1%;(2)女生在父亲情感温暖和母亲情感温暖维度上显著高于男生(t=-2.380,P0.05;t=-3.117,P0.01),而男生在父亲拒绝、母亲拒绝维度上显著高于女生(t=4.034,P0.01;t=2.311,P0.05);(3)父亲与母亲在教养方式上有显著性差异,父亲在拒绝维度上显著高于母亲(t=12.15,P0.01),而在情感温暖与过度保护维度上显著低于母亲(t=-8.00,-10.34;P0.01);(4)依恋回避与依恋焦虑均与父亲情感温暖、母亲情感温暖呈现出显著负相关(r=-0.246~-0.311,P0.05),而与母亲拒绝、父亲过度保护和母亲过度保护呈显著正相关(r=0.108~0.338,P0.01);(5)逐步回归分析显示,母亲情感温暖能预测依恋回避,母亲过度保护与父亲情感温暖能预测依恋焦虑。结论:北京高校大学生中不安全依恋类型居多,父母教养方式对大学生成人依恋有一定影响,父母情感温暖有助于子女形成安全型依恋。     

大学生父母教养方式与成人依恋的关系研究

目的探讨大学生父母教养方式与成人依恋的关系。方法随机抽取120名大学生,采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）和亲密关系经历量表（ECR—C）进行调查。结果①）父母教养方式与成人依恋回避维度相关不显著;父母教养方式中父亲过度保护,母亲情感温暖、理解和母亲惩罚、严厉与成人依恋焦虑维度显著相关;②父母教养方式因子中父亲过度保护对成人依恋的焦虑有正向预测作用,母亲情感温暖、理解对焦虑有负向预测作用。结论父母教养方式对于女的成人依恋有较小影响。     

大学生人际问题现状及影响因素探究

目的探讨大学生人际问题现状及与父母教养方式和家庭环境的关系。方法用人际关系诊断量表、父母教养方式问卷、家庭环境量表中文版、亲密关系体验问卷对186名大学生进行了施测,用相关、回归和路径分析的统计方法研究了大学生人际问题的现状,并探讨了相关影响因素。结果人际问题总分与父亲温暖理解、母亲温暖理解的教养方式、家庭环境中的亲密度、情感表达呈显著负相关;与父亲过度保护的教养方式、家庭环境的矛盾性呈显著正相关(P<0.01);人际问题总分与个体依恋焦虑和回避显著正相关(P<0.01);个体依恋焦虑,母亲的温暖理解,父亲的过度保护,家庭环境的亲密度、矛盾性和情感表达进入了回归方程,路径分析发现母亲的温暖理解、父亲的过度保护通过个体依恋焦虑影响人际问题,个体依恋焦虑直接影响人际问题,而家庭环境的情感表达和亲密度直接影响人际问题,矛盾性既可以直接影响人际问题,又可以通过个体依恋焦虑影响人际问题。结论大学生人际问题与父母和家庭有很大关系,个体依恋在其中起到了中介作用。     

母亲依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系

目的:考察母亲的依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系。方法:以学前儿童焦虑量表、亲密关系经历量表和父母教养行为问卷为研究工具,对182名幼儿及其母亲进行测查。结果:①母亲的依恋焦虑、依恋回避与专制教养方式呈显著正相关,专制教养方式与幼儿分离焦虑、社交恐惧、广泛性焦虑和焦虑总分呈显著正相关;②母亲的依恋焦虑与幼儿焦虑总分呈显著正相关,依恋回避与幼儿焦虑总分相关不显著,但与幼儿的躯体伤害恐惧、广泛性焦虑呈显著正相关;③专制教养方式在母亲依恋焦虑和幼儿焦虑总分之间起部分中介作用,在母亲依恋回避和幼儿广泛性焦虑之间起完全中介作用。结论:母亲的依恋状况、教养方式显著影响幼儿焦虑,并且专制教养方式在母亲依恋状况与幼儿焦虑之间起到中介作用。     

大学生心理感受性与父母养育方式、依恋的关系

目的:了解大学生心理感受性现状,探讨大学生心理感受性与父母养育方式、依恋的关系。方法:采用心理感受性量表、父母养育方式量表、亲密关系体验量表对675名大学生进行调查。结果:大学生心理感受性及洞察力在性别、是否独生子女、年级上有显著差异;大学生心理感受性、洞察力与父母养育方式各因子(除父亲鼓励自主外)存在显著相关,兴趣与父母关爱有显著正相关;大学生心理感受性、洞察力与依恋焦虑有显著负相关,洞察力与依恋回避有显著负相关,兴趣与依恋回避有显著正相关。母亲关爱、父亲控制、依恋焦虑可以有效预测大学生心理感受性,性别在母亲关爱与心理感受性、依恋焦虑与心理感受间调节作用明显。结论:大学生心理感受性与父母教育方式、依恋关系密切,可根据性别差异进行针对性培养。     

大学生自我同一性与自我概念的关系研究

目的:探讨当前大学生自我同一性状况与其自我概念之间的关系。方法:①采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)和田纳西自我概念量表(TSCS)对320名大学生进行测试;②根据大学生在自我概念量表上的总分排序,取上27%人群为积极自我概念组,下27%人群为消极自我概念组。结果:①积极自我概念组在自我同一性的意识获得、人际获得、总体获得上的得分显著高于消极自我概念组;消极自我概念组在自我同一性的意识早闭、意识扩散、人际早闭、人际扩散、总体早闭、总体扩散上的得分均显著高于积极自我概念组;②田纳西自我概念量表各分量表分(除自我批评之外)与自我同一性获得存在显著正相关,与同一性早闭、同一性扩散存在显著负相关。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态与自我概念之间关系密切,自我概念越积极,越有利于其自我同一性的获得。     

大学生自我同一性的发展及与情绪适应的关系

目的:考察大学生自我同一性发展的基本特点,以及自我同一性状态与情绪适应之间的关系。方法:采用自我同一性状态问卷(EOM-EIS-2)、自尊问卷(SES)、焦虑问卷(SAS)和抑郁问卷(BDI)对1131名大学生进行调查。结果:①大三学生比大一、大二表现出更高水平的同一性获得;与其他年级相比,大一学生具有较低的同一性早闭水平。在非独生子女大学生中男生比女生具有更高的同一性获得水平;来自城市的大学生中女生比男生具有更高的同一性早闭得分。②大学生的同一性获得状态可正向预测自尊,负向预测焦虑、抑郁,同一性早闭状态和扩散状态负向预测自尊,同一性延缓状态正向预测焦虑、抑郁。结论:大学生的自我同一性状态呈现出一定的性别差异、独生/非独生以及城乡差异特点;自我同一性状态对大学生的情绪适应有较强的影响。     

大学生自我分化、成人依恋与嫉妒的关系

目的:探讨大学生自我分化、成人依恋与其嫉妒的关系。方法:采用方便取样从湖南某高校选取443名大学生进行大学生自我分化量表、亲密关系体验量表和布伦格尔自我报告嫉妒量表的测试。结果:1男生在情绪反应得分上显著低于女生,而在情感断绝上显著高于女生(t=2.519,-3.493;P0.01)。男生在依恋回避和依恋焦虑得分上均显著高于女生(t=4.269,3.622;P0.01);2自我分化总分与嫉妒呈显著负相关。依恋焦虑与嫉妒呈显著负相关。自我分化总分与依恋回避,依恋焦虑均呈显著负相关(r=-0.285,0.220,-0.346,-0.537;P0.01);3自我分化总分与依恋焦虑均对嫉妒有显著的预测作用(Beta=-0.239,P0.001;Beta=0.113,P0.05);4自我分化总分在依恋焦虑对嫉妒的影响作用中起到完全中介作用,中介效应量为1.199,占总效应的比例为84.49%。结论:提高大学生的自我分化水平,建立安全型依恋以减少嫉妒的消极心理影响,改善大学生人际关系。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.